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1.
采用桶栽试验,开展了土壤水分不同上下限组合处理对夏玉米生长指标调控效应的研究。结果表明:不同灌水上下限处理夏玉米株高、茎粗、叶面积等生长指标及产量和水分利用效率(WUE)均存在显著差异;苗期55%θF(拔节期以后60%θF,下同)灌水下限的中度水分胁迫和85%θF(90%θF)灌水上限的中水复水有利于提高水分利用效率(2.93)和产量(113.70 g·株-1),相比于苗期65%θF(70%θF)灌水下限的充分灌溉,灌水上限为苗期75%θF(80%θF)的高频次低定额灌溉有利于提高产量(115.44 g·株-1);苗期~拔节期,(根重/干物质重)×全株干重(2.604)较小,拔节~灌浆期,茎粗/根重(5.010)和(茎粗/株高)×干物质量(7.860)较小,灌浆~成熟期,干物质重/株高(0.914)、(茎粗/株高)×干物质重(17.434)或穗重/叶面积(0.044)较大。叶干重/茎干重(0.930)较大的夏玉米为试验条件下节水高产的合理生长株型,对应的水分处理为:苗期~拔节期灌水上下限分别为85%θF和55%θF;拔节~灌浆期,灌水上下限分别为80%θF和70%θF;灌浆~成熟期,灌水上下限分别为100%θF和50%θF。  相似文献   

2.
不同水氮处理对滴灌冬小麦生长、产量和耗水特性的影响   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
通过滴灌小麦大田试验,研究了不同灌水下限(灌水下限为田间持水量的45%、60%、75%)和施氮处理(45、111、146 kg·hm~(-2))对田间冬小麦生长、产量和耗水特性的影响。结果表明:灌水下限对小麦株高、叶面积指数和干物质的影响是显著的,且比施氮量影响更大。W3(灌水下限为田间持水量45%)和N3(施氮量45 kg·hm~(-2))处理不利于小麦株高、叶面积的增长。在小麦生长后期,增加灌水量和施氮量有利于小麦株高的生长。小麦的产量随着灌水下限的增大而增加;施氮量在0~111 kg·hm~(-2)时,冬小麦产量随着施氮量的增加而增加,超过111 kg·hm~(-2)时不再显著增加甚至抑制产量的增长;灌水下限和施氮量相对较小的处理有利于提高水分利用效率。不同水肥处理,小麦各生育期内耗水量和耗水模数都表现为灌浆完熟抽穗扬花期拔节孕穗期返青起身期。在此试验条件下,W2N2的处理(灌水下限为田间持水量的60%,灌溉定额为290 mm,施氮量为111 kg·hm~(-2))的干物质、产量和水分利用效率最大,是产量和效益兼优的最佳组合。  相似文献   

3.
为探索干旱地区有利于春小麦生长和提高产量的大田滴灌灌水模式,以春小麦永良4号为试验材料,在不同生育期(苗期~分蘖,拔节~孕穗,抽穗~开花,灌浆~成熟)设置5个土壤水分下限W1(55%、60%、55%、50%),W2(60%、65%、60%、55%),W3(65%、70%、65%、60%),W4(70%、75%、70%、65%)和充分灌溉(CK)(75%、80%、75%、70%),研究了不同生育期土壤水分调控对河西地区滴灌春小麦生长、产量和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明:一定施肥水平下,随着土壤水分下限的提高,各处理株高、叶面积指数均不断增大,在成熟期充分灌溉(CK)处理分别比W4处理高2.19%和7.93%;不同水分下限处理条件下,春小麦干物质的总积累量和成熟期干物质向籽粒的分配量均为W4处理最大,比CK分别显著高5.63%和17.14%;各处理春小麦产量和水分利用效率随着土壤水分下限的增加均呈先增加后减小的变化趋势,其中W4处理的水分利用效率比W3处理降低2.82%,但其产量分别比W3、CK处理增加7.53%和4.07%。从节水增产的角度考虑,W4处理可作为基于本试验条件下较适宜的水分处理。  相似文献   

4.
通过旱作大棚试验,研究不同滴灌系统布置、水肥供应模式对冬油菜生长、产量、土壤水分及理化性质的影响。采用三因素三水平正交试验设计,设置3种滴灌毛管布置方式:G1(一管一行)、G2(一管两行)和G3(一管三行),3个灌水水平:W1(50%ET_0)、W2(75%ET_0)和W3(100%ET_0),以及3个施肥水平:F1(N∶P_2O_5∶K_2O∶H_3BO_3为300∶190∶110∶8 kg·hm~(-2))、F2(N∶P_2O_5∶K_2O∶H_3BO_3为450∶280∶160∶12 kg·hm~(-2))和F3(N∶P_2O_5∶K_2O∶H_3BO_3为600∶380∶220∶15 kg·hm~(-2)),研究油菜生长发育、生理指标、干物质量、产量及水肥利用对不同滴灌施肥模式的响应。结果表明:相比滴灌毛管布置方式,灌水量和施肥量对油菜生理生长、产量有显著影响,油菜生长量、产量随灌水量增加而增加,高水(W3)处理更有利于油菜生长但其水分利用效率明显低于中水和低水处理,W1处理平均水分利用效率较W2和W3高37.73%和76.36%。生长量和产量与施肥量呈正相关,高水高肥G1W3F3处理产量最高,为5 430 kg·hm~(-2);G2W2F3处理产量为5 400 kg·hm~(-2),较G1W3F3处理产量虽低0.5%却节水25%,有较高的水分利用效率和肥料偏生产力。综合分析可知,从节水高产经济的角度考虑,G2W2F3的滴灌施肥模式可作为本试验条件下较合适的滴灌施肥模式。  相似文献   

5.
膜下滴灌水肥调控对玉米生长和水肥利用的影响   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
针对汾河灌区农业生产中施肥量大,水肥利用效率低的问题,通过研究滴灌条件下不同水肥供应对春玉米生长、干物质累积、分配、转运和产量及水肥利用的影响,为合理的水肥调控措施提供参考。在山西省水利水电科学研究院节水高效示范基地进行大田滴灌试验,设置3个灌水水平,即W_1:60%ETc、W_2:80%ETc、W_3:100%ETc(ETc为作物蒸发蒸腾量); 3个施肥水平(N-P_2O_5-K_2O),即F_1:100-50-50 kg·hm~(-2)、F2:170-75-75 kg·hm~(-2)、F_3:240-100-100 kg·hm~(-2)。结果表明:除产量构成要素外,施肥单因素对其它各指标影响有统计学意义,株高、叶面积指数、干物质累积和产量均随灌水和施肥量的增加而增加,水肥交互作用对产量和灌溉水利用效率影响不显著;高水(W3)处理比低水(W1)处理籽粒分配比例高4%,高肥(F_3)处理比低肥(F1)处理籽粒分配比例高4.64%; W_3F_3处理产量最大为12 474.34 kg·hm~(-2),比W_1F_1处理增产38.36%,W_2F_2处理比W_3F_3处理减产5.2%,但节水528 m~3·hm~(-2),节肥120 kg·hm~(-2)。灌溉水利用效率随灌水量增加而降低,随施肥量增加而升高,肥料偏生产力随灌水量增加而增加,随施肥量增加而降低; W_2F_2处理产量灌溉水利用效率为5.61 kg·m~(-3),比W_3F_3处理高18.9%,产量偏肥料生产力为37.05 kg·kg~(-1),比W_3F_3处理高30.7%。综合高产、高效和节水、节肥等因素,灌水量为80%ETc,施肥量NP_2O_5-K_2O 170-75-75 kg·hm~(-2)为最优灌溉施肥模式。  相似文献   

6.
滴灌施肥量对棉花生长、养分吸收及产量的影响   总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4  
2012年以新陆早33号棉花为供试作物,利用田间小区试验研究了大田膜下滴灌施肥条件下,不同滴灌施肥量对棉花植株氮、磷、钾养分的吸收、干物质积累及籽棉产量的影响。设置了5个N-P2O5-K2O施肥水平150-60-30、200-80-40、250-100-50、300-120-60 kg·hm-2和350-140-70 kg·hm-2(分别记为F1、F2、F3、F4和F5),灌水量为100%ETc(作物蒸发蒸腾量)。结果表明:在新疆膜下滴灌条件下,棉花干物质积累与氮、磷、钾养分吸收和吸收速率均随着滴灌施肥量的增加呈增大的趋势,施肥量达到F4时,棉花的干物质累积和氮、磷、钾的吸收和吸收速率最大;随着施肥量的增加,棉花产量有增加的趋势,但当施肥量大于F3,棉花产量随施肥量的增加(F3,F4,F5)无显著性差异;F3施肥水平下的氮肥农学效率、磷肥农学效率、钾肥农学效率和肥料偏生产力显著大于F4与F5施肥水平。从节肥和生态可持续发展角度来看,F3施肥水平,即250-100-50 kg·hm-2(NP2O5-K2O)为最佳滴灌施肥量。  相似文献   

7.
水肥供应对南疆沙区滴灌红枣生理、生长及产量的影响   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
为了了解南疆沙区水肥供应对滴灌红枣生理、生长指标与产量的影响,以当地8 a成龄骏枣树为供试材料,结合大田试验,在滴灌条件下进行水肥二因素三水平完全处理小区试验。结果表明:灌水因素对红枣叶片光合特性(净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔导度(Gs)、细胞间隙CO_2浓度(Ci)、水分利用效率(WUE))、红枣梢径和梢长增加量及灌溉水分利用效率(iWUE)达到显著(P0.05)或极显著水平(P0.01),水肥交互作用对红枣光合特性、梢径和梢长增加量、产量及灌溉水分利用效率(iWUE)达到显著(P0.05)或极显著水平(P0.01),施肥对红枣以上指标未达到显著性水平(P0.05);过高或过低的灌水量均不利于红枣光合作用、生长发育及增产效果,较低的施肥量可以促进红枣生理生长、达到红枣增产的目的;W2F1处理下红枣叶片Pn(8.94μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1))、Tr(3.86 mmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1))、Gs(0.49μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1))和Ci(707.41μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1))值最大,比最小值分别提高23.00%、22.54%、58.06%和58.08%;W3F3处理下WUE值(2.56μmol·mmol-1)最大;梢径增加量和梢长增加量最大值分别在W2F2处理(6.31 mm)、W3F2处理(64 cm),比最小值分别提高51.32%、33.33%;W2F1处理下产量(7 256 kg·hm~(-2))最大,比最小值处理增产55.67%,增产效应(33.14%)最大;iWUE最大值在W1F3处理(8.17 kg·m~(-3)),与W2F1处理无显著性差异(P0.05)。红枣净光合速率与蒸腾速率、气孔导度之间密切相关,红枣产量与红枣梢径增加量有较好的相关关系,梢径增加量在一定程度上能反应红枣产量。灌水量820 mm、施肥量N-P_2O_5-K_2O:200-100-150 kg·hm~(-2)(W2F1处理)为南疆沙区节水、节肥的最佳水肥供应模式。  相似文献   

8.
结合膜下滴灌技术,探究不同水肥耦合下温室番茄养分动态变化规律及其与生物量和产量的关系,为当地水肥管理提供理论依据。通过小区试验,灌水以2次灌水间隔期Φ20 cm标准蒸发皿的累计蒸发量E为基数,设置3个灌水量:1.0E(W1)、0.75E(W2)、0.5E(W3);设3个施肥水平(N-P2O5-K2O):320-160-320 kg·hm-2(F1),240-120-240 kg·hm-2(F2)和160-80-160 kg·hm-2(F3),共9个处理。结果表明:番茄总产量和干物质量受灌水和施肥影响显著,均随灌水量和施肥量增加而增大,高水W1处理较W3处理总产量和干物质量均平均增加16.5%,高肥F1处理较F3处理总产量和干物质量分别平均增加8.0%、9.6%。植株氮含量在1.81%~3.47%间变化,随生育期逐渐降低,磷含量在0.48%~0.78%呈“锯齿状”波动,钾含量在2.80%~4.79%间变化,随生育期先升高后降低。灌水施肥对植株氮、磷(定植后51、63 d)、钾含量影响显著,增加灌水施肥对植株氮、钾含量有明显提高,在高水W1下较低水W3处理植株氮、钾含量分别提高7.4%~20.0%、5.6%~25.7%,高肥F1水平较F3水平植株氮含量分别提高3.3%~20.8%、3.3%~26.4%。番茄植株氮、钾含量与干物质量呈显著负相关关系,与总产量呈显著正相关关系。灌水量越大,植株养分吸收效率和肥料偏生产力越大,养分利用效率越小;施肥量越大,氮利用效率越小。  相似文献   

9.
在保护地低压节点渗灌条件下,采用2因素3水平完全组合设计,研究了灌水上限和施肥量的耦合效应对番茄灌水量、产量和品质的影响。研究表明:提高灌水上限,可减少水分的无效损耗,进而影响番茄的水分利用效率;施肥量对番茄产量影响最大,灌溉上限与施肥的交互作用次之,灌溉上限的影响最小;同一施肥水平下,大量灌水引起番茄Vc、可溶性糖含量和糖酸比降低;不同施肥水平仅对番茄糖酸比影响达极显著。综合考虑节水、增产和品质等多种因素,以肥料纯N 75.0 kg/hm2、纯K2O 75.0 kg/hm2处理,灌溉上限和灌溉下限土壤水吸力分别为15.8 kPa和30.0 kPa,番茄产量最高,品质较佳。  相似文献   

10.
为探究林芝河谷地区利于春青稞生长发育和产量提高的大田调控灌溉模式,以喜马拉22号为试材,在全生育期分别设置了80%~85%θ_f(W_1)、75%~80%θ_f(W_2)、65%~70%θ_f(W_3)、55%~60%θ_f(W_4)和45%~50%θ_f(W_5)5个土壤水分下限调控水平和1个旱作处理(CK),研究了不同土壤水分调控下限对春青稞生长、耗水、干物质积累及产量的影响。结果表明:灌水处理对春青稞中后期株高生长影响显著,抽穗期、乳熟期株高较CK分别提高了37.28%和44.33%;W_1、W_2及CK处理的春青稞单株叶面积在抽穗期后率先降低,平均衰减速率为-0.20 cm~2·cm~(-2)·d~(-1),且乳熟期后各处理的叶面积相对生长率呈显著负增长;春青稞生育期总耗水量随水分调控下限的降低直线下降,耗水强度基本在5 mm·d~(-1)左右;灌水处理较CK提高了春青稞干物质积累量,平均增幅13.95%,以抽穗期最大。不同处理的春青稞产量及水分利用效率均随水分调控下限的降低呈先升高后降低的趋势,其中W_4的水分利用效率和作物收获指数分别为1.15 kg·m~(-3)和0.40,明显高于W_1(0.28 kg·m~(-3),0.28)、W_2(0.91 kg·m~(-3),0.30),且该处理在较低的灌水量(252.52 mm)下获得最高的产量(6 237.05 kg·hm~(-2))。综合认为,基于本试验条件下的春青稞全生育期土壤水分调控下限为55%~60%θ_f时,节水增产效应显著。  相似文献   

11.
Tsror  Leah  Aharon  M.  Erlich  Orly 《Phytoparasitica》1999,27(3):215-226
Potato seed tubers are imported to Israel from northern Europe and planted in spring; tubers harvested early from the spring crop are used as seed for the autumn crop. Although only seed lots registered as certified are imported, a previous survey (1984–1994) indicated that most imported lots were affected by latent or active infections caused byErwinia carotovora,Streptomyces scabies, Rhizoctonia solani, Fusarium spp. andSpongospora subterranae. The survey was extended until 1998, and included additional pathogens:Ralstonia solanacearum,Helminthosporium solani, Colletotrichum coccodes andVerticillium dahliae. Most of these pathogens were also monitored in domestic seed tubers, and are reported for the first time. Brown rot was not observed in any of the imported lots. Blackleg and soft rot caused byErwinia spp. were detected in most of the imported lots; however, less than 7% of the lots were contaminated at high levels, while approximately 65% were contaminated at moderate levels. Common scab was detected in most of the imported lots; 51% of the imported lots were contaminated at moderate or high levels, whereas only 6.5% of the domestic seed lots were contaminated at these levels. Black scurf was detected in most of the imported lots; on average, 47.3%, 44.2% and 1.4% of the lots were contaminated at low, moderate and high levels, respectively, and only 7.1% were disease-free. In contrast, most of the domestic lots were either disease-free (45.4%) or had a low disease incidence (37.3%). Only 16.7% of the lots were moderately infected and 0.2% were highly contaminated. Silver scurf was observed in most of the imported lots during all years of the survey, with no differences among the producing countries; on average, 22.7%, 66.1% and 7.5% of the lots were contaminated at low, moderate and high levels, respectively, and only 3.7% were disease-free. Most of the domestic lots (76%) were disease-free and only 6.6% were infected at moderate or high levels. Black dot was observed in a considerable portion of the shipments from Holland during all years of the survey, particularly in 1998, when 34% of the lots were infected. The shipments from France and Germany were infected at low levels, except in 1998, when 19% and 11% of the lots, respectively, arrived infected. In shipments from Scotland and Ireland low incidences of the disease were observed in 1994 and 1995. In the domestic lots, black dot incidence was low (<2.4%) except in 1996, when 11% of the lots were infected.V. dahliae was monitored only in domestic seed tubers. The incidence of disease-free lots was 56–64%, whereas in 20–30% of the lots the level of infection was <5%, and in 6–16% of the lots the level was >5%. The survey findings demonstrate transmission of seedborne pathogens; most of these pathogens can become established in the soil and eventually cause severe outbreaks of disease in potatoes grown in Israel. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting May 16, 1999.  相似文献   

12.
The epidemiology ofSitobion avenae and its natural enemies in winter wheat was studied in 1975, 1976 and 1977. Immigration was important until the end of flowering. The alate immigrants had apterous offspring. These became the driving force in population growth. Their offspring were mostly alatae which usually left the field. A model of the epidemic was developed. Quantitative relations between the aphids and their environment were obtained from literature or established in laboratory trials. The model simulated population development and population composition from the beginning of June till the population peak at the end of June or early in July. Because quantitative data on relations between aphids and their natural enemies and pathogens are scarce, and since the knowledge on wing formation is still limited, the population collapse could not be predicted. In the future, prognosis over a period of three weeks seems possible.Samenvatting De toenemende betekenis van graanbladluizen (vooralSitobion avenae) gepaard gaande met een sterke toename van het gebruik van insecticiden op granen maakte verbetering van de prognose over het schadelijk optreden wenselijk. Door gedetailleerde tellingen in het veld (Fig. 1–7) werden gegevens verkregen over het verloop van de epidemie en het optreden van natuurlijke vijanden in 1975, 1976 en 1977.Een immigratieperiode tot in de bloei kon worden vastgesteld. Daarna lijkt de aantrekkelijkheid van het gewas voor alate luizen te verminderen. De alate immigranten krijgen aptere nakomelingen. Deze vormen de stuwende kracht van de populatiegroei. De nakomelingen van apteren zijn merendeels alaat. Zij verlaten het gewas.Een model van de populatieontwikkeling gedurende de epidemie werd opgesteld. De relatiediagrammen Fig. 9 en 10 laten groei en ontwikkeling vanS. avenae en een predator (Syrphus corollae) zien. Kwantificering van de betrekkingen werd mogelijk door literatuurgegevens en laboratoriumexperimenten.Met het model kon de populatieontwikkeling vanS. avenae vanaf begin juni tot aan de populatiepiek in 1975, 1976 en 1977 vrij goed worden gesimuleerd (Fig. 12). Ook de populatieopbouw kon worden gesimuleerd (Fig. 14). De teruggang van de populatiedichtheid blijkt moeilijker te voorspellen door het ontbreken van gegevens over natuurlijke vijanden.Het lijkt waarschijnlijk dat in de toekomst met het model een prognose over de piek van de bladluispopulatie circa 3 weken tevoren mogelijk zal zijn.  相似文献   

13.
Molecular diagnostic techniques have been developed to differentiate the Ascochyta pathogens that infect cool season food and feed legumes, as well as to improve the sensitivity of detecting latent infection in plant tissues. A seed sampling technique was developed to detect a 1% level of infection by Ascochyta rabiei in commercial chickpea seed. The Ascochyta pathogens were shown to be genetically diverse in countries where the pathogen and host have coexisted for a long time. However, where the pathogen was recently introduced, such as A. rabiei to Australia, the level of diversity remained relatively low, even as the pathogen spread to all chickpea-growing areas. Pathogenic variability of A. rabiei and Ascochyta pinodes pathogens in chickpea and field pea respectively, appears to be quantitative, where measures of disease severity were based on aggressiveness (quantitative level of infection) rather than on true qualitative virulence. In contrast, qualitative differences in pathogenicity in lentil and faba bean genotypes indicated the existence of pathotypes of Ascochyta lentis and Ascochyta fabae. Therefore, reports of pathotype discrimination based on quantitative differences in pathogenicity in a set of specific genotypes is questionable for several of the ascochyta-legume pathosystems such as A. rabiei and A. pinodes. This is not surprising since host resistance to these pathogens has been reported to be mainly quantitative, making it difficult for the pathogen to overcome specific resistance genes and form pathotypes. For robust pathogenicity assessment, there needs to be consistency in selection of differential host genotypes, screening conditions and disease evaluation techniques for each of the Ascochyta sp. in legume-growing countries throughout the world. Nevertheless, knowledge of pathotype diversity and aggressiveness within populations is important in the selection of resistant genotypes.  相似文献   

14.
Bean hypocotyls, pea pods and tomato fruits were tested for phaseollin, pisatin and rishitin production when challenged with the phytopathogenic bacteriaErwinia carotovora, Pseudomonas phaseolicola, P. pisi andP. solanacearum, and their isolated extracellular polysaccharides. All bacteria induced phytoalexin accumulation, whereas only phaseollin and pisatin, but not rishitin, were elicited by EPS. The inhibitory effect of these three phytoalexins on bacterial growth was studied in liquid medium; whereas phaseollin and pisatin strongly inhibited growth, only a slight inhibitory effect resulted from the presence of rishitin in the medium.Samenvatting Bonehypocotylen, erwtepeulen en tomatevruchten werden onderzocht op hun vermogen tot vorming van respectievelijk faseolline, pisatine en rishitine, na inoculatie met de fytopathogene bacteriënErwinia carotovora, Pseudomonas phaseolicola, P. pisi enP. solanacearum en na behandeling met oplossingen van hun extracellulaire polysacchariden (EPS). Alle bacteriesoorten induceerden fytoalexinevorming, terwijl hun EPS wel faseolline- en pisatine-, maar geen rishitinevorming induceerden. Faseolline en pisatine remden de groei van de bacteriën in vloeibaar medium sterk; rishitine daarentegen had slechts een geringe groeiremming tengevolge.  相似文献   

15.
In 1975 many tumours were observed in plants ofBegonia Schwabenland grown in Aalsmeer. Submersion of the roots ofNicotiana megalosiphon seedlings in a homogenate of tumorous tissue, induced tumours after two weeks. Short periods of submergence yielded results similar to those obtained after longer periods. Tumour homogenates lost their infectivity after ten min at 50°C. Aphids transmitted the infectious agent.Treatment with propylene oxide did not inhibit infectivity completely. Filtration through a 450 nm filter removed the infectious agent.Tobacco tumor virus or a viroid could not be isolated. Cultures ofCorynebacterium fascians, isolated from tumours ofN. megalosiphon were highly infectious and induced tumours in healthyN. megalosiphon andBegonia. Tumorous tissue homogenates ofPelargonium zonale, Dahlia sp.,Gladiolus sp., andLilium sp. also caused tumours inN. megalosiphon, from whichC. fascians was isolated. It was not possible to produce tumours inN. megalosiphon with homogenates from roses with symptoms of bud proliferation.Samenvatting In 1975 werden vele tumoren waargenomen inBegonia Schwabenland op Aalsmeerse bedrijven (Fig. 1). De infectiositeit van tumorweefsel kon goed en snel worden vastgesteld door de wortels van zaailingen vanNicotiana megalosiphon in een homogenaat van tumorweefsel te dompelen. Tumoren ontstonden na twee weken, de eindbeoordeling geschiedde na een maand (Fig. 2). Ook verschillende andereNicotiana spp.,Melilotus officinalis (Fig. 3) enPisum odoratum (Fig. 4) werden aangetast.Bij de infectiositeitstoets gaven zeer korte dompeltijden even goede resultaten als langere (Tabel 1). Infectieus sap verloor zijn infectievermogen na 10 min verhitting bij 50°C. Bladluizen brachten de smetstof over. Propyleenoxide verminderde de infectiositeit wel, doch onderdrukte deze niet totaal. Bij filtratie door een 450 nm filter bleef het infectieuse agens op het filter achter. Het tumor-inducerende agens was ook aanwezig in die delen van planten met tumoren welke gezond leken en het ging voor een gering deel over met zaad (Tabel 2).Uit tumoren konden wij geen tabakstumorvirus of een viroïde isoleren. Culturen vanCorynebacterium fascians, geïsoleerd uit tumoren vanN. megalosiphon bleken zeer infectieus en veroorzaakten tumoren inN. megalosiphon enBegonia. Homogenaten van tumorweefsel vanPelargonium zonale, dahlia (Fig. 5), gladiool (Fig. 6) enLilium Mid Century Hybrid Enchantment (Fig. 7) veroorzaakten ook tumoren opN. megalosiphon, waaruitC. fascians werd geïsoleerd. Met sap van kroeskopzieke rozen konden wijN. megalosiphon niet besmetten.  相似文献   

16.
The survival of two species of plant parasitic nematodes: the root-lesion nematode Pratylenchus brachyurus, and the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne javanica, was evaluated in saturated atmospheres of 12 natural chemical compounds. The infectivity of two isolates of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi: Glomus mosseae and Glomus intraradices, under identical experimental conditions, was also determined. All the compounds tested exerted a highly significant control against M. javanica and among them, benzaldehyde, salicilaldehyde, borneol, p-anisaldehyde and cinnamaldehyde caused a mortality rate above 50% over P. brachyurus. The infectivity of G. intraradices was inhibited by cinnamaldehyde, salicilaldehyde, thymol, carvacrol, p-anisaldehyde, and benzaldehyde, while only cinnamaldehyde and thymol significantly inhibited mycorrhizal colonization by G. mosseae.  相似文献   

17.
Five Pythium species (Pythium irregulare, P. mamillatum, P. myriotylum, P. spinosum and P. ultimum var. ultimum) were isolated from the hypocotyls and roots of kidney bean plants with damping-off from a commercial field and from experimental plots that have undergone either continuous cropping with kidney bean or rotational cropping with arable crops. In inoculation tests, all five Pythium species were pathogenic to kidney bean. This is the first report of damping-off of kidney bean caused by Pythium species; we named this disease damping-off of kidney bean. The nucleotide sequence data reported are available in the DDBJ/EMBL/GenBank databases under accession numbers AB291811, AB291944 and AB291945.  相似文献   

18.
Leaves ofPelargonium domesticum andRuscus hypoglossum infected byBotrytis cinerea Pers., produced 12 and 1.5 nl ethylene/h/g, respectively, 34 days after inoculation; wounded or healthy leaves and phyloclades of them produced much lower amounts. When the fungus was grown on dead leaves it produced negligible amounts of the gas even when supplemented with methionine. Exogenous ethylene enhanced gray mold development in both hosts. Silver thiosulfate, aminooxyacetic acid (AOA) and aminoethoxyvinylglycine significantly inhibited disease development in pelargonium, and the latter two compounds inhibited ethylene production. AOA inhibited disease development and ethylene production in cut rose flowers; calcium ions inhibited disease development whereas the chelator EGTA [ethylene glycol bis-(β-aminoethyl ether)N,N,N′,N′-tetraacetic acid] enhanced it. Disease suppression by an excess of Ca2+ was correlated with repression of ethylene production by the flowers, whereas deficiency in Ca2+ increased disease severity. Publication of the Agricultural Research Organization. No. 2413-E, 1988 series.  相似文献   

19.
The effects of the saprophytic mycoflora and its interference with cereal aphids on growth and yield of winter and spring wheat was studied in field experiments in 1980, 1981 and 1982.Yields varied between 5000 and 8000 kg dry matter of kernels per ha. The effect of the saprophytic mycoflora on yield was determined in different treatments: A) no control measures against cereal aphids and saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, B) no control of cereal aphids, control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, C) control of cereal aphids and control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, D) control of cereal aphids and stimulation of saprophytic mycoflora and E) control of cereal aphids, no control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi nor stimulation of saprophytic mycoflora.Considerable differences in top densities of saprophytic mycoflora (10 times as large in A and D as in B and C) were determined. The consequences of these differences for the growth and productivity of wheat were minor. A negative effect of saprophytic mycoflora on the yield could not be detected in 1981 and 1982, whereas a small positive significant effect was found in 1980. This stimulation may have been due to competition between necrotrophic fungal pathogens and saprophytic mycoflora. As a result of favourable weather conditions necrotrophic fungal pathogens were very numerous in 1980 and could form an important yield reducing factor. Yield levels may effect the importance of the necrotrophic and saprophytic mycoflora as yield reducing factors. Additionally, in the presence of aphid honeydew captafol was found to be relatively ineffective against saprophytic fungi.  相似文献   

20.
Species presence and density of mixed populations of phytophagous tetranychid and predacious phytoseiid mites were studied in sprayed and unsprayed apple orchards in northern Israel during three growing seasons. Two species of phytophagous tetranychids, namely,Tetranychus cinnabarinus Boisduval andT. Urticae Koch, and two species of predatory phytoseiid mites —Typhlodromus athiasae Porath and Swirski andAmblyseius swirskii Athias-Henriot — were found. Predator density was lower than herbivore density in sprayed commercial orchards, but the reverse was true in unsprayed orchards. Contribution from the Agricultural Research Organization. No. 2855-E, 1989 series.  相似文献   

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