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微生物降解农药的研究进展 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
在农药的微生物降解研究中,分离构建一种由天然微生物构成的复合系,将其应用于被污染的环境是消除农药污染的一个有效方法。本文综述了环境中降解农药的微生物种类、微生物降解农药的机理、在自然条件下影响微生物降解农药的因素及农药微生物降解研究方面的新技术和新方法。 相似文献
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农药残留及微生物在农药降解中的应用与展望 总被引:14,自引:0,他引:14
农药在人类防治农作物病虫害、草害等诸方面起到了巨大的贡献,但是因之而来的农药残留问题则对环境和人类健康带来了严重的危害。为解决这一问题,人们进行了大量的研究,其中微生物的降解作用已引起人们的广泛关注。综述了农药残留及微生物在其中的应用及发展情况。 相似文献
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采用气相色谱法检测了久效磷、毒死蜱、马拉硫磷、对硫磷、敌敌畏5种有机磷农药在菜豆烹饪过程中残留量的变化。结果表明:菜豆经油炸后,除久效磷未降解外,其余农药降解率在37.6%~85.1%之间。油炸时间的长短对敌敌畏降解影响较大,炸5 min时降解率为37.6%,7 min 时降解率为65.2%;油炸时间长短对其余农药的降解均无显著影响。炒的过程中5种农药的降解率在7.6%~56.5%之间;蒸的过程中降解率为23.0%~63.4%;未盖锅盖煮的条件下降解率为39.5%~81.7%,盖锅盖煮后降解率为42.0%~86.4%。在加盖煮10 min后的汤中,各种农药的残留量在0.03~0.50 mg/L 之间。炒过的菜豆再经微波加热2 min后, 5种农药残留量比炒过之后又降解了21.0%~41.5%。 相似文献
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农田土壤中农药残留污染是影响农产品安全生产的关键因素。微生物降解作为一种资源丰富、高效环保、操作便捷的农药残留降解技术,却由于易受环境因素影响,导致其在田间实际应用效果不显著。如何稳定和提高降解菌的田间活性,已成为制约农药残留生物降解技术产业化的“瓶颈”。生物膜是细菌通过分泌多糖和蛋白质等胞外聚合物,将其自身包绕其中并黏附于固体表面而形成的一种复杂的群落结构。基于土壤环境多相、分散等特征,微生物在土壤中以生物膜态存在,在增强细菌抵御复杂环境胁迫、提高农药降解能力、维持土壤健康等方面具有积极作用,弥补了传统游离菌直投式修复技术效率低、持效期短、对低浓度农药残留不敏感等方面的不足。近年来,细菌生物膜的研究成果已应用在水体、土壤污染生物修复领域且颇具成效。在此基础上,本文系统阐述了细菌生物膜降解土壤中农药残留的作用机制,解析了利用活性细菌生物膜促进农药残留污染修复的方式和优势,并提出了基于细菌生物膜的强化土壤抵御农药胁迫能力、促进土壤健康的创新研究思路,可为净化农产品产地环境、提升农产品质量安全提供参考。 相似文献
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长期广泛使用除草剂丁草胺所造成的环境问题日益突出,寻找丁草胺的高效降解方法对于消除丁草胺对农田生态系统的污染具有十分重要的意义.笔者就微生物修复丁草胺污染土壤进行了综述,并展望了其研究前景. 相似文献
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2016年冬季随机抽取湖北省主要蔬菜生产基地的蔬菜,共抽取177份蔬菜样品,采用气相色谱法,测定蔬菜中18种有机磷农药残留。结果表明,有机磷农药残留检出样品5份,检出率为2.8%,其中检出超标样品0份,合格率为100%;叶菜类蔬菜中有机磷农药残留检出率最高,其他类蔬菜无检出;有机磷农药残留检出全部为乐果农药。 相似文献
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The toxicity of organophosphorus pesticides is attributed to their ability to inhibit acetylcholinesterase (AChE), which catalyses the hydrolysis of the neurotransmitting agent acetylcholine (ACh). A simple, reproducible and stable AChE-based amperometric bioelectrode was used, for measuring the enzyme activity before and after the incubation with paraoxon dissolved in organic solvents.The inhibition percentage induced by a paraoxon in organic solvent solutions increases in the following sequence: acetonitrile < water < hexane, suggesting that the paraoxon repartition between the organic solvent and the essential water for enzyme activity plays an important role in establishing the analytical and kinetic parameters of the bioelectrode. Considering the AChE denaturation, induced only by the organic solvent, as a pseudo-inhibition process, the kinetic treatment of the bioelectrode response revealed that it follows a mixed competitive/non-competitive mechanism, while the inhibition due to a non-aqueous solution of paraoxon corresponds to a non-competitive/uncompetitive mechanism. In the last case, the synergetic effect of denaturation and inhibition of enzyme was dominated by the inhibitor presence. 相似文献
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在汉化Visual Foxpro 6.0 支持下开发出的农药信息咨询系统具有强大的功能,以农药处方、农药性能数据库为基础, 针对不同病虫草害提出一系列可供用户选择的处方与详细说明, 同时提供病虫害发生特点和综合防治措施。系统模糊查询性能强, 灵活方便, 提供较完整的信息量, 可在实践中充分发挥计算机咨询系统的优势。 相似文献
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环糊精(CDs)衍生物作为色谱固定相在农药光学异构体分离中的应用 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
本文就近年来环糊精(CDs)衍生物在色谱法分离在农药及其中间体手性异构体中的应用及分离机理进行了综述,提出了它们在农药生产,科研中进一步应用的可能性。 相似文献
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S Kumar 《Pesticide biochemistry and physiology》2004,78(3):140-150
Acephate (O,S-dimethyl acetylphosphoramidothioic acid) is an organophosphate pesticide used throughout the world extensively. Anticholinesterase action of acephate produces cholinotoxicity and may produce compensatory changes in other neurotransmitter levels. The objective of the present investigation was (1) to find brain region specific changes and (2) duration related treatment effects of the organophosphate acephate exposure on serotoninergic system. Reports of repeated exposure to organophosphate pesticide induced changes in rat brain serotoninergic system are limited. The present study analyses changes in 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) level and its metabolite 5-hydroxy indoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) level at 0, 4, 14, and 60 days of oral acephate exposure (178 mg/kg) in the rat brain regions: olfactory lobe, cerebellum, pons, medulla oblongata, spinal cord, hypothalamus, hippocampus, striatum, midbrain, and cortex. Acephate exposure decreased 5-HT level in cortex, hippocampus, striatum, hypothalamus, midbrain, and spinal cord brain regions at the 4, 14, and 60 days durations studied. Duration specific decrease in 5-HT level was observed in olfactory lobe at 4 and 14 days and in pons, medulla oblongata, and cerebellum brain regions at 14 and 60 days of treatment. 5-HIAA levels were decreased in the brain regions cortex, pons, medulla oblongata, and spinal cord at all the durations of treatment studied and in hypothalamus (4 days) and cerebellum (60 days). A short-term increase in 5-HIAA levels was observed in olfactory lobe and midbrain after 14 days of treatment. The results reveal that acephate exposure produced activation of the serotoninergic system and the increased activity of serotoninergic neurons results in decrease of the monoamine levels and its metabolite in brain regions. 相似文献