助剂对烟嘧磺隆的增效作用

在温室条件下研究了13种助剂对烟嘧磺隆防除稗草和狗尾草的增效作用。结果表明,无机盐助剂中的硫酸铵和硝酸铵、表面活性剂中的有机硅Silwet408、油类助剂中的油酸异丁酯有较好的增效作用。     

几种旱育抛栽稻田除草剂防效及安全性初报

对丁苄、丁草胺、新马歇特、抛秧草宁、杀草丹 苄嘧黄隆混剂和二氯喹啉酸 苄嘧黄隆混剂在旱育抛栽稻田的应用研究表明:(1)抛后7天使用上述6种除草剂组合均能较好地防除稗草、异型莎草、鳢肠和合萌等杂草,其鲜重防效高于株防效;(2)总草防除效果以4种混剂最高,显著高于丁草胺或新马歇特单剂;(3)6种药剂对异型莎草、鳢肠的防效显著高于稗草,对合萌的防效最差;(4)供试药剂对分蘖期水稻的叶色、叶型、出叶速度、株高、立苗和分蘖发生6项生长指标均无显著影响,仅药后7天的黄叶、下垂叶比例略有增加,药后15天的株高略有下降,成熟期株高完全恢复;(5)用药区产量与对照区间的差异极显著,增产幅度为41.12～57.06％。不同药剂区间的增产效果无显著差异,产量增加主要是有效穗数增多所致;(6)以1995年市场价格计,供试药剂的投入产出比为1:19.16～34.32,丁苄和丁草胺的经济效益最高。     

云南旱直播稻田土壤封闭除草剂的筛选

为筛选适宜冬马铃薯—水稻轮作模式下旱直播水稻田使用的土壤封闭除草剂,在云南省双江县主要杂草为稗草、莎草、牛筋草和莲子草的稻田开展了施药除草试验,比较不同除草剂的防除效果、相应处理区的水稻产量及综合效益。结果表明,供试药剂中以19%氟酮磺草胺悬浮剂、35%丁草胺·扑草净乳油和35%丙炔噁草酮·丁草胺水乳剂对总草的防除效果较好,分别为99.3%、91.5%和90.5%;不同施药处理间的产量差异不显著,均显著高于不除草处理;使用丙炔噁草酮·丁草胺或氟酮磺草胺除草的总收益较高。     

22%五氟磺草胺悬浮剂和40%五氟磺草胺·丁草胺悬乳剂防治稻田杂草药效示范试验研究

试验结果表明,两种药剂对以稗草为主的水稻田有较好的防效,其中40%五氟磺草胺·丁草胺悬乳剂的防效最好,22%五氟磺草胺悬浮剂防效次之。     

不同粘度矿物油助剂对除草剂活性的影响

室内及温室内测定了10种不同粘度矿物油助剂对除草剂防除苘麻和稗草药效的影响及对玉米苗期的安全性。结果表明,10种矿物油助剂均不同程度地增加了氰草津和烟嘧磺隆防除两种杂草的活性。其中粘度为46 mm2/s (40℃)的矿物油乳剂(MOC46)对供试除草剂药效的增强作用最为明显,其次为粘度32 mm2/s (40℃)的矿物油乳剂。10种助剂对氰草津药效的增强作用大于对烟嘧磺隆。MOC46对除草剂活性的增加由高到低依次为:莠去津、氰草津＞莠去津+氰草津、莠去津+烟嘧磺隆、氰草津+烟嘧磺隆＞烟嘧磺隆;对玉米苗期安全性依次为:莠去津、烟嘧磺隆、莠去津+烟嘧磺隆＞莠去津+氰草津、氰草津+烟嘧磺隆＞氰草津。氰草津与MOC46混用对玉米苗期药害较重。     

东北水稻生产与杂草防除

黑龙江省、吉林省和辽宁省2007年水稻播种面积分别为225．32万hm^2、67万hm^2和66．06万hm^2,稻谷产量分别为6300kg／hm^2、7470kg／hm^2和7650kg／hm^2。水稻主要栽培方式为旱育秧机械插秧和手工插秧。黑龙江、吉林和辽宁省2008年机械插秧面积分别为30．7万hm^2、6万hm^2和6．67万hm^2。黑龙江省稻田主要杂草有稻稗、稗草、千金子、李氏禾、水莎草、扁秆蔗草、雨久花、泽泻、野慈姑、葡茎剪股颖、疣草、狼巴草、杂草稻等;吉林省稻田主要杂草有稗草、鸭舌革、眼子菜、雨久花、牛毛毡、野慈姑、扁秆藤草、萤蔺、异型莎草、狼巴草、泽泻、李氏禾、千金子等;辽宁省稻田主要杂草有稗草、藤草、萤蔺、雨久花、扁秆藤草、鸭舌草、野慈姑、牛毛毡、匐茎剪股颖、眼子菜、陌上菜、疣草、荇菜、苦草、水绵等。杂草防控技术主要是在早育秧田使用丁草胺·扑草净、丁草胺·嗯草灵或杀草丹等;移栽田使用杀稗剂[如禾大壮、丁草胺、丙草胺（含安全剂）、苯噻酰草胺、二氯喹啉酸、稻思达、嗯草灵、莎稗灵]与磺酰脲类除草剂或苯达松和2甲4氯等的复配剂,也有现混现用防除一年生和部分多年生杂草,用千金（氰氟草酯）防除千金子,用稻杰（五氟磺草胺）防除抗药性稗草。存在的主要问题是气象灾害如干旱、全球气候变暖等逐年加重、杂草对杀稗剂和磺酰脲类除草剂的抗药性生物型增加、杂草稻在黑龙江和辽宁省的局部地区严重发生。     

3%双氟·唑草酮等药剂对小麦田猪殃殃的防除效果

试验结果表明,每667 m~2用3%双氟·唑草酮悬乳剂50 mL防除小麦田猪殃殃效果好,对小麦生长安全,该药剂是防除小麦田猪殃殃的高效药剂。     

不同除草剂对乱草的防除效果比较研究

为探索安全有效地防除乱草的除草剂及除草剂组合,在安徽省旱直播水稻田内开展不同除草剂对乱草的防除效果田间药效试验。结果表明,对乱草能起封闭作用的除草剂有450 g/L二甲戊灵微囊悬浮剂、120 g/L草酮乳油和35%丙炔·丁草胺水乳剂,这3种药剂可使田间乱草出苗率明显降低;对防治乱草有效的茎叶喷雾除草剂则是10%唑酰草胺乳油、5%嘧啶肟草醚乳油与10%氰氟草酯乳油的复配剂,此外,300 g/L呋喃磺草酮·氟酮磺草胺悬浮剂对乱草的防效更明显,未来具有一定的市场推广潜力。     

威霸防除高龄千金子效果显著

千金子［ｌｅｐｔｏｃｈｌｏａｃｈｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ（Ｌ．）Ｎｅｓ］是稻田的恶性杂草之一,在部份稻田的危害程度超过稗草。对直播水稻的危害,一般减产３０％～４０％,严重的达７０％以上,甚至绝收。对于千金子的防除,在幼苗期可用丁草胺、禾大壮、扫弗特等药剂防除,...     

二代棉铃虫为害玉米、大豆严重

水稻是我场主要的粮食作物之一,常年种植在1万亩以上。由于杂草危害,常导致严重减产。 1989年前,我场先后引进杀草丹、禾大壮、二甲四氯、苯达松、百草敌、丁草胺等多种稻田除草剂。采取系统防治的方法,即苗期施用杀草丹或禾大壮防除秧田稗草,移栽后返青前施用丁草胺防除本田稗草和部分阔叶草,水稻分蘖后施用苯达松或百草敌加二甲四氯防除阔叶草和莎草科杂草。这种防治方法,施药次数多(一般施药2-3次),防治适期不易掌握,容易错过最佳施药时间,而且     

Biological Control of Lantana

Abstract

Experiments conducted at the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) in the Philippines, showed that all commonly marketed formulations and derivatives of 2,4-D and MCPA were equally effective in controlling barnyard grass [Echinochloa crusgalli (L.) Beauv.] and other annual weeds in transplanted rice (Oryza sativa L). In the Philippines, these phenoxy acid herbicides cost US$2.50/ha as liquid formulations and US$5.50/ha as granular formulations. These low-cost herbicides provide excellent alternatives to hand weeding in transplanted tropical rice. Other herbicides which can control weeds before or after the weeds emerge are more expensive than 2,4-D or MCPA. Some of these selective herbicides, such as butachlor and TCE-styrene + 2,4-D, are in the Philippine market. Their prices vary from US$8 to US$12/ha.

For direct-seeded flooded rice, granular formulations of several new herbicides, such as butachlor, benthio-carb and C-288 (chemistry not yet disclosed), were highly selective in controlling barnyardgrass and other annual weeds under tropical conditions. C-288 controls algae in addition to annual weeds in direct-seeded flooded rice. Of these three promising herbicides, only butachlor is marketed in the Philippines at US$8/ha. For upland rice, the chemicals which look promising are butachlor, benthiocarb and fluorodifen. Butachlor liquid is available to rice farmers in Asia at about US$16/ha. These herbicides provide an excellent alternative to hand weeding. Generally a complete job of weed control in upland rice requires more than one hand weeding.     

我国稻区稗草对丁草胺抗药性现状

１９９１－１９９３年，对我国三大栽培类型稻区内９个监测网点的稗草抗药水平发展动态进行了系统的追踪监测。结果显示：我国稗草对丁草胺已产生了明显的抗药性。以ＬＣ５０和ＬＣ９０作为标准，最高抗性系数分别由１９９１年的２．９０和２．７９，上升至１９９３年的５．４２和１１．０４。在丁草胺连续使用８年以上地区，抗性水平呈急剧上升之势。稗草对丁草胺的抗性水平与连续使用时间呈正相关，而与ａ－淀粉酶活性抑制率呈反相     

稗对水稻生长和产量性状的影响及其经济阈值

稗Echinochloa crusgalli Beauv.在稻田的发生危害对水稻生产造成了严重威胁.为明确稗对水稻生长的影响及其经济危害允许水平,采用添加系列试验和模型拟合的方法研究了不同稗草密度下水稻各产量性状的变化规律.研究结果表明,水稻在稗的竞争干扰下,植株的分蘖数、有效穗数、千粒重及产量均随稗草密度的增加而逐渐降低.指数模型y=beax可以较好地拟合稗对水稻分蘖数(y=493.74e-0.0164x,P＜0.0001)、有效穗数(y=437.2e-0.0165x,P＜0.0001)及千粒重(y=21.876e-0.0006x,P＜0.005)的影响,而对数模型y=aLnx b拟合稗与水稻产量(y=-1250.4Lnx 6375.4,P＜0.0001)及产量损失(y=18.844Lnx 3.9182,P＜0.0001)间的关系最佳.稻田使用乙苄、丁草胺、禾大壮、二氯喹啉酸等药剂进行化学除草时,稗的经济危害允许水平在0.71%～1.10%之间,经济阈值在0.85株/m2左右.     

五氯酚钠防除稻田杂草的试验

在旱秧田、水秧田、旱直播田和水直播田的试验中,播前施用五氯酚钠,每公顷5—20公斤,除草效果不够良好。但在插秧本田的试验中,插前每公顷施用五氯酚钠15—30公厅对防除稗草(Echinochloa crusgalli (L.) Beauv.)和球穗莎草(Cyperus globosus All.)的效果极为良好。以在插秧前一天,每公顷施用30公斤效果最好,对稗草和球穗莎草的防除效果分别达到92.7%和79.6%。插后处理,每公顷施用五氯酚钠15公斤,效果也较好。另外的试验,观察了五氯酚钠不同剂型:颗粒剂、混土、溶液等的防除效果。防除稗草用颗粒剂和混土处理要优于溶液处理;防除球穗莎草则以溶液处理为最好。各处理对水稻均无药害,所有用五氧酚钠处理区的产量均高于不除草区,但较两次人工除草的为低。本文讨论了在秧田和直播田用五氯酚钠防除稗草效果较差的原因。     

Red rice (Oryza sativa L.) and barnyardgrass (Echinochloa spp.) biotype susceptibility to postemergence-applied imazamox

Pot experiments were conducted to evaluate the level of imazamox tolerance in five red rice ( Oryza sativa L.) and four barnyardgrass (three Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv. and one Echinochloa oryzoides (Ard.) Fritch) morphologically distinct biotypes collected from rice fields in northern Greece. The susceptibility of barnyardgrass biotypes to propanil was also studied. Red rice biotypes were not controlled by imazamox applied at 40 g ha⁻¹. In contrast, 80 g imazamox ha⁻¹ provided 56–84% red rice control (averaged across shoot number and fresh weight reduction). Not all barnyardgrass biotypes were susceptible to imazamox applied postemergence. However, propanil applied at 2.6 kg ha ⁻¹ controlled the E. crus-galli biotypes well, but propanil applied at rates of 2.6 and 5.2 kg ha ⁻¹ was not effective in reducing the shoot number and fresh weight of the E. oryzoides biotype. Propanil applied at 10.4 kg ha ⁻¹ reduced the shoot number and fresh weight of this biotype by 78 and 85%, respectively. In most cases, a linear equation ( y  = % of control, x  = g ha⁻¹) provided the best fit for regressions between red rice or barnyardgrass shoot number or fresh weight and imazamox rates. The results of this study suggest that postemergence application of imazamox is not effective against all red rice and barnyardgrass biotypes found in the rice fields of Greece and that significant variability regarding herbicide efficacy among biotypes might exist.     

双唑草腈的除草活性及对不同水稻品种和后茬作物的安全性

双唑草腈(pyraclonil)为原卟啉原氧化酶(PPO)抑制剂,为明确其在水稻田的应用前景,采用室内生物测定法研究了双唑草腈的除草活性及对不同水稻品种的安全性,通过大田试验作了进一步验证,并评价了双唑草腈对水稻及后茬作物的安全性。结果表明,双唑草腈对水稻田禾本科杂草稗草、阔叶杂草鸭舌草均有很好的除草活性。在室内试验中,该药剂对稻田稗草和鸭舌草的ED50分别为11.50g/hm~2和8.22g/hm~2,均高于对照药剂丙草胺对稗草和鸭舌草的活性;双唑草腈在3种水稻和稗草之间的选择性指数分别为4.15、3.44和3.73,高于对照药剂;田间试验结果显示,1.8%双唑草腈颗粒剂162、216、324g/hm~2处理在药后20、40d对稗草、鸭舌草、节节菜及异型莎草的株防效均在98%以上,显著优于对照药剂80%丙炔噁草酮可湿性粉剂和50%丙草胺乳油;双唑草腈对水稻以及三种主要后茬作物小麦、油菜和小白菜安全。研究表明双唑草腈具有很好的应用前景。     

三株病原真菌对稗草生防潜力的研究

从稻田中采集自然感病的稗草标样,分离获得10余种病原真菌,经生测,链格孢菌、尖角突脐孢菌和内脐孢菌是3株很有希望的稗草生防潜力菌。对它们的生长及产孢特性、寄主范围及孢子悬浮液喷雾接种对水稻和稗草的致病性等进行了研究。结果表明,3个菌各有优缺点。链格孢菌对稗草致病力稍差,对水稻有轻度感染,但其产孢速度快,产孢量大;尖角突脐孢菌对稗致病力强,对稻无影响,但产生孢子慢,产生菌丝多;内脐孢菌对稗致病力强,对稻安全,菌落生长较慢,但产孢速度快,产孢量多,气生菌丝少。黑暗、空气充足有利于3菌株的生长及产孢。     

Satisfactory Control of Echinochloa crus-galli in Rice Nurseries

Abstract

In field-scale trials at Hamoul in the north of the Nile delta in 1967 and 1968, certain herbicides applied to a soil heavily infested with barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli) gave very satisfactory results. Taking into account both grass control and increase in rice stand, molinate and propanil at 3-4 Ib/feddan* were shown to be most effective. Molinate used either as a liquid or granular formulation gave excellent results when applied pre-flood (liquid) or post-emergence (liquid and granules). Propanil used post-emergence gave good results provided that the field was drained 24 hours before treatment and flooded again 24 hours after.     

水稻与稗草在大田条件下的竞争关系研究

不同类型不同密度的水稻与一定密度的稗草混合种植 ,结果表明 :在低密度条件下稗草的生长速率显著高于水稻 ,而在高密度条件下水稻的生长速率显著高于稗草 ;随着种植密度的增加 ,水稻的生长速率逐渐增大而稗草的生长速率逐渐减小。所有条件下稗草的相对生长速率都显著高于水稻的相对生长速率。水稻单位面积产量在试验条件下随水稻密度的增加而增加 ,且差异显著。相对来说 ,稗草对穗重型品种的影响比对穗数型品种的影响更大一些 ,但差异不显著     

Herbicidal activity on acetolactate synthase‐resistant barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus‐galli) in Arkansas,USA

The intensive use of the acetolactate synthase (ALS)‐inhibiting herbicides, imazethapyr, penoxsulam and bispyribac‐sodium, in imidazolinone‐resistant (Clearfield) rice increases the risk of the evolution of ALS‐resistant barnyardgrass. In 2009, imazethapyr failed to control barnyardgrass that was collected from a field in Arkansas, USA, following the failure of the herbicide in 2008. A greenhouse experiment was conducted to confirm and document the level of resistance of the biotype against three ALS‐inhibiting herbicides that currently are labeled in rice. The level of control of the resistant biotype at the labeled rate of bispyribac‐sodium of 35 g ai ha^?1 was 10%, penoxsulam at 22 g ai ha^?1 was 0% and imazethapyr at 70 g ai ha^?1 was 25%. The level of mortality of the susceptible biotype was 100% with all the herbicides at the labeled rate. The dose needed to kill 50% of the resistant plants was 49 g ha^?1 of bispyribac‐sodium, 254 g ha^?1 of penoxsulam and 170 g ha^?1 of imazethapyr. For the susceptible biotype, bispyribac‐sodium at 6 g ha^?1, penoxsulam at 10 g ha^?1 and imazethapyr at 12 g ha^?1 killed 50% of the treated plants. Based on these findings, it was confirmed that a barnyardgrass population has evolved cross‐resistance to three ALS‐inhibiting herbicides in rice culture in Arkansas. Furthermore, an experiment was conducted to determine if the ALS‐resistant biotype could be controlled using other mechanisms of action. The results indicated that propanil, a photosystem II inhibitor, and quinclorac, a synthetic auxin, failed to control the resistant biotype at the labeled rates, whereas all the other evaluated herbicides provided effective control of both biotypes.