温度和初始种群密度对象耳豆根结线虫侵染番茄的影响

通过室内接种方法,研究了不同温度和接种密度对象耳豆根结线虫侵染番茄能力的影响。研究结果表明,28~30 ℃是象耳豆根结线虫侵染番茄的最适温度。随着温度的下降,其侵染能力明显降低。当象耳豆根结线虫2龄幼虫接种密度大于10条/100 cm3土壤时,番茄的生长会受到显著的抑制,随着线虫接种密度的增加,根结指数显著增加、线虫对番茄的危害也逐渐加重。研究结果将为广东省蔬菜产区制定象耳豆根结线虫防治指标提供理论依据。     

影响链格孢菌生长及产孢的因子

在实验室研究了影响稗草病原真菌链格孢生长及产孢的因子.链格孢菌可在较宽的温度范围内生长、繁殖;连续黑暗、空气充足条件下有利于产孢;该菌在4种不同的植物产品上培养可产生大量的孢子,最多的无芒稗籽上每克干物质产孢量达3.59×108个,这些培养物在首次产孢收获后均可直接培养作二次产孢利用.固体(菌块)和液体(菌悬液)接种培养物均能成功产孢.但培养量大时液体接种优于固体接种,产孢量与接种菌悬液浓度呈正相关.     

南方根结线虫的寄生真菌——虫生轮枝孢菌生物学特性的研究

虫生轮枝孢(Verticillium insectorum)寄生于南方根结线虫(Meloidogyne incognita)的雌虫和四龄幼虫,此菌在浙江省棉花和黄杨根结线虫上的自然寄生率分别为10.2％和20.5％,是棉花根结线虫天敌真菌区系中的优势种,占77.3％。在25—30℃范围内生长,产孢和孢子萌发均好;当外界相对湿度达到75％时,此菌开始生长并产孢,但孢子萌发需要较高的相对湿度(95％)。基质pH值的变化对产孢影响不大,在pH5—9范围内,生长均好,但孢子萌发需较严格的pH值,以pH7为最好。此菌在马铃薯琼脂培养基和玉米琼脂培养基上生长较快,查彼克培养基对产孢最有利。V.insectonum对棉花的生长发育无不良影响,在盆栽试验中,用此菌(10~6个孢子/1克土)和南方根结线虫卵(2500粒/盆)接种棉花根围,有71.0—89.1％的雌虫被寄生。     

海南省穿刺巴斯德芽茵资源调查及其系统发育分析

穿刺巴斯德芽菌Pasteuriapenetrans是根结线虫的专性寄生菌,是最有潜力的根结线虫生防因子。为了解海南省穿刺巴斯德芽菌资源,本文首次对海南省根结线虫病区进行调查,发现穿刺巴斯德芽菌的分布与土壤类型、寄主植物、气温等因素相关。在获得的27个巴斯德芽菌16SrDNA克隆中,均与穿刺巴斯德芽菌具有较高同源性。其中,菌株wf2与穿刺巴斯德芽菌P．penetrans16SrDNA同源性为95．8％,在发育树上处于独立的分支,为巴斯德芽菌属的1个新种;菌株dal、da2、qh和th与P.penetrans16SrDNA同源性为97．5％~97．8％,在发育树上也处于独立的分支,很可能是巴斯德芽菌属的新种;另22株可归属为穿刺巴斯德芽菌。调查结果反映出海南省具有丰富的巴斯德芽菌资源。     

线虫生防真菌淡紫紫孢菌PLHN鉴定及其生物学特性

从为害海南省茄子的根结线虫(Meloidogyne sp.)雌虫体内分离获得一株对根结线虫具致病性的真菌菌株PLHN,研究了该菌株的培养特性和形态特征。同时,克隆分析其r DNA-ITS区序列,并测定该菌株的生物学特性。结果表明,菌株PLHN在PDA上菌落呈淡粉紫色,富生粉质状分生孢子,菌落背面中心呈炒米黄色;分生孢子梗上轮生2～6个瓶梗,大小为(2.81±0.43)μm×(6.27±1.18)μm;分生孢子近圆形,无色,大小为(2.60±0.40)μm×(2.63±0.38)μm。该菌株rDNA-ITS区序列与Genbank中多个淡紫紫孢菌(淡紫拟青霉)菌株的对应序列相似性均达99%～100%。因此,将PLHN菌株鉴定为淡紫紫孢菌(Purpureocillium lilacinum)。该菌株最适培养基为PDA,菌落生长、产孢和孢子萌发的最适pH均为7.0,最适培养温度均为28℃,黑暗有利于该菌生长、产孢及孢子萌发。     

氟吡菌酰胺对南方根结线虫的作用效果

为明确琥珀酸脱氢酶抑制剂类(SDHI)杀线剂氟吡菌酰胺对南方根结线虫Meloidogyne incognita的作用效果,在室内盆栽条件下研究不同剂量、不同施药时期该药剂对线虫侵入、根结和雌虫数量以及产卵量的影响。结果显示:在黄瓜幼苗移栽前进行土壤处理,氟吡菌酰胺施用剂量为31.25μg/株时,每株2龄幼虫侵染数量和根结数量分别为11.3条和6.4个,相比对照处理显著减少;在接种南方根结线虫后0～11 d,以施药量为125μg/株的氟吡菌酰胺进行灌根时,可大幅减少根结数量,每株根结数量减少至12.8～22.5个,同时,施药后根系内未见成熟雌虫产生;在接种后15 d,以施药量为250μg/株的氟吡菌酰胺进行灌根时,可大幅减少根内成熟雌虫数量,每株雌虫数量减少至16.9条;接种后20 d施药,施药量为500μg/株时可大幅减少根部产生的根结线虫卵块数量,每株卵块数量减少至18.9个。表明氟吡菌酰胺能抑制土壤内线虫对黄瓜根系的侵染并抑制根内线虫发育,但随着施药时间的推迟,防治已侵入根系的线虫需增加施药剂量,在生产上使用氟吡菌酰胺防治根结线虫病应在作物移栽前或线虫侵染早期施药效果更好。     

象耳豆根结线虫对抗病番茄品种VFNT的致病性研究

 象耳豆根结线虫是近年在我国发现的一种扩散迅速、寄主广泛、致病性强的根结线虫。为探究象耳豆根结线虫的强致病性原因,本研究用象耳豆根结线虫和南方根结线虫分别接种抗线虫番茄品种VFNT和感病番茄品种Rutgers,30 d后象耳豆根结线虫对VFNT和Rutgers的累计侵入率分别为14.1%和19.2%、虫瘿率为62.5%和81.6%,而此时南方根结线虫累计侵入率为0%和18.8%、虫瘿率为0%和68.5%,象耳豆根结线虫的侵染力和致病力显著强于南方根结线虫;通过侵染抗病番茄品种VFNT的病理切片以及根尖侵染早期胼胝质、活性氧染色发现象耳豆根结线虫的侵染不会激活Mi-1基因诱导的特异性抗性,在侵染早期南方根结线虫引起的胼胝质沉积量在72 h最大,是象耳豆根结线虫的2.0倍;体外H₂O₂应激测试发现,H₂O₂浓度为10～80 μmol·L^-1象耳豆根结线虫对H₂O₂的耐受性显著强于南方根结线虫。象耳豆根结线虫具有强致病性的原因可能是:具有更强的侵染力和活性氧耐受力;侵染不会激活Mi-1基因诱导的特异性抗性且侵染引起的胼胝质的积累量较低。     

施用生防菌菌剂与日光消毒和生物熏蒸相结合防治番茄根结线虫的研究

在温室条件下,研究了覆膜日光消毒、有机物料生物熏蒸和接种根结线虫拮抗菌Bacillus cereus X5对番茄生物量、根结线虫侵染以及根际土壤和土体土壤中微生物数量变化的影响。结果表明,对根结线虫滋生土壤进行覆膜日光消毒、生物熏蒸和接种拮抗菌的联合处理效果最佳,优于单一处理。联合处理的番茄生物量干重比对照增加了1.8倍;每株番茄根结线虫卵块数和每卵块的虫卵数量分别减少了190.4%和380.5%,对根结线虫的防治效果达到82.7%;根际土壤和土体土壤的细菌和真菌数量显著增加;土壤中根结线虫的数量显著减少。     

活性氧与木质素对细菌Sneb825诱导番茄抵抗南方根结线虫侵染的响应

 根结线虫病严重威胁各类蔬菜作物的生产,是世界上最难防治的土传病害之一。利用生防细菌能够有效地控制蔬菜根结线虫种群数量并降低危害。荧光假单胞菌Sneb825是本实验室筛选出的对南方根结线虫病具有较高防效的生防细菌。本研究通过盆栽试验、裂根试验和温室试验验证了荧光假单胞菌Sneb825诱导番茄抗南方根结线虫侵染的防治效果;通过酶联免疫法(ELISA)和实时荧光定量PCR检测了番茄根系内活性氧与木质素含量及其相关基因表达量的变化。研究发现,Sneb825菌株发酵液不但能够有效降低南方根结线虫对番茄的侵染,而且对番茄植株有显著的促生作用。Sneb825菌株发酵液灌根处理并接种南方根结线虫二龄幼虫后,番茄根系内活性氧(10 dpi)和木质素含量(5 dpi)显著高于空白对照;活性氧合成相关基因RBOH1(10 dpi)和过氧化物酶基因Ep5C(10 dpi)以及木质素合成相关基因Tpx1(5 dpi)的表达量均达到最高值。研究结果表明活性氧和木质素的大量积累是荧光假单胞菌Sneb825诱导番茄抑制南方根结线虫侵染的防御对策之一。荧光假单胞菌可以有效的防治根结线虫病,在农业生产实践中具有潜在的应用前景。     

玉米螟微孢子虫增殖的研究

玉米螟微孢子虫在寄主玉米螟体内,孢子的数量增殖符合逻辑斯蒂增长模型。影响增殖的因子有接种剂量、接种虫龄和温度等。26℃下,以1×10~6孢子/虫接种三龄幼虫,19天后收获,得到最大产孢量,6.3×10~3孢子/虫。以3.2×10~7孢子/ml液涂卵接种一龄幼虫,15天后收获,得到最大产孢量为1.2×10~3孢子/虫。70％的产孢量是从幼虫丝腺、马氏管和唾腺获得的。     

Ultrastructure, Morphology, and Sporogenesis of Pasteuria penetrans

ABSTRACT Pasteuria penetrans is a bacterial parasite of root-knot nematodes that shows great potential as a biocontrol agent. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy were used to study the ultrastructure, morphology, and sporogenesis of four isolates of P. penetrans. The effects of different Meloidogyne spp. and tobacco cultivars on sporangium size and morphology of endospores attached to the cuticle of second-stage juveniles (J2) of root-knot nematodes also were investigated. The P. penetrans isolates and their origins were P-20 from M. arenaria race 1 in Levy County, FL; P-100 from Meloidogyne sp. in Pasco County, FL; B-4 from Pratylenchus scribneri in Seminole County, FL; and P-120 from Meloidogyne spp. in Alachua County, FL. Sporangia of the four isolates were identical morphologically and similar in their dimensions, ranging from 2.39 to 3.42 mum in diameter and from 1.38 to 2.38 mum in height. Different Meloidogyne spp. and tobacco cultivars had no effect on sporangium size. Endospores attached to J2 were visualized in three forms: endospores retaining the sporangium wall, endospores covered with a thin exosporium, and endospores without covering. Sporogenesis of P. penetrans was similar to that of other gram-positive bacteria and generally matched the seven-stage scheme reported for Bacillus thuringiensis.     

Differential effect of nematicide treatments on tuber yields in early- and late-maturing potato cultivars

A 3-year field study examined the effects of 1,3-dichloropropene or oxamyl on tuber yields in four early- and five late-maturing potato cultivars. The nematicide treatments increased total tuber yield by ≈ 12% for early-maturing cultivars, but by less than 2% for the late-maturing cultivars. The treatments reduced the numbers of root lesion nematodes (primarily Pratylenchus penetrans ), which were the dominant plant parasitic nematodes at the site. Covariance analysis indicated that treatment effects on total tuber yield were no longer significant after adjusting for root lesion nematodes in soil at harvest, confirming that these nematodes had a direct effect on the host. As expected, there were significant inverse relationships ( P  = 0·05) between total tuber yields and numbers of root lesion nematodes in soil and in roots. However, the application of nematicides in late-maturing cultivars was found to be of no practical value. Crop production systems designed to reduce or optimize pesticide applications can form one criterion in the development of more environmentally sensitive management strategies. The merit of utilizing chemicals for root lesion nematode control are considered with regard to cultivar maturity.     

番茄细菌性溃疡病苗期接种新方法的研究

 在剪叶、浸根和针刺等细菌病害传统接种方法基础上设计了打顶接种新方法;以番茄细菌性溃疡病菌中国菌株和美国菌株借助打顶法接种佳粉10、合作908和华南红宝石3个国内主栽番茄品种2~3片真叶期幼苗,在昼夜最低、最高温度15~18℃、32~35℃和相对湿度为30%~60%的温室条件下,打顶法接种番茄幼苗后溃疡病发病率为87.5%~100.0%,病情指数随接种菌悬液浓度提高而增大,达到23.96~82.29,3个供试品种之间表现稳定一致;剪叶、浸根和针刺接种方法的发病率普遍在40%以下,病情指数在20以下,3个供试品种之间未表现明显差异;进一步研究显示,使用选择性培养基mSCM能够从打顶法接种后的发病植株上获得培养性状与原接种体一致的分离物,专化性免疫凝聚试剂盒检测到特定的测试线,PCR扩增到614bp的特异性条带,证实该分离物为番茄细菌性溃疡病菌,发病植株为接种体侵染所致。该研究结果表明,打顶接种方法比剪叶法、针刺法和浸根法更适合用于番茄溃疡病菌的致病性测定和评价不同番茄品种苗期的抗病性,具有应用价值。     

Does soil warming affect the interaction between Pasteuria penetrans and Meloidogyne javanica in tomato plants?

A system to grow tomato plants infected by Meloidogyne javanica under constant temperatures of 18, 21, 24, 27 and 30 °C was developed and used to assess how temperature and the application of the biological control bacterium Pasteuria penetrans affected plant growth, the nematode population and endospore production. Each plant was inoculated with 300 second‐stage juveniles (J2) with four or five spores of P. penetrans attached to their cuticles or with 300 nematodes without P. penetrans. Increasing soil temperature increased tomato growth, the number of endospores per female, and the number of galls of M. javanica at the end of 38 days. Increasing temperatures up to 27 °C also increased the number of egg masses produced by M. javanica. Presence of P. penetrans reduced the numbers of galls and egg masses at all temperatures by up to 52.2% and 61.4% at 27 and 30 °C, respectively. Pasteuria penetrans reduced the M. javanica population even at soil temperatures of 18 and 21 °C. However, temperatures of 27 and 30 °C enhanced nematode control and the production of P. penetrans endospores is faster. The system developed in this work is simple and efficient for growing plants under constant temperatures and can be used for different purposes.     

Disease Progress Based on Effects of Verticillium dahliae and Pratylenchus penetrans on Gas Exchange in Russet Burbank Potato

ABSTRACT The interactive effects of concomitant infection by the nematode Pratylenchus penetrans and the fungus Verticillium dahliae on symptom expression in Russet Burbank potato was studied in growth chamber experiments. Treatments were P. penetrans at three initial densities, V. dahliae at one inoculum density, the combination of the nematode at these three densities and the fungus, and a noninfested control. Gas exchange was measured nondestructively in leaf cohorts of different ages, one to three times weekly, with a LI-COR portable photosynthesis system. The single-pathogen treatments had no effect on assimilation or transpiration rates, but joint infection had a significant impact. In concomitant infection, photosynthesis was impaired more than transpiration, so estimates of leaf health were based on carbon assimilation rates only. Reductions in assimilation rate were apparent before the onset of visual symptoms. Assimilation rates decreased as much as 44% in the top, and newest, leaves of concomitantly infected plants, compared to rates in control plants. Even so, the health of newly produced leaves did not become progressively worse through time. With light use efficiency less than 0.20 mol of CO(2) fixed per mol of photosynthetically active radiation used as the criterion for disease incidence, disease progressed acropetally from the oldest to the youngest leaves. In plants infected with P. penetrans (0.8 nematodes per cm(3) of soil) in combination with V. dahliae, all leaves in cohorts 1 and 2 were symptomatic by 45 days after planting, and leaves in cohorts 3 to 6 became symptomatic at weekly intervals thereafter. For the control and single-pathogen treatments, the first time that light use efficiency fell below 0.20 in all leaves in cohort 1 was 71 days after planting. Concomitant infection reduced leaf life span by about 3 weeks. Both visual and physiological symptom expression were invariant to differences in initial nematode inoculum densities ranging from 0.8 to 2.5 nematodes per cm(3) of soil in one experiment and from 1.3 to 4.1 nematodes per cm(3) of soil in a second experiment.     

嗜酸柏拉红菌PSB-01菌株对苎麻根腐线虫病的防治效果

于污水中分离的嗜酸柏拉红菌(Rhodoblastus acidophilus)在应用中发现对苎麻根腐线虫(咖啡短体线虫Pratylenchus coffiae和穿刺短体线虫P.penetrans)病有很好的防治效果.室内毒力测定表明:嗜酸柏拉红菌PSB-01发酵原液对咖啡短体线虫具有很强的毒杀作用,24h后死亡率达100%.发病麻园施用100倍PSB-01发酵液,60d后苎麻根内及根际周围土壤中的线虫减退率分别为93.8%和90.9%.田间试验表明,PSB-01菌剂不仅能有效防治苎麻根腐线虫病,对苎麻还有较大的增产效应,增产率达23.3%,明显优于对照药剂呋喃丹.     

Management of root-knot disease of tomato by the application of fly ash in soil

The effects of fly ash at different concentrations (0, 10, 20, 30 … 100% vol./vol. in soil) on plant growth and yield were investigated in tomato plants infected or noninfected with root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita (2000 juveniles per plant) in clay pots. An increase in fly ash concentration in the soil correspondingly increased the availability of carbonates, bicarbonates, sulphate, chlorides, B, P, K, Ca, Mg, Mn, Cu and Zn in the soil. The porosity, water-holding capacity, pH, conductivity and cation exchange capacity also increased progressively in the fly ash amended soil. Ash application enhanced plant growth, leaf pigment concentrations, fruit production, weight of fruit/plant and mean fruit weight of both nematode-infected and noninfected tomato plants, being maximum in the soil containing 50 or 60% fly ash. The yield enhancements were 93.6 (infected plants) and 84% (noninfected plants) at 50 and 60% fly ash levels, respectively. Fly ash treatments adversely affected root invasion by juveniles, disease intensity and reproduction of the nematodes. A gradual increase in the ash concentration in soil caused a corresponding decrease in the numbers of invading juveniles, galls and egg masses per root system and eggs/egg mass, being lowest at 100% fly ash i.e. 52, 16, 10 and 81 against 289, 137, 131 and 238 (control), respectively. Linear regression suggested 40% fly ash as the most economic level, enhancing yield of infected plants by 96% and suppressing the nematode disease and reproduction by 63 and 76%, respectively.     

Vertical Distribution of the Plant-Parasitic Nematode, Pratylenchus penetrans, Under Four Field Crops

ABSTRACT The vertical distribution of Pratylenchus penetrans was monitored in four fields cropped with maize, black salsify, carrot, or potato. Soil samples were collected at 21-day intervals from May 2002 until April 2003 from five plots (2 x 5 m(2)) per field. Per plot, 15 cores were taken to a depth of 70 cm and split into seven segments of 10 cm each. Within the plots, segments from corresponding depths were pooled. After mixing, 200-g subsamples were taken and nematodes were extracted by zonal centrifugation from the root fraction and the mineral soil fraction separately. In most crops, the root fraction contained more than 50% of the total number of P. penetrans. Because the ratio between the numbers of nematodes in the root fraction and mineral soil fraction changes during the growing season, numbers of P. penetrans found in the mineral soil fraction cannot be used to estimate the total number in the soil. Therefore, both fractions have to be processed to obtain a reliable estimate of the density. No nematodes were recovered below 50 cm soil depth, except in the maize field where nematodes were found at 70 cm. The optimum sampling depth for maize, black salsify, carrot, and potato was 45, 25, 25, and 35 cm, respectively. The percentage of nematodes per soil layer was independent of the sampling date, indicating that a defined optimum sampling depth will be applicable throughout all seasons. The cumulative vertical distribution, modeled with a logistic equation, can be used to estimate the sampling error when samples are collected at different depths.     

北方玉米品种更替过程中穗部性状的演变及与产量的关系

为了明确不同年代品种穗部性状的演变及其与产量的关系,对我国北方地区20世纪50年代以来有代表性的4个农家品种和31个玉米杂交种穗部性状进行了研究.结果表明:随着品种的更替,单位面积产量、单株产量大幅度提高,穗粗、穗长、籽粒深度、穗粒数、千粒重均呈上升趋势;秃尖度、出籽率自20世纪80年代以来没有得到正向改良,呈现下降趋...