长期使用农药涕灭威对地下水的影响研究

在河北、山东、河南、云南4省长期使用涕灭威地区或历史使用地区采集地下水样品并检测涕灭威及其代谢物涕灭威砜、涕灭威亚砜的含量,同时利用环境暴露模型预测涕灭威及其代谢物在地下水中的环境浓度,检测结果和预测结果与世界卫生组织制订的涕灭威在饮用水中的限量标准比较。监测结果表明,涕灭威、涕灭威砜、涕灭威亚砜在地下水中的检出率分别为0%、1.56%、4.69%,地下水中涕灭威砜和涕灭威亚砜的最高含量分别为0.25和0.47μg·L○,总涕灭威的最高含量为0.47μg·L~(-1),均低于世界卫生组织制订的限量标准(0.01mg·L~(-1))。模型预测的结果表明地下水中总涕灭威的预测环境浓度为12.85~71.69μg·L~(-1),高于限量标准,模型预测与监测数据出现明显差异的原因主要可能是ChinaPEARL模型在设计时为保证模型的保护性,模型输出的是地下水水位为1m时农药的浓度,而采样地的地下水埋深多深于30m。实地监测数据表明,在严格限制涕灭威使用地区的前提下,使用涕灭威不会造成地下水中涕灭威及其代谢物超过世界卫生组织制订的饮用水中的限量标准。     

固相萃取液相色谱串联质谱法测定生姜中涕灭威及其代谢产物

建立了固相萃取-液相色谱串联质谱法测定生姜基质中涕灭威及其代谢产物涕灭威亚砜、涕灭威砜的分析方法。试样经乙腈提取,氨基SPE小柱净化后,采用多反应监测（MRM）正离子模式检测,外标法定量。实验结果表明：3种目标物在10ng/mL到50ng/mL质量浓度范围内呈现良好的线性,方法的检出限均为2μg/kg,3个加标水平下平均回收率在72～94%之间。该方法准确、灵敏、重现性好,可用于生姜样品中涕灭威及其代谢产物涕灭威亚砜、涕灭威砜的实际检测。     

5%涕灭威颗粒剂防治花生根结线虫病

花生根结线虫病是山东、河北等花生产区的一种重要病害,常用涕灭威、呋喃丹等药剂防治,其中以涕灭威效果较好。使用山东宁阳农药厂提供的5％涕灭威颗粒剂与进口产品进行了两年两地的对比试验,试验结果:每亩沟施3公斤5％涕灭威颗粒剂,其增产     

涕灭威在棉籽和土壤中的残留研究

采用气相色谱火焰光度检测器测定了涕灭威及其有毒代谢物在棉籽和土壤中的残留,并对文献报道的方法作了改进。该方法的回收率为85—105％。在棉籽和土壤中的最小检测量分别为0.006ppm和0.004ppm。两年内在8个地区进行涕灭威在棉花上的田间和小区试验结果表明,涕灭威主要滞留在0—10cm的土壤中,最高检出量为0.039ppm,而残留量与施药量呈正相关;在施药量大于1.2kg/ha时,棉籽中有涕灭威检出,平均检出量为0.023ppm,最高检出量为0.035ppm。     

5%涕灭威颗粒剂防治棉花苗期蚜虫和红蜘蛛药效试验

5%涕灭威颗粒剂防治棉花苗期蚜虫和红蜘蛛田间试验表明,5%涕灭威颗粒剂每667m2用量750g比3%呋喃丹颗粒剂每667m2用量750g对棉花苗期蚜虫和红蜘蛛的防效更好,2种药剂的防治效果分别为91.4%和86.0%。5%涕灭威持效期长,可达到50d,在生产上,5%涕灭威颗粒剂每667m2的施用量以750～937.5g为佳。     

高效液相色谱—质谱联用法测定苹果中9种氨基甲酸酯及其代谢物农药残留量

本文研究了甲奈威、灭多威、异丙威、抗蚜威、克百威(3-羟基克百威)、涕灭威(涕灭威砜、涕灭威亚砜)在苹果上的残留量，建立了使用液质联用仪同时检测的方法，样品提取液中加入无水MgSO₄,NaCl,柠檬酸钠后振摇离心，上清液中加入无水MgSO₄和PSA,继续振摇离心，上清液过膜上机检测，大大降低了干扰，提高了检测的灵敏度。该方法操作简单、快速、灵敏度高。     

烟草和土壤中涕灭威残留量测定法

本文介绍了涕灭威在烟草和土壤中的残留测定方法，样品经丙酮提取，过氧乙酸氧化，二氯甲烷液液分配，弗罗罗硅土柱层净化后气相色谱分析，色谱图上无干扰峰出现，涕灭威砜在土壤，烤叶，和鲜叶中的最小检出浓度依次为０．００５，０．０２５和０．０１ｍｇ／ｋｇ，涕灭威及其两种代谢物在样品中的添加回收率为８６－９９％，变异系数〈１０％。     

土壤中降解涕灭威菌株的分离鉴定及降解特性

为探明土壤微生物对涕灭威的降解能力,用富集培养法分离驯化土壤中涕灭威的优势降解菌,初步筛选出了对涕灭威具有较高降解能力的菌株TB26和100-8。经过生理生化鉴定和16S rDNA序列同源性分析,将菌株TB26初步鉴定为克雷伯杆菌属(Klebsiella sp.),菌株100-8初步鉴定为枯草芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus sp.)。TB26和100-8生长的最适碳源分别为麦芽糖、D-果糖,最适氮源分别为蛋白胨、脲。基础无机盐培养基和缺氮培养基对两种菌的生长情况及降解率的影响不同,外加氮源能够提高100-8的降解率,而缺氮培养基中TB26的降解率较高。     

涕灭威防治棉花红蜘蛛蚜虫效果好

涕灭威防治棉花红蜘蛛蚜虫效果好李昌炽（四川省乐至县植保植检站６４１５００）５％涕灭威颗粒剂，系山东宁阳农药厂生产。为验证该药对棉花前期红蜘蛛、蚜虫的防治效果，去年在四川省农牧厅植保站的安排下，我站在该县的宝林镇永和４村２、３社进行了５．２亩的３个不同...     

杀虫剂：涕灭威、残杀威和Cy—KickCS

Temik(涕灭威)禁止使用一英国将于2005年春季开始禁止甜菜种植者使用Temik(涕灭威)，届时将有约1／8的种植者们面临使用杀线虫剂来控制黄化病的局面，但是杀线虫剂缺少灭蚜活性。可供替代的产品存种子处理剂Gauch(吡虫啉)或Poncho Beta(噻虫胺 高效氟氯氰菊酯)或者是全程灭蚜喷洒程序。     

Richtlinien der Verbände des ökologischen Landbaus zum Vorratsschutz

Zusammenfassung Verbände des ökologischen Landbaus wie z. B. Bioland, Gäa, Demeter; Naturland, Ernte für das Leben oder Bio Suisse beschränken ihre Mitglieder bei der Wahl von Vorratsschutzmaßnahmen. Vorrang besitzen Maßnahmen zur Vermeidung von Schädlingen gegenüber Bekämpfungsmaßnahmen. Fallen müssen zur Befallsüberwachung eingesetzt werden, um einen Befall durch Vorratsschädlinge frühzeitig zu erkennen. Diese Maßnahmen sollen den weitgehenden Verzicht auf chemisch-synthetische Mittel ermöglichen. In diesem Beitrag werden die Empfehlungen der Verbände mit den derzeit verfügbaren chemischen Mitteln für den Vorratsschutz abgeglichen. Erfahrung in der praktischen Umsetzung von physikalischen und biologischen Verfahren werden diskutiert und Defizite bei der Befallsüberwachung und Bekämpfung beschrieben.     

Development of protocols for detection of Colletotrichum acutatum and monitoring of strawberry anthracnose using real-time PCR

Real-time PCR (TaqMan®) assays were developed for the specific detection and discrimination of Colletotrichum spp., C. acutatum and C. gloeosporioides causing anthracnose in strawberry using the most divergent area of the internal transcribed spacers (ITS1 and ITS2) and 5·8S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene region. The specificity of the new assays was tested using DNA from six species of Colletotrichum and nine fungal species commonly found associated with strawberry material, and additionally by comparing the sequences with those from databases using a blast search. The sequences only showed identity with homologous sequences from the desired target organisms. The new assays were 10–100 times more sensitive than conventional PCR methods previously published for the diagnosis of strawberry anthracnose. When real-time PCR was compared with ELISA methods, PCR improved the sensitivity of the identification by obtaining positive results for samples of strawberry plant material that tested negative with ELISA. The development of C. acutatum was monitored using artificially infected strawberry crowns from two strawberry cultivars (Camarosa and Ventana) and a real-time PCR assay specific for this species between January and June 2006. The amount of C. acutatum detected using real-time PCR varied significantly by month ( P  < 0·001), but not by cultivar ( P  = 0·394). The new assays were shown to be useful tools for rapid detection and identification of these pathogens and to allow rapid and accurate assessment of the casual agents of anthracnose in strawberry.     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

A systematic review of the literature reveals trends and gaps in integrated pest management studies conducted in the United States

Integrated pest management (IPM) is a broad‐based approach for addressing pests that negatively affect human and environmental health and economic profitability. Weeds, insects and disease‐causing pathogens (diseases) are the pests most often associated with IPM. A systematic review, widely used in other scientific disciplines, was employed to determine the most commonly studied IPM topics and summarize the reasons for these trends and the gaps. In a field synopsis of the literature, 1679 relevant published papers were identified and categorized into one of the following five broad areas: IPM and organic (organic), climate change and pests (climate), rural and urban IPM (rural and urban), next‐generation education (education) and advanced production systems (technology). Papers were examined in greater detail for at least one of the three main pests in a systematic review. A majority (85%) of IPM papers have been in the area of rural and urban IPM, primarily addressing agriculture (78%). Professionals, landowners and the general public were the focus of a majority (95%) of IPM papers on education. Technology is an increasing area of focus in the literature. Over the past 40 years, IPM papers have primarily (75%) addressed insects and been limited mostly to rural and urban settings. Climate change, technology and education specific to pest management studies are increasingly being published and will help broaden the focus that could result in increased adoption and development of IPM. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry     

Thermal and hormonal regulation of the dormancy–germination transition in Amaranthus tuberculatus seeds

The transition from seed dormancy to germination is a multi‐step process. However, distinguishing between physiological processes involved in seed dormancy alleviation and those involved in germination has been difficult. We studied the seed dormancy alleviation process in Amaranthus tuberculatus, an important weed species in midwestern USA. Using three A. tuberculatus biotypes that differ in dormancy level, it was determined that stratification reduced seed dormancy from a high to a low level. Temperature alternation alleviated low seed dormancy and triggered germination. Exogenously applied abscisic acid (ABA) and gibberellic acid (GA) had no effect on seeds with high dormancy. However, ABA and paclobutrazol (a GA biosynthesis inhibitor) significantly reduced germination of seeds with low dormancy. Hormones could not replace the effects of stratification or temperature alternation on dormancy alleviation. Based on our results, we propose a seed dormancy–germination transition model in which the dormancy of A. tuberculatus seeds is progressively reduced from a high to a low level; but environmental conditions (i.e. stratification) can accelerate the dormancy alleviation process. Under low dormancy levels, the seed is more sensitive to environmental cues that are responsible for removing dormancy and triggering germination (i.e. temperature alternation). Finally, ABA and GA regulation occurs primarily during the final transition from low dormancy to germination rather than the alleviation of high dormancy.     

Description ofPauesia (Pauesia)anatolica (Hymenoptera: Braconidae, Aphidiinae) sp. nov., a parasitoid of the cedar aphidCinara cedri

The first parasitoid species reared from a population of the cedar aphid,Cinara cedri Mimeur, 1935 (Hemiptera: Aphididae), from the peninsula of Anatolia in Turkey is described.Pauesia anatolica (Hymenoptera: Braconidae, Aphidiinae) is closely related to some species of thelaricis group ofPauesia from which it differs in the number of antenomers, the propodeum and features of the female genitalia. Its potential use as a natural enemy in areas where the aphid has been introduced is discussed. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Aug. 28, 2005.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

Current statistical issues in Weed Research

The correct design of experimental studies, the selection of the appropriate statistical analysis of data and the efficient presentation of results are key to the good conduct and communication of science. The last Guidance for the use and presentation of statistics in Weed Research was published in 1988. Since then, there have been developments in both the scope of research covered by the journal and in the statistical techniques available. This paper addresses the changes in statistics and provides a reference work that will aid researchers in the design and analysis of their work. It will also provide guidance for editors and reviewers. The paper is organised into sections, which will aid the selection of relevant paragraphs, as we recognise that particular approaches require particular statistical analysis. It also uses examples, questions and checklists, so that non-specialists can work towards the correct approach. Statistics can be complex, so knowing when to seek specialist advice is important. The structure and layout of this contribution should help weed scientists, but it cannot provide a comprehensive guide to every technique. Therefore, we provide references to further reading. We would like to reinforce the idea that statistical methods are not a set of recipes whose mindless application is required by convention; each experiment or study may involve subtleties that these guidelines cannot cover. Nevertheless, we anticipate that this paper will help weed scientists in their initial designs for research, in the analysis of data and in the presentation of results for publication.     

Electrophoretic and serological comparisons of pathogenesis-related (b) proteins from different plant species

Preparations of pathogenesis-related (b) proteins (PRs) from differentNicotiana species, tomato,Gynura aurantiaca, bean, and cowpea were compared to each other and to bean chitinase and a constitutive apple agglutinin by electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gels both in the absence and in the presence of SDS, and by serological double diffusion analysis using antisera against tobacco PRs and bean chitinase. PRs from different plant genera displayed a similar but not identical range of relative mobilities in both native and SDS gels, whereas bean chitinase and apple agglutinin were clearly different. None of the antisera reacted with any of the PR preparations from plant genera other than the one from which the antigen(s) had been derived. Whilst PRs within the genusNicotiana are serologically related and can be identical, PRs from different plant genera seem to be sufficiently different to be considered as genus-specific.