4种植物挥发油的化学成分分析及其对赤拟谷盗的生物活性

本试验采用水蒸气蒸馏法提取飞机草?假蒟?紫穗槐和毛麝香4种植物的挥发油, 以气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)分析挥发油的化学成分组成, 采用触杀和驱避活性测试评价以上植物挥发油对赤拟谷盗的生物活性?结果表明, 从上述植物挥发油中共鉴定出100种成分, 其中, 飞机草轻油和飞机草重油主要含有肉豆蔻醚(34.32%, 46.58%)和β-石竹烯(22.35%, 17.98%), 假蒟挥发油中主要含有β-胡椒烯(18.23%)和β-石竹烯(14.60%), 紫穗槐挥发油主要含有α-蒎烯(26.31%), 毛麝香挥发油主要含有γ-松油烯(24.90%)和环葑莰烯(16.59%)?此外, 飞机草轻油和重油?假蒟?紫穗槐和毛麝香挥发油对赤拟谷盗具有一定的触杀活性, 其24 h的LD50分别为58.83?62.73?51.94?44.08 μg/头和51.69 μg/头, 其中, 紫穗槐挥发油的触杀活性最强?同时, 上述植物挥发油对赤拟谷盗均具有一定的驱避活性, 其相对关联度ri分别为0.340 6?0.647 4?0.561 2?0.523 5和0.657 2, 其中, 毛麝香挥发油的驱避活性最强(ri =0.657 2)?因此, 紫穗槐和毛麝香挥发油在仓储害虫防治方面具有很好的研究价值和开发潜力?     

艳山姜叶挥发油对赤拟谷盗的杀虫活性

为开发新型仓储防护剂,研究艳山姜Alpinia zerumbet叶子挥发油的化学成分及其对仓储害虫赤拟谷盗Tribolium castaneum的杀虫活性。通过GC-MS分析了艳山姜叶挥发油的化学成分,并通过熏蒸、触杀试验测试挥发油及单体成分的活性。艳山姜叶挥发油中鉴定出31种化合物,主要成分为邻伞花烃(14.86%)、桉油精(8.44%)、芳樟醇(8.28%)、氧化石竹烯(7.62%)、柠檬烯(7.29%)、莰烯(7.23%)、α-蒎烯(6.40%)和左旋樟脑(6.20%)。通过生物活性筛选,艳山姜叶挥发油对赤拟谷盗成虫具有触杀毒性(LD_(50)值为6.59μg/头)和熏蒸毒性(LC_(50)为5.19mg/L)。挥发油中的主要化合物莰烯、柠檬烯和桉油精对赤拟谷盗均有一定的触杀毒性,LD_(50)分别为5.13、14.97和18.83μg/头。莰烯对赤拟谷盗还显示出较强的熏蒸活性,LC_(50)为4.10mg/L。因此,艳山姜叶挥发油及其活性化合物在应用于赤拟谷盗的防治方面有潜力。     

牡荆叶挥发油对烟草甲的杀虫活性

用水蒸气蒸馏法提取牡荆叶挥发油,并采用气相色谱-质谱联用法分析其化学成分,基于柱色谱和核磁共振方法分离并鉴定化合物。从牡荆叶挥发油中鉴定出47种化合物,主要成分为β-石竹烯(25.8%)、桉油精(9.5%)、石竹烯氧化物(7.3%)和乙酸松油酯(6.1%)。并对牡荆叶挥发油及其分离得到的β-石竹烯和桉油精进行了杀虫活性测定。结果表明牡荆叶挥发油对烟草甲(Lasioderma serricorne)成虫具有触杀毒性(LD50为25.30μg/头)和熏蒸毒性(LC50为13.12mg/L)。挥发油中的主要化合物β-石竹烯和桉油精对烟草甲均有一定的触杀毒性(LD50分别为41.75μg/头和15.58μg/头)。桉油精对烟草甲还显示出较强的熏蒸活性(LC50为5.18mg/L)。结果提示牡荆叶挥发油及其活性化合物可用于烟草甲的综合防治。     

头花杜鹃挥发油的化学成分分析及其对3种仓储害虫的毒杀作用

本研究旨在明确头花杜鹃挥发油的化学成分及其对烟草甲、赤拟谷盗和嗜卷书虱的毒杀作用。利用GC/MS分析了头花杜鹃叶挥发油的化学组分;通过触杀和驱避试验测试头花杜鹃叶挥发油的生物活性。结果表明:从头花杜鹃叶挥发油中鉴定出的成分共有30种,占总成分的100.00%,其主要成分为:α-蒎烯(25.32%)、β-蒎烯(19.90%)和6,8-吡啶并[3,4-d]嘧啶-4(3H)-酮酸盐(7.45%);头花杜鹃叶挥发油对烟草甲、赤拟谷盗和嗜卷书虱的LD_(50)分别为44.40、104.92μg/头和98.87μg/cm~2;在测试2 h和4 h后其对赤拟谷盗和嗜卷书虱的驱避效果与阳性对照除虫菊素产生的效果一致。上述结果表明,头花杜鹃叶挥发油对烟草甲、赤拟谷盗和嗜卷书虱均具有较好的毒杀作用,这可能与头花杜鹃叶挥发油中的主要成分α-蒎烯有关。     

假高粱种子抗逆性试验简报

假高粱(Sorghum halepense (L.)pers)又叫石茅、约翰逊草、宿根高粱等,属禾本科高粱属杂草。假高粱是小麦、玉米、高粱、大豆、棉花、麻类等30多种作物地里的主要杂草,可使甘蔗减产25～50％,玉米减产12～33％(有的高达50％),大豆每公顷减产300～600千克。植株嫩芽含有氰化物,家畜误食后易中毒,甚至死亡。由于假高粱是世界农区最危险杂草之一,许多国家将它列为禁止输入对象。我国也于1986年将其列为对外检疫对象。近几年,假高粱混杂在进口粮中时有传入,由于运输及装卸散落或加工处理不当,造成假高粱在某些地方发生,给农业生产造成一定威胁。仅1991年上半年,流向陕西一带含有假高粱     

2018-2020年青岛海关进境大豆截获杂草及应对措施

本文对2018-2020年青岛海关进境大豆携带杂草疫情数据进行统计分析,结果显示进境大豆携带杂草疫情分属31个科121属,其中检疫性杂草共35个种(类),分属8个科.主要检疫性杂草有蒺藜草(属)(非中国种)、豚草属、假高粱(及其杂交种)、苍耳属(非中国种)、黑高粱,其截获种次占进口大豆截获检疫性杂草总种次的90.18％...     

世界十大恶性杂草之一——假高粱

假高粱是禾本科高粱属的一种杂草,是我国对外检疫对象,为害谷类、棉花、玉米、大豆、甘蔗、苜蓿、牧草等30多种作物.其竞争性强,与农作物争肥、争地、争空间,同时根的分泌物能抑制周围其它作物     

阿根廷假高粱考察

近几年来,我国进口阿根廷小麦数量较大,经口岸检验带假高粱 Sorghumhalepense(L.)Pers。杂草籽较普遍。例如1990年进口19船,85.5万吨小麦中,有13船,54.2万吨带假高粱,占68.4%船次,且含量较高,平均每公斤小麦带假高粱一般5～12粒,农业部植物检疫实验     

醋糟、粉煤灰对高粱苗期土壤微生物数量、酶活性及高粱生长的影响

研究了不同醋糟、粉煤灰处理下高粱苗期土壤微生物数量和土壤酶特性的变化特征及对高粱生长的影响,以探讨醋糟、粉煤灰的施用效果及最佳配比,试验设置4个处理,分别是处理1(醋糟100%)、处理2(醋糟∶粉煤灰=1∶1)、处理3(醋糟∶粉煤灰=2∶1)、处理4(醋糟∶粉煤灰=3∶1)和化肥对照。结果表明:施用醋糟、粉煤灰可以有效增加土壤微生物数量和提高土壤酶活性,提高叶片光合速率和高粱产量。处理1～处理4细菌数量分别比对照提高19.66%、31.34%、15.69%、12.54%,放线菌数量分别比对照提高20.99%、32.37%、17.56%、10.43%,真菌数量分别比对照提高22.78%、34.26%、13.54%、9.56%;土壤磷酸酶活性分别比对照提高17.11%、20.85%、12.29%和19.78%;土壤蔗糖酶活性比对照提高了23. 70%、37. 08%、11. 54%和3. 08%,土壤脲酶活性比对照提高了25. 28%、34.77%、19.82%和13.79%;处理2苗期光合速率分别比对照、处理1、处理3和处理4提高13.8%、6.67%、9.98%和13.30%,拔节期提高3.45%、3.22%、3. 21%和4. 05%,抽穗期提高14. 52%、3. 75%、1. 86%和12. 66%,灌浆期提高了13.08%、4.26%、4.08%和9.36%,成熟期提高了3.8%、1.05%、2.12%和2.20%。醋糟含有大量的有机物质和无机物质,可为土壤微生物的生命活动提供能量和养料,进而促进土壤微生物的繁殖和土壤酶活性。     

值得注意的白萝卜黄萎病

假高粱是世界十大恶性杂草之一,它可侵入谷类、棉花、苜蓿、麻类等30多种作物地,也是高粱属作物病虫害的寄主,花粉易与留种的高粱属作物杂交,给农业生产造成很大危害。据国外报道,由于假高粱的影响甘蔗减产25.5％;玉米减产12.35％;大豆每公顷减产300.6公斤。假高粱的分泌物或腐烂叶子、     

Effects of a lectin-like protein isolated from Acacia farnesiana seeds on phytopathogenic bacterial strains and root-knot nematode

Acacia farnesiana lectin-like protein (AFAL) showed bacterioestatic effects against Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. passiflorae (Gram-negative) and Clavibacter michiganensis michiganensis (Gram-positive), with the latter being more sensitive. This effect is probably due to the ability of AFAL to interact with the bacterial cell wall where we observed that AFAL induced macroscopic change. The maximum bacterial growth inhibition was approximately 78% when incubated with Gram-negative strains, and as high as 92% percent for the Gram-positive one. The antibacterial effect of flavonoids (rutin, quercetin and morin) was also observed using low concentrations against both bacterial strains. Prior incubation of both with AFAL at high concentrations increases the inhibitory effect of flavonoids on bacterial growth. The potential use of AFAL as a control agent against the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita was investigated as well, showing anti-nematode properties involving both egg hatching and motility. In the juvenile second-stage, AFAL showed reduction in larval mobility when measured against a control group. The results suggest that AFAL is effective against M. incognita and could be used as a component of integrated pest management programs. These data also suggest that lectins probably play a role in plant defense not only against invertebrate phytopathogens, herbivores and fungi but also against bacteria.     

枯草芽胞杆菌对离体荔枝果实霜疫霉病、炭疽病的防治效果

为了进一步明确从土壤中筛选得到的拮抗细菌OR-1、OR-2、OR-3、ON-6的分类地位和生防效果,采用形态学观察、理化特性结合分子生物学方法,鉴定这4株细菌皆为枯草芽胞杆菌Bacillussubitilis.拮抗菌对荔枝霜疫霉菌、炭疽菌菌丝生长均具有明显抑制作用,ON-6菌株的发酵液对菌丝生长的抑制率最高,分别为92.34％和70.36％,其次是OR-1菌株.拮抗菌处理组褐变指数均小于对照组以及杀菌剂处理组,且差异达显著水平(P＜0.05),OR-1菌株防褐变效果最好.常温下,拮抗菌发酵液对离体鲜果病害防治效果优于对照组和杀菌剂处理组,其中ON-6菌株的防治效果最佳;4℃低温储藏处理40天后,拮抗菌发酵液处理组的防治效果高于对照和杀菌剂处理组,且差异显著(P＜0.05),以ON-6和ON-3菌株的防治效果最佳.表明拮抗菌发酵液对荔枝鲜果上的霜疫霉菌和炭疽病菌有一定的抑制作用.     

Agrobacterium-mediated transformation efficiency is altered in a novel rice bacterial blight resistance cultivar and is influenced by environmental temperature

Y73 is a progeny of asymmetric somatic hybridization from an elite japonica rice cultivar (Dalixiang) and a wild rice (Oryza meyeriana), which shows high resistance to bacterial blight. It has a similar genetic background to its recurrent parent, Dalixiang, but Y73 has a high resistance to both bacterial blight and Agrobacterium. The transformation efficiency of Y73 was 35.7%, while Dalixiang had higher transformation efficiency (71.2%) under the same co-cultivation temperature (25 °C). These results indicate that the resistance to Agrobacterium tumefaciens in Y73 was linked with its characteristic of bacterial blight resistance, and was obtained from its donor parent, O. meyeriana. Further studies also showed that the resistance to A. tumefaciens was weakened at a lower temperature (20 °C). To study its molecular mechanism, the expression levels of genes associated with Agrobacterium-mediated transformation (OsMPKs, OsVIP1s and OsPR1s) in rice were investigated by Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis. The expression levels of OsMPK genes remained unchanged at different temperatures, while all OsVIP1s and almost all OsPR1s were up-regulated and transformation efficiency of Y73 was increased notably when infected by Agrobacterium at 20 °C compared with 25 °C. This study suggests that the bacterial blight resistance genes in Y73 also have an effect on Agrobacterium-mediated transformation and that the response to temperature is associated with the regulation of MAPK/VIP1 defense signaling pathway.     

The effects of Artemisia annua L. and Achillea millefolium L. crude leaf extracts on the toxicity, development, feeding efficiency and chemical activities of small cabbage Pieris rapae L. (Lepidoptera: Pieridae)

The biological effects of two important medicinal plants, Artemisia annua L. and Achillea millefolium (L.) (viz, mortality, growth, and feeding indices as well as enzyme and non-enzymatic activities) were studied on small white Pieris rapae L a deleterious pest of cruciferous plants under controlled conditions (16:8 h L:D at 25 ± 1 °C and 65 ± 5% RH). The LC₅₀ and LC₂₅ values were 9.387% and 3.645% for A. annua L. and 4.19% and 1.69% for A. millefolium (L.), respectively. At the lowest concentration (0.625%), the deterrency was 29.826% and 44.185% for A. annua L. and A. millefolium (L.), respectively. Feeding indices were variously affected with changes in a number of parameters and an increase in larval and pupal duration. The activity level of alkaline phosphatase increased sharply while alanin and aspartate aminotransferases showed a sharp decrease. For non-enzymatic compounds, the amount of glucose and uric acid increased, but total protein and cholesterol decreased. These results indicate that these two medicinal plants might possess potential secondary metabolites that may be useful for controlling potential insect pests.     

枣镰翅小卷蛾成虫的寄主趋向和产卵选择

采用固相微萃取(SPME)和GC-MS分析研究木枣和酸枣挥发物成分,并测试枣镰翅小卷蛾触角电位(EAG)反应、寄主趋向和产卵选择,以探明枣镰翅小卷蛾的寄主选择机制。结果显示,在萌芽期,木枣和酸枣嫩叶的挥发成分均为罗勒烯、2-甲基-2-菠烯、α-法呢烯和邻苯二甲酸二丁酯4种,但相对含量稍有不同。枣镰翅小卷蛾成虫对木枣和酸枣2种寄主都有强烈的EAG反应,且同一寄主上雌蛾的EAG反应值极显著地高于雄蛾,其EAG值是雄蛾的3.3倍。枣镰翅小卷蛾对木枣表现强烈的趋向反应,而对酸枣的趋向不明显,且雌虫的趋向反应显著高于雄虫。木枣上的产卵量显著高于酸枣,且木枣枣吊上的单雌产卵量为307.9粒,极显著地高于酸枣枣吊上的产卵量(182.9粒)。研究表明,枣镰翅小卷蛾雌蛾在寄主选择中起主导作用,木枣是其嗜好寄主。     

Analysis of two acetylcholinesterase genes in Bombyx mori

Two acetylcholinesterases (AChE, EC 3.1.1.7) cDNAs were identified and cloned from silkworm, Bombyx mori. One of those, BmAChE-o cDNA, is comprised of 3197 nucleotides which encode 638 amino acids, having an amino acid sequence homology of 72% with Drosophila melanogaster Ace-orthologous AChE (AO-AChE). In some species, another AChE group based on the sequence, Drosophila Ace-paralogous AChE (AP-AChE) has been recognized in relation to organophosphate- or carbamate-resistance, but there have been few reports of AP-AChE among lepidopteran species. However, we isolated the AP-AChE from lepidopteran silkworm, and cloned full ORF as BmAChE-p, which cDNA consisted of 2465 nucleotides that encode 683 amino acids. The homologies with other AP-AChEs were over 60% when compared. Although silkworm is not a target of pesticides, the genomic information obtained in this study will contribute to insecticide-resistance study on lepidopteran pest species.     

菜豆普通细菌性疫病菌在土壤和植株残体中的越冬能力

为评估菜豆普通细菌性疫病菌地毯草黄单胞杆菌菜豆致病变种或褐色黄单胞菌褐色亚种在土壤及植物残体中的越冬能力,对采自黑龙江、内蒙古、山西、河北及新疆的18块菜豆生产田的20份土壤及14份植物残体样品进行病原菌分离和鉴定。在MT选择性培养基上有12个土壤样品和13个植株残体样品提取液产生典型的类似黄单胞菌菌落。选取29个分离物进行致病性测定,有27个分离物对菜豆品种"英国红"致病。利用地毯草黄单胞杆菌菜豆致病变种和褐色黄单胞菌褐色亚种的特异性引物X4c/X4e及褐色黄单胞菌褐色亚种特异性引物Xf1/Xf2对29个分离物进行多重PCR检测,其中17个分离物为地毯草黄单胞杆菌菜豆致病变种,10个分离物为褐色黄单胞菌褐色亚种。结果表明,菜豆普通细菌性疫病菌可以在黑龙江、内蒙古、山西、河北的一些菜豆种植区的土壤及植株残体中越冬存活。     

Biological and biochemical responses of Biomphalaria alexandrina to some extracts of the plants Solanum siniacum and Artemisia judaica L.

The molluscicidal activity of cold water, boiled water, methanol, ethanol, acetone and chloroform extracts of Solanum siniacum and Artemisia judaica L. plants against Biomphalaria alexandrina snails was carried out. The tests revealed plant’s ethanol extract was more toxic to the snails than the other tested extracts. Therefore, it was tested against snails’ fecundity (M_x), reproduction rate (R₀) and their infection with Schistosoma mansoni miracidia. In addition, biochemical parameters and the activities of some enzymes in tissues of snails treated with the two tested plants were determined. As well, glucose concentration in snails’ hemolymph was evaluated. Exposure of B. alexandrina snails to plant’s ethanol extract led to a significant reduction in their survival and snails’ fecundity, reproduction rate. In addition, it caused a considerable reduction in the infectivity of S. mansoni miracidia to the snails. Also, it caused a reduction in number of cercariae per snail during the patent period and in the period of cercarial shedding. The results revealed that the glucose concentration in hemolymph and Lactate level in soft tissues of treated snails were increased (P < 0.001) while glycogen, total protein, the lipid content and the pyruvate level in snail’s tissues decreased (P < 0.001). The activities of lactic dehydrogenase (LDH), pyruvatekinase (PK) and cytochrome oxidase (CY) enzymes in homogenate of snail’s tissues were reduced (P < 0.001) in response to treatment with the two tested plants while protease (PR) activity increased (P < 0.001). It is concluded that the application of LC₂₅ of ethanol extract of S. siniacum and A. judaica L. may be helpful in snail control as it interferes with the snails’ biology and physiology.     

苏云金杆菌亚致死浓度对美国白蛾及其寄生蜂生长发育的影响

为阐明苏云金杆菌Bacillus thuringiensis(Bt)与白蛾周氏啮小蜂Chouioia cunea Yang的协同作用,分别用103~108孢子/m L的6个Bt浓度处理美国白蛾Hyphantria cunea 2龄幼虫后,通过室内试验测定了Bt对其致死、亚致死效应,及亚致死浓度Bt对寄生蜂子代出蜂的影响。结果表明,浓度106孢子/m L处理组美国白蛾均未能化蛹;而106孢子/m L处理组均能化蛹并羽化,且幼虫发育历期随Bt浓度的增加而延长,平均蛹重在74.92~92.18 mg之间,均高于对照的68.66 mg,但蛹重不呈线性规律变化。当Bt对美国白蛾平均校正死亡率低于17.17%时,幼虫发育历期延迟不明显,但平均蛹重为101.11~124.34 mg,均高于对照;接蜂后能够正常出蜂,出蜂率为33.13%~51.25%,每蛹出蜂量为117.43~143.42头,均显著高于对照。表明用平均校正死亡率低于20%的Bt处理对白蛾周氏啮小蜂的寄生有利,2种生防措施协同作用存在增效潜力。     

Effect of Melia azedarach extract on the activity of NADPH-cytochrome c reductase and cholinesterase in insects

The effect of Melia azedarach extract on the activity of NADPH-cytochrome c reductase and cholinesterase was studied in Spodoptera frugiperda. Larvae were fed an artificial diet containing fruit extract and their midgut was used for enzyme determination. As compared to the control, consumption of the extract containing diet resulted in a 31% inhibition of the cholinesterase activity and a 34% activation of the NADPH-cytochrome c reductase activity. In the cockroach Leucophaea maderae, the effect on reductase activity was even more pronounced (43%).