宁南旱地谷子地膜穴播栽培试验初报

根据宁南半干旱偏旱区的田间试验资料,分析了旱地膜穴播谷子的土壤水分动态变化,农用,气孔扩散阻力,叶面蒸腾速率,水分利用率和经济效益等,试验结果表明：旱地地膜穴播谷子的耗水量虽比ｃｋ多０．９％－６．３％,但由于叶面蒸腾速率比ｃｋ高７１．１％－８８．７％,故水分利用率高出１．１１４ｋｇ（ｍｍ．ｈｍ＾２）－１．８５４ｋｇ／（ｍｍ．ｈｍ＾２）,单位耗水量的产值多１．０９元／（ｍｍ．ｈｍ＾２）－１．５４元／     

宁夏黄土丘陵区旱作农田蓄水保墒耕作技术经验总结

宁夏黄土丘陵区耕地面积５８８．６７万ｈｍ＾２，其中８０％为坡耕地，年流失水分量为２０ｍｍ－６０ｍｍ，流失表土４５ｔ／ｈｍ＾２＝１８０ｔ／ｈｍ＾２，年降水量为２５０ｍｍ－６００ｍｍ，蒸发量为其１．３－１．４倍，降水利用效率为２．２５ｋｇ／（ｍｍ．ｈｍ＾２）。     

宁南旱地春小麦地膜覆盖栽培试验初报

在宁南半干旱偏旱区作物生长期降水仅４５．５ｍｍ的严重干旱年,旱地春小麦地膜覆盖穴播试验获得了理想的结果,试验结果表明,秋覆膜处理平均单产３１３０ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２,水分利用率１４．１５ｋｇ／（ｍｍ．ｈｍ＾２）分别比对照高１０６３．３ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２和５．０７２ｋｇ／（ｍｍ．ｈｍ＾２）增幅达５１．６％和５５．９％扣除成膜成本后净增收５４３．６６元／ｈｍ＾２,上述单产水平和增产幅度在当地旱地春小麦生产中是罕     

降水与土壤肥力对海原小麦产量影响的探讨

干旱与土壤瘠薄是宁南山区旱作农业的两大重要限制因子,通过“旱”与“薄”对产量的效应研究表明,在小麦全生育期,正常年从降水量１８０ｍｍ～２００ｍｍ其降水生产潜势主１６７４．０ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２～１８６０．４ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２,比实际产量高出一倍左右,土壤养份提供产量在５００ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２～７５０ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２,正常年份要实现小麦１０５０ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２（丰收年）的产量,由于受降雨特点影响,存在３５．８ｍｍ耗水     

沟麦套甘薯旱作高产栽培技术初探

在无水浇条件下，进行沟麦套种甘薯旱作高产栽培技术试验，实现了每公顷产粮１５ｔ的目标。３年度小春、甘薯（折干）两季平均单产达１５６００ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２￣１９４５９．９５ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２，比平播小麦－夏甘薯一年两季增产２１８１．０ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２￣６０４０．５ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２，增长１６．３％￣４５％；沟麦套甘薯高产栽培技术要点：施足肥料；选用抗旱抗病高产的小麦甘薯良种；小麦适期播种，甘薯适当早套，并盖地膜；小     

旱地小麦抗旱播种方式研究

在播种期严重干时的１９８９，１９９１，１９９３和１９９４年，对３种播种方式的效应进行了系统研究。结果表明，０ｃｍ－２０ｃｍ土壤不量在１１％－１５．４％的范围内，抢墒播种，小麦出苗早，出苗率可达９０％以上，苗情发育较好，产量最高可达１９０９．５ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２－４６５０ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２；０ｃｍ－２０ｃｍ土壤不量在８％以下时，干旱寄种，比雨后播种出苗早，出苗率可达７０５以上，苗情稻优，产量可达５４３ｋｇ／     

氯化铵肥效及对作物品质影响的研究

通过小麦,玉米、油料等９种作物１００次田间试验表明,氯化铵肥效与尿素肥效相当;氯化铵、尿素每公斤氮产出量相差无几,二者之差变化在－１．２ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２￣２．６ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２之间,平均－１．０ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２,氯化铵与尿素的肥料利用率分别为２５．４％和２６．１％,二者的差异达不到显著水平。与尿素相比,氯化铵对作物收获物中的粗蛋白,脂肪和淀粉也均无显著影响。     

地膜穴播冬小麦生物学特性及其增产机理

试验表明,地膜穴播冬小麦具有显著的增产和节水作用,比对照增产２４．７６％,水分生产效率达１２．１５ｋ（ｈｍ＾２．ｍｍ）,比对照组高４．９５ｋｇ／（ｈｍ＾２．ｍｍ）,耗水量比对照减少８１．８４ｍｍ,各种生理活性指标均比对照显著提高;生育期提前７ｄ。     

机修水平梯田培肥增产技术措施探讨

通过对宁夏西吉县沙沟乡机修水平梯田定位试验分得得出，其培肥增产技术措施是；１．农牧结合，增加有机厩肥投入；２．粮豆草轮作，实行秸秆还田；３引洪漫地；４．深改土；５．合理施用氮磷化肥。并在小麦，胡麻，地膜玉米，马铃薯４种作物上定量分析得出；１ｈｍ＾２春小麦≥４５００ｋｇ施纯Ｎ２１８．１ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２－２８３．５ｋｇ／ｈｍ６２，施纯Ｐ２Ｏ５１００．５ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２－１１７．０ｋｇ／ｈｍ６２；１ｈｍ＾２     

渭北旱塬冬小麦不同栽培方式初探

通过对冬小麦８种不同栽培方式的试验古人人经济学产量和产投比的角度进行了分析比较,得出适合于泅北旱原冬小麦全生育期地膜覆盖穴播和膜侧条播栽培方式其中冬小麦全生育期地膜覆盖穴播产量达２８５６．０ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２,膜侧条播产量２６３８．５ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２,分别较对照（露地平作）１６０５．０ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２增产１２５１．０ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２、１０３３．５ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２,增产幅度达７８．０％和６４．４％,产投比分别达     

Localization of metabolic sites of action of herbicides

Time- and concentration-course studies were conducted to determine the effect of thirteen herbicides on photosynthesis, respiration, RNA synthesis, protein synthesis, and lipid synthesis using isolated single leaf cells. Each herbicide was from a different chemical class. Appropriate ¹⁴C-substrates and product purification procedures were used for each process prior to liquid scintillation counting. The most sensitive metabolic site of inhibition was photosynthesis for atrazine, bromacil, dichlobenil, monuron, and paraquat; RNA synthesis for dalapon and dinoseb; protein synthesis for chlorpropham; and lipid synthesis for CDAA, chloramben, 2,4-D, EPTC, and trifluralin. However, with several herbicides, one or more process was almost as sensitive as the one mentioned above. All herbicides inhibited more than one process, and the most sensitive site of inhibition may not be the same process that was inhibited the greatest at the maximum concentration and maximum exposure time used. Therefore, a concept of metabolic sites of action, rather than a primary site of action, appears to be more meaningful for herbicides.     

福寿螺配偶个体大小选择性初步观察

通过野外观察与实验研究,掌握了福寿螺的婚配体制及其配偶选择性规律。福寿螺与多数低等动物一样,其婚配属于乱交制,无固定配偶;雌螺对与其交配的雄螺个体大小没有选择性,而雄螺对雌螺的个体大小有选择性,倾向于与较大个的雌螺交配。     

Effects of timing and method of application of Penicillium oxalicum on efficacy and duration of control of Fusarium wilt of tomato

The effects of timing and method of application of Penicillium oxalicum on the control of fusarium wilt of tomato were investigated. Application of P. oxalicum to tomato seedlings in seedbeds reduced disease caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici in a growth chamber by 45–49% and in glasshouse experiments by 22–69%. Disease suppression was maintained for 60–100 days after inoculation with the pathogen in the glasshouse. No disease reduction was observed in tomato plants where P. oxalicum was applied to seeds. Treatment with P. oxalicum did not affect the population of F. oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici in the rhizosphere.     

青稞种子带菌检测及杀菌剂消毒处理效果

为了研究青稞种子外部和内部携带真菌情况,比较不同杀菌剂对青稞种子的带菌消毒效果和对幼苗生长的影响,为青稞种子播前包衣处理和种传真菌病害防控提供依据,采用离体平皿法对云南迪庆‘云青1号’、‘云青2号’和‘短白青稞’3个主栽品种进行带菌检测,并对种子进行拌种或浸种处理测定6种杀菌剂对种子消毒效果,分析杀菌剂对种子发芽和幼苗生长的影响。结果表明:供试青稞种子表面携带的优势菌群为青霉(Penicilliumspp.)、镰刀菌(Fusariumspp.);种子内部寄藏的真菌主要为镰刀菌、核腔菌(Pyrenophoraspp.)、附球菌(Epicoccumspp.)、丝核菌(Rhizoctoniaspp.)、链格孢(Alternariaspp.)和木霉(Trichoderma spp.)。青稞不同品种的种子表面及内部携带的真菌种类差异较大。致病性测定表明,镰刀菌对种子萌发和幼苗生长影响最大,后期出现幼苗坏死现象。45%咪鲜胺EW、75%百菌清WP、50%福美双WP对青稞种子携带真菌均有显著抑制作用和消毒效果,50%福美双WP消毒效果最优,达100%;45%咪鲜胺EW、75%百菌清WP、50%福美双WP处理对青稞种子发芽和幼苗生长均无显著影响。     

厚朴病虫害种类的初步调查

采用标准地法和线路调查法,对湖北恩施市新塘乡双河厚朴基地的厚朴病虫害进行了系统调查,记录主要虫害13种,其中叶部害虫9种,枝干害虫2种,根部害虫2种。厚朴主要病害5种。藤壶蚧、厚朴枝角叶蜂和厚朴新丽斑蚜为湖北省首次报道,小绿叶蝉为厚朴新寄主记录种。同时记录了藤壶蚧的天敌6种,其中寄生小蜂2种,瓢虫4种;厚朴新丽斑蚜的天敌昆虫8种。对藤壶蚧、厚朴枝角叶蜂和厚朴苗木根腐病等重要病虫害的发生规律进行了初步调查,同时提出了防治建议。     

黑麦草属DNA条形码鉴定技术研究

以毒麦、田毒麦、多花黑麦草、多年生黑麦草、硬直黑麦草、高羊茅与狗牙根等禾本科的7种植物为材料,拟采用 DNA 测序、特异性位点比对、种间遗传距离测定、建立系统树等分析候选 DNA 条形码 psbA-trnH 鉴别黑麦草属常见植物的能力。实验结果表明,以 psbA-trnH 为 DNA 条形码时,建立的系统发育树能较好区分毒麦和田毒麦与其他几种植物。psbA-trnH 序列可以作为黑麦草属植物的潜在条形码。     

棉花黄萎病菌致病型的AFLP分析

 选用41个棉花黄萎病菌(Verticillium dahliae)代表菌系,在温室条件下,对4个棉花品种鄂荆1号(感)、中棉所12(耐)、文-5(抗)和唐棉2号(抗)进行致病性测定,结果可将供试菌系分为落叶型与非落叶型2类。选取8对AFLP引物PCR扩增的结果中,统计带型稳定、清晰且有多态性的条带,共169条作系统聚类分析,将上述菌系分为2大类,第一类为非落叶型菌系,包括10个非落叶型菌系和1个过渡菌系;第二类为30个落叶型菌系。根据聚类分析建立树状图,发现菌系与地理来源存在一定的相关性,而依据菌系致病力强弱分类则相关关系不大。选用25对EcoRⅠ和MseⅠ引物组合,对供试的41个V.dahliae进行AFLP扩增,筛选到2对引物E64(GACTGCGTACCAATTCGAC)、M53(GATGAGTCCTGAGTAACCG)和E49(GACTGCGTACCAATTCCAG)、M65(GAT-GAGTCCTGAGTAAGAG),能分别扩增出433bp和110bp2条仅为V.dahliae非落叶型菌系独有的特异片段,可将落叶型与非落叶型菌系分开,这2条特异片段被命名为EM₄₃₃和EM₁₁₀。     

Mode of action of etoxazole

The mode of action of the 2,4-diphenyl-1,3-oxazoline acaricide/insecticide etoxazole has been argued to be moulting inhibition, but experimental results supporting this hypothesis are lacking. This study investigated the effect of etoxazole on chitin biosynthesis in the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Etoxazole induced moulting defects in fall armyworm larvae similar, if not identical, to those caused by benzoylphenylureas, a well-known class of insecticidal chitin biosynthesis inhibitors. Furthermore, in contrast to untreated larvae, the chitin content in the integuments of larvae several days after treatment did not differ from that in freshly ecdysed individuals, thus suggesting strong chitin biosynthesis inhibition in vivo. A more detailed investigation of the inhibitory potential by incubating cultured integument pieces from larvae of S. frugiperda with [14C]N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, a radiolabelled chitin precursor, revealed I50 values of 2.95 and 0.071 microM for etoxazole and triflumuron respectively. The incorporation of radiolabel into potassium hydroxide-resistant material was inhibited by etoxazole in a dose-dependent manner. Based on these results, it is concluded that the acaricidal and insecticidal mode of action of etoxazole is chitin biosynthesis inhibition.     

Mode of action of meturine

The effect of meturine on the light processes of photosynthesis was studied.Meturine is a herbicide for weed control in potato and cotton crops. It is a N-phenyl—N-hydroxy—N′-methylurea.The experiments were carried out on isolated pea and spinach chloroplasts.When examining photosystem I, reduced DPIP was used as an electron donor, whereas methyl-viologen served as an electron acceptor. When examining photosystem II, DPIP represented the electron acceptor.The obtained experimental results have pointed to the absence of the effect of meturine upon the photoreaction I.Unlike N-phenyl—N′, N′-dimethylureas (CMU, DCMU) meturine has been a very weak inhibitor of photoreaction II.The authors explain the photoreaction II inhibition of chloroplasts from plants treated with herbicidal doses of meturine by conversion of N-phenyl—N-hydroxy—N′-methylurea into Hill reaction inhibitor(s). N-Phenyl—N′-methylurea can be one of such meturine metabolites.Meturine herbicidal action is accounted for by meturine transformation into Hill reaction inhibitor(s) in the plant tissues.