河西走廊干红干白酒用葡萄种植气候区划

通过对干红、干白酒用葡萄果实、品质形成期主要气象影响因子相关性普查,结合河西气候特点,筛选出≥10℃有效积温、最热月(7月)平均气温、成熟期(8~9月)气温日较差作为河西干红、干白葡萄气候区域化指标,并分别和地理因子相联系求算逐步回归方程。运用地理信息系统Citystar软件平台将河西划分为五个气候区,即最适宜区(海拔1 400~1 750 m)、适宜区(海拔1 300~1 400 m和1 750~1 850 m)、次适宜区(海拔1 130~1 300m)、可种植区(海拔1 864~1 990 m)、不能种植区(海拔大于1 990 m)。     

塔里木灌区棉花生长发育光热条件的分析

根据阿拉尔市气象局(原阿拉尔气象站)1961~2003年的气象资料,采用求平均值和五日滑动平均气温来确定某界限温度的初、终日期及其持续期活动积温。结果表明:塔里木灌区多年平均总日照时数2 873.3 h、日照百分率65%、棉花生长发育及产量构成关键期每天的日照时数平均都在9 h以上,日平均气温值在25~30℃期间天数的多年平均值52 d;日平均气温≥10℃的多年平均初、终日在4月1日和10月18日、持续天数201 d、活动积温(∑t≥10℃)的多年平均值4 112.3℃;日平均气温≥15℃的多年平均初、终日在4月24日和9月30日、持续天数160 d、活动积温(∑t≥15℃)的多年平均值3 566.5℃。结论:灌区光照时间长短合适,总量十分优越,棉花生长后期天气晴朗,棉桃容易裂铃,有利于生产出色泽洁白、高品质的棉纤维;棉花安全生育期时间较长,热量条件较好,但秋温降低过快,吐絮期热量条件稍显不足,应多种植早熟品种。     

不同微喷弥雾调控方式下微气候因子对极端干旱区葡萄果实生长及糖度的影响

通过对极端干旱区葡萄在不同微喷弥雾调控方式（WP1,架上喷水1 h;WP2，架下喷水1 h；WP3，地上喷水1 h）下微气候因子与葡萄果实生长形态及糖度的监测，分析葡萄园微气候因子变化规律及其与葡萄果实生长形态和糖度的关系。结果显示：采用微喷弥雾调控可有效降低葡萄园温度和增加湿度，与CK处理（常规滴灌，不喷水）相比，白天平均温度低2.9℃~3.3℃，平均温度低2.5℃~2.9℃，夜晚平均湿度高4.7%~5.5%，同时可促进葡萄果实生长和糖度累积，WP1、WP2和WP3与CK处理相比，果粒纵茎高出2.88、1.76、0.9 mm，果粒横茎高出1.33、1.80、1.76 mm，果粒均重高出0.22、0.26、0.25 g，糖度分别高出7.75%、3.96%和5.53%。在葡萄果实生长发育过程中，白天平均温度和平均温度是影响葡萄纵径和横径的关键微气候因子，晚上平均湿度是影响葡萄果实重量和糖度的关键微气候因子，在白天平均温度为30.4℃~33.8℃、晚上平均湿度为49.5%~50.5%时接近葡萄果实纵径、横径和果粒均重拟合值最大值。根据其相互关系和建立的回归模型，得出可以用白天平均温度、平均温度和晚上平均湿度对该地区葡萄生长和糖度变化进行分析和预测。     

近55年来河西地区沙尘暴时空演变特征

根据河西地区15个地面气象站近55年沙尘暴观测资料,运用线性拟合、Mann-Kendall方法进行趋势和突变分析。分析表明:近55年河西地区沙尘暴季、年递减趋势显著。年沙尘暴日数空间分布特征明显,年最大值出现在民勤(25.5d)。河西各区域沙尘暴日数在20世纪90年代初出现了减少突变。沙尘暴日数与大风日数之间有显著的正相关,与平均气温存在显著负相关。气候变暖,大风日数减少,是造成沙尘暴日数减少的主要原因。     

北方旱作农区农业气候资源时空变化特征

利用北方旱作农区317个气象台站1961—2010年地面气象观测资料，分析和比较了1961—1990年(时段Ⅰ)和1991—2010年(时段Ⅱ)农业气候资源变化特征。结果表明：全区日照时数总体呈降低趋势，时段Ⅱ较时段Ⅰ平均减少了92.9 h；研究区域近50年年降水量变化呈现西部增加东部减少的特征；与时段Ⅰ相比，时段Ⅱ研究区域年均气温增加了0.97℃，高于全国平均水平，日平均气温稳定通过0℃、10℃的持续日数普遍呈增加趋势，喜凉作物生长期内≥0℃积温和喜温作物生长期内≥10℃积温分别平均增加198.6℃·d和197.3℃·d；研究期间全区气候变化西部地区总体呈暖湿趋势，东部地区总体呈暖干趋势。     

近49年乌鲁木齐地区农业热量资源时空变化

根据新疆乌鲁木齐地区9个气象台站1961～2009年的逐日气温资料,采用线性回归和Kriging空间插值技术,对近49年该地区年平均气温、最冷月和最热月平均气温、年极端最低和最高气温、无霜期、≥0℃、≥10℃持续日数和活动积温、冬季负积温以及作物主要生长期的夏半年(4～9月)气温日较差等农业气候热量条件的时空变化规律进...     

黄土塬区苹果树蒸腾速率变化特征及其影响因子

报道了应用茎流计(TDP)测定黄土塬区苹果树主要生长季节蒸腾速率的试验结果,并对其影响因子做了分析。研究表明:晴天苹果树蒸腾速率的日变化为单峰曲线;逐日变化为昼高夜低、骤升骤降的特征,夜间接近于0,白天单株苹果树蒸腾速率峰值变化幅度为300~1 000 g/h;6~8月是苹果树蒸腾耗水的主要月份,其中7月份的单株平均日蒸腾量为3 038 g/d;与苹果树的生育期相联系,平均日蒸腾量最大出现在果实膨大期,随后是秋梢生长期和幼果膨大期。在测定时段,随总辐射的增强及气温的升高,苹果树蒸腾速率随之增加。     

气候变暖对新疆冬季采暖的影响

利用新疆101个气象台站1961-2014年逐日气温资料,以日平均气温稳定≤5℃为冬季采暖临界温度,使用线性趋势分析、累积距平和t-检验以及基于Arc GIS的空间插值技术,对冬季采暖期日数和采暖强度时空变化及其对气候变暖的响应,以及气候变暖对采暖能耗的可能影响进行了研究。结果表明:新疆采暖期日数和采暖强度总体呈现"北疆多,南疆少;山区多,平原和盆地少"的空间分布特点。近54a新疆年平均气温和冬半年平均气温分别以0.29℃/10a和0.36℃/10a的倾向率呈极显著(P<0.001)的上升趋势,受其影响,采暖期日数和采暖强度分别以-2.25d/10a和-53.86℃·d/10a的倾向率呈极显著(P<0.001)的减小趋势,并分别于1997年和1988年发生了突变,突变后较其之前,全疆平均采暖期日数缩短9.1d,采暖强度减小192.6℃·d,采暖能耗降低11.6%。     

水分胁迫对设施延迟栽培葡萄根际土壤有机氮及土壤酶活性的影响

为探讨不同水分胁迫条件下设施栽培葡萄根际土壤基本理化性质与有机氮组分及土壤酶活性的变化规律,并分析三者之间的相关关系,为甘肃河西地区设施延迟栽培葡萄制定合理的胁迫灌溉模式提供一定的参考依据。采用水分胁迫单因素完全随机试验设计,运用Bremner法测定着色成熟期葡萄根际土层中有机氮组分含量及土壤基本理化性质、全生育期土壤酶活性在不同水分胁迫(中度W1、轻度W2、充分供水W3)下的变化特征。结果表明:(1)全生育期中度和轻度水分胁迫对设施延迟栽培葡萄根际土壤全氮、铵态氮、全磷、有机质以及有机碳无显著影响,却降低了葡萄根际土壤微生物生物量碳、氮含量;新梢生长期和果实膨大期土壤硝态氮和速效磷含量分别为12.06 mg·kg-1和28.88 mg·kg-1,显著低于充分供水处理。(2)中度和轻度水分胁迫对葡萄全生育期根际土壤过氧化氢酶活性无显著性影响,而对果实膨大期和着色成熟期的脲酶、蔗糖酶含量均呈现不同程度的抑制效果。(3)各处理有机氮组分的含量大小顺序为非酸解态氮酸解氨基酸态氮酸解铵态氮酸解未知态氮酸解氨基糖态氮;轻度和中度水分胁迫均有助于葡萄根际土壤酸解总氮的积累,比对照分别提高21.16%和10.34%。(4)相关分析表明,蔗糖酶与生物量碳呈显著正相关;RDA分析显示硝态氮、铵态氮为影响土壤有机氮组分变化的最主要环境因子,全氮次之。     

近50 a新疆≥0 ℃持续日数和积温时空变化

利用新疆95个气象站1961-2010年的逐日平均气温资料,使用线性趋势分析、累积距平和[WTBX]t[WTBZ]检验以及基于ArcGIS的混合插值法,对新疆近50 a日平均气温稳定≥0 ℃的初日、终日、持续日数和活动积温的时空变化进行分析。结果表明：≥0 ℃的初日在空间分布上南疆早,北疆晚;平原和盆地早,山区晚的格局。≥0 ℃终日的空间分布与≥0 ℃初日大体相反。≥0 ℃持续日数和≥0 ℃积温的空间分布表现为南疆多,北疆少;盆地多,山区少的格局。在全球变暖背景下,1961-2010年新疆≥0 ℃初日总体呈显著提早趋势,≥0 ℃终日呈极显著推迟趋势,≥0 ℃的持续日数和积温分别以2.58 d·（10a）^-1和66.26 ℃·d·（10a）^-1的倾向率呈极显著的增多趋势,并且分别于1997年或1994年发生了突变。但突变后较突变前各要素的变化量具有明显的区域性差异,总体来说,≥0 ℃初日提前幅度的空间分布呈南疆大,北疆小的格局。≥0 ℃终日的推迟幅度呈北疆大,南疆小;山区大,平原和盆地小的特点,≥0 ℃持续日数的延长幅度表现为山区大,平原和盆地小的格局,≥0 ℃积温的增加幅度呈平原和盆地多,山区少的空间分布格局。     

Hymenopteran Parasitoids on Fruit-infesting Tephritidae (Diptera) in Latin America and the Southern United States: Diversity, Distribution, Taxonomic Status and their use in Fruit Fly Biological Control

We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.     

Brief Guide for Authors

正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad     

The parasitoid complex ofLiriomyza cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum)

Liriomyza cicerina (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is an important pest on chickpea in Turkey. The objective of this study was to determine the parasitoids and rates of parasitism ofL. cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) during the 2005 and 2006 seasons in ?anl?urfa province, Turkey. Leaves with mines were sampled weekly and kept in the laboratory to observe and count emerging leafminer and parasitoid adults. Eight parasitoid species were collected: the braconidsOpius monilicornis Fischer andOpius tersus Foerster and the eulophidsDiaulinopsis arenaria (Erdös) andNeochrysocharis formosa (Westwood), which occurred in both the winter and summer seasons;Diglyphus crassinervis Erdös,Neochrysocharis ambitiosa Hansson,Neochrysocharis sericea (Erdös) andPediobius metallicus (Nees), which occurred only in the summer growing areas.Diaulinopsis arenaria was the predominant parasitoid with 4–7.7% parasitism rate whileN. ambitiosa andO. monilicornis were the second and third most predominant species. The results of these trials show that sinceDia. arenaria occurred throughout every season, it could potentially be used for control of the leafminerL. cicerina.     

Plant–herbivore asynchrony necessitates augmentative releases of the exotic beetle,Zygogramma bicolorata,to enhance the biological control of P arthenium hysterophorus

Systematic information on the quantitative impact of Z ygogramma bicolorata on the biology of P arthenium hysterophorus is crucial as the seeds of this weed continue to germinate from the accumulated soil seed bank throughout the year in the form of different germinating flushes, while the activity of the beetle ceases during winter as it enters diapause. Therefore, plant–herbivore interactions need to be explored to develop predictions of the overall impact of the introduced beetle on the weed. The findings revealed that defoliation by Z . bicolorata had a significant impact on the plant height, density and flower production in flushes F ₃, F ₄ and F ₅, but not in F ₁ and F ₂ that exhibited longer periodicity, profuse branching, a longer flowering period and maximum flower production and contributed mostly to the existing seed soil bank. Therefore, total depletion of the existing soil seed bank was not possible. Consequently, the effect of augmentative field releases of laboratory‐reared beetles was explored on F ₁ and F ₂ in February for three consecutive years (2011–2013). Before initiating the trial, random soil samples were taken from the plots that were assigned to the paired treatments (i.e. with the beetle and without the beetle [insecticide‐treated]) and it was found that the seed bank in those samples did not differ. The single release of Z . bicolorata adults at five per plant at the six‐leaf stage significantly reduced the soil seed bank, compared to without the biocontrol agent, irrespective of the flushes at the end of the season.     

Richtlinien der Verbände des ökologischen Landbaus zum Vorratsschutz

Zusammenfassung Verbände des ökologischen Landbaus wie z. B. Bioland, Gäa, Demeter; Naturland, Ernte für das Leben oder Bio Suisse beschränken ihre Mitglieder bei der Wahl von Vorratsschutzmaßnahmen. Vorrang besitzen Maßnahmen zur Vermeidung von Schädlingen gegenüber Bekämpfungsmaßnahmen. Fallen müssen zur Befallsüberwachung eingesetzt werden, um einen Befall durch Vorratsschädlinge frühzeitig zu erkennen. Diese Maßnahmen sollen den weitgehenden Verzicht auf chemisch-synthetische Mittel ermöglichen. In diesem Beitrag werden die Empfehlungen der Verbände mit den derzeit verfügbaren chemischen Mitteln für den Vorratsschutz abgeglichen. Erfahrung in der praktischen Umsetzung von physikalischen und biologischen Verfahren werden diskutiert und Defizite bei der Befallsüberwachung und Bekämpfung beschrieben.     

Development of protocols for detection of Colletotrichum acutatum and monitoring of strawberry anthracnose using real-time PCR

Real-time PCR (TaqMan®) assays were developed for the specific detection and discrimination of Colletotrichum spp., C. acutatum and C. gloeosporioides causing anthracnose in strawberry using the most divergent area of the internal transcribed spacers (ITS1 and ITS2) and 5·8S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene region. The specificity of the new assays was tested using DNA from six species of Colletotrichum and nine fungal species commonly found associated with strawberry material, and additionally by comparing the sequences with those from databases using a blast search. The sequences only showed identity with homologous sequences from the desired target organisms. The new assays were 10–100 times more sensitive than conventional PCR methods previously published for the diagnosis of strawberry anthracnose. When real-time PCR was compared with ELISA methods, PCR improved the sensitivity of the identification by obtaining positive results for samples of strawberry plant material that tested negative with ELISA. The development of C. acutatum was monitored using artificially infected strawberry crowns from two strawberry cultivars (Camarosa and Ventana) and a real-time PCR assay specific for this species between January and June 2006. The amount of C. acutatum detected using real-time PCR varied significantly by month ( P  < 0·001), but not by cultivar ( P  = 0·394). The new assays were shown to be useful tools for rapid detection and identification of these pathogens and to allow rapid and accurate assessment of the casual agents of anthracnose in strawberry.     

Effects of the saprophytic leaf mycoflora on growth and productivity of winter wheat

The effects of the saprophytic mycoflora and its interference with cereal aphids on growth and yield of winter and spring wheat was studied in field experiments in 1980, 1981 and 1982.Yields varied between 5000 and 8000 kg dry matter of kernels per ha. The effect of the saprophytic mycoflora on yield was determined in different treatments: A) no control measures against cereal aphids and saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, B) no control of cereal aphids, control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, C) control of cereal aphids and control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, D) control of cereal aphids and stimulation of saprophytic mycoflora and E) control of cereal aphids, no control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi nor stimulation of saprophytic mycoflora.Considerable differences in top densities of saprophytic mycoflora (10 times as large in A and D as in B and C) were determined. The consequences of these differences for the growth and productivity of wheat were minor. A negative effect of saprophytic mycoflora on the yield could not be detected in 1981 and 1982, whereas a small positive significant effect was found in 1980. This stimulation may have been due to competition between necrotrophic fungal pathogens and saprophytic mycoflora. As a result of favourable weather conditions necrotrophic fungal pathogens were very numerous in 1980 and could form an important yield reducing factor. Yield levels may effect the importance of the necrotrophic and saprophytic mycoflora as yield reducing factors. Additionally, in the presence of aphid honeydew captafol was found to be relatively ineffective against saprophytic fungi.     

Relationship Between Production of the Phytotoxin Prehelminthosporol and Virulence in Isolates of the Plant Pathogenic Fungus Bipolaris sorokiniana

A gas chromatographic method was developed to quantify the phytotoxin prehelminthosporol, which is a sesquiterpene metabolite of the plant pathogen Bipolaris sorokiniana. The toxin was extracted from mycelium or culture filtrates, pre-cleaned using solid phase extraction, and analyzed by gas chromatography as a trimethylsilyl-derivative. The detection limit of the method was 5ngl^–1 (signal to noise ratio 4:1) which corresponds to ca. 15ng prehelminthosporol per mg dry weight of mycelium or 15ng prehelminthosporol per ml culture filtrate. The total amount of prehelminthosporol (mycelium plus culture filtrate) increased with cultivation time when examined in six isolates of B. sorokiniana after 6, 9, 12 and 15 days of incubation. The screening experiment of 17 isolates for prehelminthosporol production after 8 days of incubation revealed significant differences in the toxin production between the isolates. The isolates with low toxin production had lower virulence towards barley roots compared to those with higher production of the toxin. However, the virulence did not increase with prehelminthosporol level among the high producing isolates. Prehelminthosporol was also analyzed in a number of related Bipolaris and Drechslera species. In addition to B. sorokiniana, three out of six Bipolaris species (B. setariae, B. zeicola, B. victoriae) produced prehelminthosporol, which indicates that ability to produce prehelminthosporol is conserved among closely-related Bipolaris species.