河南漯河灯下地老虎种群监测及动态分析

为了解漯河地区地老虎类成虫的种群动态,2006年-2021年,在河南省漯河利用虫情测报灯对其成虫种群进行了持续监测。结果表明,16年诱集的地老虎类害虫共计4种44 899头,主要包括小地老虎Agrotis ipsilon(Hüfnagel)、大地老虎A.tokionis Butler、黄地老虎A.segetum(Denis et Schiffermüller)和八字地老虎Xestia c-nigrum(Linnaeus),不同种类间年诱虫量差异较大。混合种群发生盛期在5月下旬至8月上旬。小地老虎在河南漯河1年可见4代成虫,以第1代诱虫量最大;诱虫高峰主要集中在5月下旬至7月上旬(1代)和7月上旬至8月上旬(2代);近16年间小地老虎在各年均为优势种,但其虫量和诱虫的比例在近几年呈明显下降的趋势。黄地老虎年度诱虫量在近几年上升趋势明显,诱虫高峰主要集中在6月中旬至7月上旬。大地老虎成虫盛发期在10月上旬至10月下旬,八字地老虎所占比例有所上升,但全年无明显的诱虫高峰;而且这两个种类的诱虫数量较少。     

崇左甘蔗螟虫种群动态及螟黄赤眼蜂防治效果评价

本文阐明了崇左甘蔗螟虫发生规律和探索利用螟黄赤眼蜂防治蔗螟的田间效果，为应用该天敌控制螟虫危害提供参考。在崇左市龙州县连续两年开展了甘蔗螟虫人工合成性诱剂诱集成虫，监测其种群动态和释放螟黄赤眼蜂防治蔗螟的田间试验。结果表明，在崇左市诱集到的甘蔗螟虫种类以条螟和二点螟为主，黄螟少；2016年条螟成虫高峰期分别在3月下旬、5月下旬、7月中旬和8月下旬，2017年条螟成虫的高峰期在3月中旬、5月中旬、6月中旬和8月中旬；而二点螟主要诱集到第1代成虫，2016和2017年二点螟第1代成虫的高峰期分别在4月中旬和3月中旬，其他时期诱蛾数量少。释放螟黄赤眼蜂两年后，甘蔗田螟虫造成的枯心苗率和死尾率均控制在1.56%～8.76%，螟害节率控制在4.45%～7.39%，两年平均挽回产量和减少损失为15194.4 kg/hm²和18.68%，糖分含量增加1.18%～2.25%，甘蔗产糖量增加3529.9～3879.3 kg/hm²，可挽回蔗农经济损失7293.31元/hm²，平均每公顷可增加纯收入6873.25元。本研究表明释放螟黄赤眼蜂对甘蔗螟虫的田间防治效果和经济效益较显著。     

香蕉花蓟马对不同颜色的趋性及田间诱集效果研究

香蕉花蓟马［Thrips hawaiiensis (Morgan)］在香蕉园中普遍发生,对香蕉生产造成危害。为了比较香蕉花蓟马对不同颜色的反应、指导田间色板诱虫,本文采用10种不同颜色的黏虫卡研究香蕉花蓟马成虫对颜色的趋性及田间诱虫效果。结果表明,黄色对香蕉花蓟马成虫引诱效果最强,显著高于其他颜色;浅蓝色、白色和粉红色对香蕉花蓟马的引诱效果显著高于剩余6种颜色。黄色黏板的诱虫量变化与香蕉花蓟马田间自然种群数量变化一致,两者相关系数为0.98。色板悬挂高度对香蕉花蓟马的诱集效果有显著影响,色板悬挂高于花蕾时的诱虫数量显著少于色板悬挂于花蕾中部和顶部时的数量。     

南方小花蝽和黄蓟马的种群动态及捕食功能反应

为明确南方小花蝽和黄蓟马在冬季蚕豆植株上的发生情况及南方小花蝽对黄蓟马的室内捕食控害能力,本试验采用五点取样盘拍法调查了蚕豆植株上黄蓟马及其天敌南方小花蝽的种群密度;在实验室内用捕食功能反应法研究了南方小花蝽雌成虫对黄蓟马成虫和2龄若虫的捕食功能、寻找效应及其自身密度对捕食黄蓟马的干扰反应。结果表明：黄蓟马在3月初达种群密度最大值18.2头/株,南方小花蝽种群高峰晚于黄蓟马19 d出现,在3月中旬达到最高峰3.4头/株;南方小花蝽对黄蓟马的捕食效应受自身密度和猎物密度影响,捕食效应符合HollingⅡ型圆盘方程功能反应模型,南方小花蝽对黄蓟马成虫和2龄若虫的捕食功能反应方程分别为N_a=0.5655N/（1＋0.0193N）和N_a=1.1864N/（1＋0.0346N）;日最大捕食量分别为29.3头/d和34.3头/d;当猎物密度不变时,南方小花蝽成虫对黄蓟马的捕食作用受到自身密度的干扰,平均捕食量随南方小花蝽密度升高而下降,其干扰反应方程为E=0.3009P^-0.4290。南方小花蝽种群在野外蚕豆上种群对黄蓟马种群有跟随现象,其种群随着黄蓟马的增加而增长,在2―3月,蚕豆进入花期时黄蓟马种群数量达到最大值;南方小花蝽对黄蓟马有较强的捕食能力,可作为黄蓟马生物防治实践中重要的天敌资源加以研究和利用。     

设施葡萄上蓟马种群消长规律和空间分布

为摸清宁夏设施葡萄上蓟马种群消长规律和空间分布，于2011年进行了调查研究。从各项聚集度指标、空间分布型适合度卡方(χ2)检验及单因素随机区组设计分析看，蓟马在设施葡萄上均呈聚集分布，棚内北、南间差异极显著，虫口分布具有北侧聚集的特点。以虫态来说，在整个葡萄生育期除3月下旬一次大量孵化时期以若虫为害为主外，其他时期均以成虫为害为主，尤其在种群稳定阶段，3月17日左右成虫虫口数量达到高峰，若虫也在3月24日左右急剧增加达到高峰；4月初之后若虫消退，以少量成虫为害。从虫口量比例看，蓟马种群的空间分布，呈现出在大棚北侧、中上层居多的特点。     

两种自然变温刺激对棕榈蓟马种群生命表参数及抗药性的影响

为明确高温对棕榈蓟马Thrips palmi种群生长发育及其种群抗药性的影响,利用年龄-龄期两性生命表方法,比较了15～25℃(室内)和14～45℃(室外)变温刺激后棕榈蓟马的生命表参数,并采用微虫笼法测定了这2种自然变温饲养条件下棕榈蓟马种群对阿维菌素和噻虫嗪2种杀虫剂的敏感性。结果表明,14～45℃变温刺激后的室外棕榈蓟马种群发育速度较15～25℃变温刺激后的室内棕榈蓟马种群显著加快,前者平均世代周期为14.33 d,后者为19.09 d;14～45℃变温刺激后的室外棕榈蓟马种群净生殖率和内禀增长率分别为26.83和0.21,均显著低于15～25℃变温刺激后的室内棕榈蓟马种群的79.33和0.23;14～45℃变温刺激后的室外棕榈蓟马种群单雌产卵量为46.01粒,也显著低于15～25℃变温刺激后的室内棕榈蓟马种群的135.98粒;14～45℃变温刺激下,室外棕榈蓟马种群雌成虫和2龄若虫对2种杀虫剂的抗药性显著提高,且雌成虫比2龄若虫的抗药性强。表明波动高温刺激不仅抑制了棕榈蓟马的种群发展,也提高了种群对常规药剂阿维菌素和噻虫嗪的抗性。     

水稻褐飞虱灯诱种群数量动态分析

对广东肇庆病虫测报站24年褐飞虱灯诱种群数量变化进行分析,结果表明:褐飞虱各年的始见日在3月或4月内,始盛日在4月或5月内。年发生动态为双峰型,早稻高峰多在5月上旬至7月下旬,晚稻高峰多在9月中旬至11月下旬。终见日多在11月下旬。根据发生高峰的日诱获量、候平均诱获量、旬平均诱获量及全年累计数量比较各年发生严重程度,以20世纪70年代末至80年代中期褐飞虱发生重,而80年代末直至本世纪初发生趋轻。     

避雨栽培葡萄上蓟马发生动态及常用杀虫剂对优势种的毒力测定

为明确避雨栽培葡萄上蓟马种类?发生动态及常用杀虫剂对葡萄上优势种蓟马的毒力, 本研究采集鉴定了避雨栽培葡萄上蓟马成虫1 882头, 选用黄色和蓝色2种粘虫板监测了葡萄以及两种诱集植物黄金菊Euryops pectinatus和蓝花鼠尾草Salvia farinacea上蓟马发生动态, 并采用菜豆浸渍饲喂法测定了6种常用杀虫剂对葡萄上优势种蓟马棕榈蓟马Thrips palmi?黄蓟马Thrips flavus和西花蓟马Frankliniella occidentalis的室内毒力?结果表明, 在避雨栽培葡萄上共采集到隶属于2科4属的10种蓟马, 其中棕榈蓟马(35.97%)?黄蓟马(29.22%)和西花蓟马(24.50%)为优势种蓟马?根据四分位法得到避雨栽培葡萄上蓟马发生高峰在8月下旬至9月中下旬, 在发生早期和主要发生期葡萄树上部蓟马发生量显著高于下部?两种诱集植物均对避雨栽培葡萄上蓟马有一定的诱集作用, 且在各个发生期黄金菊的诱集效果显著高于蓝花鼠尾草?6种杀虫剂对棕榈蓟马的毒力作用依次为:啶虫脒>阿维菌素>噻虫嗪>吡虫啉>氟啶虫胺腈>高效氟氯氰菊酯; 对黄蓟马的毒力作用依次为:阿维菌素>啶虫脒>噻虫嗪>吡虫啉>氟啶虫胺腈>高效氟氯氰菊酯; 对西花蓟马的毒力作用依次为:阿维菌素>噻虫嗪>啶虫脒>氟啶虫胺腈>吡虫啉>高效氟氯氰菊酯?上述结果表明, 为害避雨栽培葡萄的蓟马主要为棕榈蓟马?黄蓟马和西花蓟马, 推荐使用啶虫脒?阿维菌素和噻虫嗪进行防治?同时, 可在葡萄园周围种植黄金菊和蓝花鼠尾草作为诱集植物诱集后施药防治?     

性诱剂对小菜蛾种群的诱捕效果

采用诱捕率指标,评价了田间不同成虫密度下,性诱剂诱捕器不同放置密度对小菜蛾种群的诱捕效果.结果表明.在放置性诱剂后的前6 d内诱捕作用较小,其后诱蛾效果不断增强,第10-15 d出现诱蛾高峰,20 d后显著下降.在田间小菜蛾成虫不同密度下,诱蛾效果随诱捕器数量的增加而加强.当诱捕器放置密度相同时,诱蛾量随菜蛾密度的升高而增加,诱蛾率在高密度下反而下降.同时,性诱剂可有效地减少小菜蛾的田间落卵量,第6-12 d开始卵量下降.15～21 d后落卵量降至最低.与对照菜田相比,其落卵量可减少17.85%～72.19%.     

迷向防治技术对苹果蠹蛾的田间防治效果

选取甘肃省12个苹果蠹蛾发生县区,研究了迷向防治技术对苹果蠹蛾的防治效果。结果表明:在种群密度较低(平均蛀果率在1%以下)的果园(连片面积17hm~2),采用迷向防治技术,即在诱捕到第1头苹果蠹蛾成虫(4月末5月初)后进行第1次悬挂迷向条(120~150根/hm~2),7月中旬进行第2次补充悬挂,可有效控制苹果蠹蛾为害,成虫诱蛾量和蛀果率分别较对照下降90.8%和92.6%,成虫无明显的诱集高峰;采用迷向防治的果园,增加化学防治次数,对防治效果影响不显著(P0.05)。本研究证实苹果蠹蛾迷向防治技术有较好的防治效果,虽然防治成本相对较高,但减少了环境污染,是未来值得推广的绿色防控技术措施。     

Trapping whiteflies? A comparison of greenhouse whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum) responses to trap crops and yellow sticky traps

BACKGROUND: Greenhouse whiteflies, Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood), are notorious pests that, through the reduction of crop yields and excretion of honeydew, cause significant economic losses for sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) growers. Chemical and biological controls are the two most common forms of whitefly management in greenhouses. Consequently, insecticide resistance and inadequate control have rejuvenated interest in alternative tactics. In the present study, whitefly responses to trap crops (eggplant and squash) and yellow sticky traps were compared in order to identify the most effective traps for dispersing and resident adults. RESULTS: Results indicated that yellow sticky traps were most effective at trapping adult whiteflies. Significantly more dispersing whiteflies were recorded on eggplant than on squash trap crops. None of the traps significantly reduced adult populations on the main crops (peppers) compared with the control. However, yellow sticky traps did significantly reduce oviposition on peppers. CONCLUSIONS: Adult whiteflies were most effectively trapped on yellow sticky traps followed by eggplant trap crops. Further study of whitefly trapping using visual cues may enhance trapping management. Specifically, research combining yellow sticky traps with other control strategies is recommended. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

Temporal and spatial dispersal of Melon yellow spot virus in cucumber greenhouses and evaluation of weeds as infection sources

Surveys conducted in Melon yellow spot virus (MYSV)-affected cucumber greenhouses revealed that the incidence of MYSV disease on cucumber plants varied by crop management conditions. Because of temporal and spatial dispersal of viruliferous Thrips palmi in two greenhouses, MYSV was detected in 21.2% of the cucumber plants growing in a weedy greenhouse and in only 1.3% of the cucumber plants growing in a thoroughly weeded greenhouse at the end of the cropping period. MYSV was also detected in 13 weed species found outside the cucumber greenhouses. Viruliferous T. palmi adults were often found on Acalypha australis, Cerastium glomeratum and Lamium amplexicaule. T. palmi reared on MYSV-infected cucumber plants transmitted MYSV to C. glomeratum and L. amplexicaule. Moreover, T. palmi reared on MYSV-infected C. glomeratum rarely transmitted MYSV to cucumber seedlings. These results suggest that weed control is important for managing MYSV since weeds provide a habitat for the vector thrips and also serve as an initial inoculum source of the virus.     

不同色彩粘板对麦红吸浆虫成虫的诱集效果比较

为了改进麦红吸浆虫成虫的监测方法,提高监测效率,于2009—2011年在河北省保定市徐水县,通过田间试验比较了14种颜色粘板对麦红吸浆虫成虫的诱集效果,并进行了3个高度的紫板和黄板对该成虫的诱集试验。结果显示：在14种颜色粘板中,紫色、桃粉、橙红、橙黄、浅粉的诱集效果较好,其中以紫板最多,其诱集效果显著高于生产上普遍用于监测的黄板,且紫板上诱集到的蝇类数量也明显偏少;下部粘板诱集到的麦红吸浆虫成虫数量最多,与中、上部之间存在极显著差异,且相同高度的紫板上诱集到的麦红吸浆虫成虫数量显著多于黄板。因此,建议用紫板监测麦红吸浆虫成虫发生动态,高度以紫板下缘与地面平齐为宜。     

Effectiveness of native parasitoids of Myzus persicae in greenhouse environments in India

Myzus persicae (Sulzer) is an economically important agricultural pest with over 500 known host plants in the world. The present study recorded the major parasitoids found parasitizing M. persicae on sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum [L.]) crops in greenhouses in Himachal Pradesh, India. Three species of hymenopteran parasitoids were reared from M. persicae from this source: Aphelinus asychis Walker (Aphelinidae), Aphidius matricariae Haliday (Braconidae), and Aphidius ervi (Haliday) (Braconidae), with parasitism rates per sample date ranging from 2.3–38.6%, 4.8–58.2%, and 2.9–28.4%, respectively, during 2011–2012. This is the first report of parasitoids associated with M. persicae in greenhouse environments in India. The present findings suggest that the management of M. persicae could be possible with the addition of augmentative releases of these parasitoids, which should help reduce pesticide use in Indian vegetable production greenhouses.     

三种果园中实蝇粘虫板对橘小实蝇及天敌的诱杀作用

为减少实蝇粘虫板对天敌的诱杀作用,完善实蝇粘虫板在果园的使用方法,于2018年和2019年分别在湖南省农业科学院园艺研究所橘园、桃园、梨园悬挂实蝇粘虫板,调查其诱杀的橘小实蝇、其他害虫和天敌数量。结果表明,橘园、梨园和桃园共诱杀到15个种、4个科和9个类群,包括靶标害虫橘小实蝇、其他害虫和天敌。3种果园中粘虫板诱杀的昆虫种、科或类群数量有差异,其中梨园中诱杀的昆虫总数最多,为13 653头,其次是桃园,橘园中诱杀的昆虫总数最少。在橘园、梨园和桃园中,橘小实蝇的相对丰富度分别为5.90%、23.45%和21.73%,最早出现时间均为6月;在橘园中橘小实蝇诱杀量高峰期在8月下旬至10月上旬,下半年天敌诱杀量高峰期略滞后于橘小实蝇的诱杀量高峰期,在梨园和桃园中橘小实蝇诱杀量高峰期主要集中在7月中下旬至10月中旬,橘小实蝇诱杀量高峰期与天敌诱杀量高峰期无明显相关性;3种果园中粘虫板诱杀的主要天敌有瓢虫、食蚜蝇、草蛉、寄生蜂,桃园和梨园中诱杀的草蛉较多,橘园中诱杀的瓢虫和寄生蜂较多。应用实蝇粘虫板防控橘小实蝇时,梨园和桃园应从6月上旬开始悬挂,橘园应从8月上旬开始悬挂,先少量悬挂,根据诱杀橘小实蝇数量,再逐渐增加粘虫板。     

稻飞虱及黑肩绿盲蝽在探照灯下的扑灯节律

为明确稻飞虱及其天敌黑肩绿盲蝽在探照灯下的扑灯节律，2012和2013年在广西兴安县应用探照灯诱虫器对稻飞虱及黑肩绿盲蝽进行了分时段监测。结果表明：稻飞虱和黑肩绿盲蝽年度间扑灯量有所不同，夜晚扑灯类型属于整夜扑灯型，晚上一般有1~2个扑灯高峰。2012年稻飞虱和黑肩绿盲蝽、2013年白背飞虱在迁入高峰期扑灯高峰不固定，2013年褐飞虱扑灯高峰主要集中在19：30～21：00时段，黑肩绿盲蝽2013年扑灯高峰主要集中在00：00～01：30和01：30～03：00时段。稻飞虱和黑肩绿盲蝽迁出高峰期及黑肩绿盲蝽本地活动期扑灯高峰主要集中在前半夜，稻飞虱本地活动期扑灯高峰主要集中在前半夜和04：30～06：00时段。     

Real‐time PCR assay for the identification of Thrips palmi*

Since Thrips palmi became a regulated pest for most European countries, inspections at points of entry into Europe and monitoring in Europe have intensified not only for T. palmi but also for thrips as a whole. Morphological identification of thrips is performed on adults and to a lesser extent on second‐stage larvae only, because no adequate identification keys for the separation of species based on the characteristics of eggs, first‐stage larvae, pre‐pupae or pupae are available. We have developed a real‐time PCR assay based on TaqMan. A T. palmi‐specific set of primers and probe were selected within the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (COI) gene. The specificity of the assay was assessed using 15 specimens of Thrips palmi and 61 specimens of 23 other thrips species commonly occuring in Europe. All T. palmi specimens were detected, and no cross reactions with other thrips were observed. The method was tested on single larvae and adults and proved to be applicable for both those stages of T. palmi.     

Incidence and pathogenicity of races and isolates of Verticillium dahliae in Crete, southern Greece

Classification of 32 Verticillium dahliae isolates originating from 19 plant species in eight different botanical families to races and determination of host range pathogenicity were carried out. The physiological races of isolates were identified using the two differential tomato cultivars ??Belladonna?? (susceptible to both races 1 and 2 of V. dahliae) and ??Ace 55VF?? (resistant to race 1, susceptible to race 2 of V. dahliae). Among these isolates, 14 were race 2 (43.8%), 12 race 1 (37.5%) and six nonpathogenic (18.7%) on tomato. The host range pathogenicity of isolates was determined using four differential hosts (eggplant, turnip, tomato (Ve ^? ) and sweet pepper). Among isolates, five were pathogenic to both eggplant and turnip (15.6%), 21 to eggplant, turnip and tomato (65.6%), five to eggplant, turnip, tomato and sweet pepper (15.6%) and one was pathogenic to eggplant, turnip and sweet pepper (3.2%). The pathogenicity of isolates on the aforementioned five hosts was investigated on the basis of external symptoms and by calculating the relative areas under disease progress curves (relative AUDPC). Results showed that eggplant was the most susceptible, followed by turnip and tomato cv. Belladonna, while sweet pepper and tomato cv. Ace 55VF were less susceptible to all the isolates used. The pathogenicity of isolates varied from highly to mildly virulent on eggplant and turnip while on Belladonna, Ace 55VF and sweet pepper it varied from highly virulent to nonpathogenic. Belladonna exhibited a similar level of susceptibility to races 1 and 2 of V. dahliae, but was more susceptible than Ace 55VF to race 2. Interestingly, the isolates originating from eggplant were clearly more virulent than those originating from tomato and black nightshade on all solanaceous plants tested.     

正交试验法研究黄板对3种温室西葫芦害虫的诱杀作用

应用正交试验法研究了黄板悬挂高度、黄板形状、黄板距温室出口距离、黄板距北墙距离4个因素对黄板诱杀3种温室西葫芦害虫的影响。结果表明:4个因素对诱杀温室白粉虱都具有显著、极显著影响,黄板悬挂高度和黄板距出口距离对诱杀美洲斑潜蝇有显著影响;黄板距北墙距离对诱杀有翅瓜蚜具有极显著影响。黄板诱杀害虫的4因素组合为黄板高出植株0.2 m、平板形、距出口91 m、距北墙距离0.7 m时诱杀虫量最大。     

非致病性尖孢镰刀菌FJAT-9290的定殖特性及对番茄枯萎病的防治效果

为评价非致病性尖孢镰刀菌FJAT-9290对不同植物的致病性和定殖能力,利用该菌株所含的无毒基因SIX1特异性检测引物P12-R1/P12-F2跟踪其在不同植物中的侵入与定殖情况,并研究其对番茄植株生长特性的影响及对番茄枯萎病的防治效果。结果显示,接种120 d内,菌株FJAT-9290对所供试的11种植物均未造成危害,但在侵入时间与定殖方面存在差异。该菌株最易侵入番茄植株,接种第5天即可在茎基部检测到;其次为甜椒、甜瓜、西瓜和香蕉等植株,接种10 d时可在茎基部检测到;但在韭菜、香葱和马唐草上均未检测到。该菌株在番茄与茄子植株的定殖时间最长,达90 d;其次为甜椒、香蕉和粉蕉,至少60 d;在甜瓜、西瓜和黄瓜上为40~50 d。该菌株能促进番茄植株生长,显著提高其株高和叶片数量,对番茄枯萎病的盆栽与田间防治效果分别达76.70%和69.56%。表明菌株FJAT-9290具有良好的定殖能力且对番茄枯萎病具有较好的防治效果。