旱地燕麦新品种定莜6号的选育及其特征分析

以7633-112-1作母本,蒙燕146作父本,采用有性杂交技术和系谱选育法,在20多年选育试验基础上培育出定莜6号新品种。试验鉴定结果表明:与定莜1号相比,该品种区试增产14.1%,平均产量2 022.6kg/hm2;株高66~120 cm,穗长13~26.5 cm,千粒重17.6~22.8 g,生育期85~113 d;粗蛋白含量20.86%,粗脂肪7.25%,赖氨酸0.886%,亚油酸43.47%(占不饱和脂肪酸比重);抗旱性强,丰产性好,品质优,抗坚黑穗病,适宜在甘肃中部干旱半干旱山区及同类地区推广种植。     

繁6-绵阳系小麦抗条锈性变异及对策

 自70年代初"繁6"在四川广泛种植开始,"繁-6绵阳系"小麦品种先后在条锈病常发区四川、陇南和陕南连续种植20多年,年种植面积保持在150~270万公顷。     

孕穗期干旱胁迫对超级稻后期光合性能及产量的影响

以6个超级稻品种及1个常规旱稻品种为材料在防雨棚内进行盆栽,于各品种的孕穗期控制水分(用土壤水分张力计监测土壤水分在-75 k Pa)进行干旱胁迫处理6 d,研究孕穗期干旱胁迫对不同超级稻品种后期光合性能及产量的影响。结果表明:干旱胁迫处理使6个超级稻品种始穗后0~7 d内叶绿素含量及光合速率下降,始穗后14~21 d叶绿素含量及光合速率提高;齐穗后叶面积指数、有效叶面积指数、高效叶面积指数均有不同程度下降;有效穗数下降3.9%~6.8%、穗实粒数下降7.0%~18.5%、千粒重提高1.8%~5.1%,实际产量下降10.4%~17.2%。在正常灌溉条件下,y两优2号、新两优6号、丰两优4号实际产量分别位居第一、二、三位,其中y两优2号较产量倒数后三位的品种增产23.2%~27.5%,新两优6号较产量倒数后三位的品种增产16.0%~20.7%,丰两优4号较产量倒数后三位的品种增产12.4%~17.3%,且增产均达极显著水平;在孕穗期干旱胁迫条件下,y两优2号、丰两优4号、新两优6号实际产量分别位居第一、二、三位,其中y两优2号较产量倒数后三位的品种增产18.3%~21.5%,丰两优4号较产量倒数后三位的品种增产11.4%~14.9%,新两优6号较产量倒数后三位的品种增产11.2%~14.8%,增产亦均达极显著水平。无论在正常灌溉还是在孕穗期干旱胁迫条件下,6个超级稻品种的产量均极显著高于常规旱稻品种的产量。因此,y两优2号、丰两优4号、新两优6号可以在安徽江淮丘陵缺水地区推广种植。     

抗旱丰产小麦新品种陇春27号选育研究

以8858-2为母本,陇春8号为父本,通过有性杂交,水旱轮选,培育出抗旱丰产春小麦新品种陇春27号。试验表明,陇春27号在2006~2007年国家小麦西北旱地组区域试验中,平均产量分别为180.83 kg/667m2和201.87 kg/667 m2,分别较统一对照定西35号增产4.91%和21.37%,增产极显著,均居第一位;2008年生产试验,平均产量227.67 kg/667m2,较统一对照定西35号平均增产12.71%。抗旱性指数2006年为1.1835,2007年为1.1014,显著优于对照品种定西35号,是所有参试材料中抗旱性最强的品种。陇春27号抗旱性强,适应性广,丰产稳产,在西北旱地农业区具有广阔的应用前景。     

西吉县小麦丰产抗锈病品种综合分析选优

2003~2005年进行了冬春小麦42个水旱地品种的比较试验,运用灰色关联综合评价方法,筛选出西吉县丰产抗条锈病品种:冬小麦水地品种静冬9717、静冬941、静冬9718,旱地品种8802、陇原935、陇原992综合性状较好且抗条锈病;春小麦水地品种宁春4号、802-15、定丰806;旱地品种93-163-6、陇春8139-2综合性状较优,除宁春4号较易感条锈病外,其它品种均抗锈病。抗病品种比感病品种提高产量15.40%~61.12%。建议今后在西吉县大面积推广种植这些品种时,水浇地要特别注意宁春4号品种的条锈病预测及防治工作。     

不同生态区域旱地冬小麦品种（系）生态适应性筛选

针对宁夏南部山区落后的生产条件及特殊的气候生态类型，于2019年采用随机区组设计，结合一年多点的统计方法及系统聚类分析法，对选育的16个材料适应性、丰产性及抗逆性进行鉴定，以筛选出特征特性良好、丰产性状突出、适合宁夏南部雨养条件下不同生态区域的旱地冬小麦品种（系）。结果表明，‘9924’、‘Z0231-3-1’、‘Z0228-2-2’、‘长5385-1-2’、‘陇鉴103’和‘陇中1号’在原州区中河乡高坡村（E1）与彭阳县玉洼村（E2）两点同时增产，其中‘9924’、‘Z0231-3-1’、‘Z0228-2-2’、‘长5385-1-2’和‘陇鉴103’增产幅度大于10%；‘沧2007-1-1-1-1’在E1、E2两点同时减产，减产率分别为10.42%、11.24%；‘陇育0825’、‘Z0229-4-3’、‘Z0309-18-2’和‘Z0230-2’四份材料在E1增产，分别增产10.90%、9.94%、2.52%和5.39%，同时在E2减产，分别减产10.65%、14.20%、13.61%和17.16%；‘NB96022’、‘陇鉴107’、‘长5385-1’和‘2007-1-113’等4份材料在E1减产，分别减产15.81%、0.48%、20.84%和1.80%，同时在E2增产，分别增产12.43%、18.93%、18.34%和15.98%。通过聚类分析，将16个品种（系）分为4大类。5个品种（系）在两个试验点适应性好（很好），1个品系在两点适应性较好，其他在E1、E2点都表现一般或较差。综上可知，E1和E2点环境差异明显，在两点选育的同时增产的品种广适性具有一定代表性。但同时应看到，品种间、品种与地点间互作均不显著，也就是说，参试材料中缺乏产量较突出的基因型，也缺乏具有特殊环境适应性的基因型。     

油料所大豆新品种“油春1204”通过国家审定

正近日,中国农业科学院油料作物研究所南方遗传育种创新团队选育的高产稳产、抗逆、优质、抗病大豆新品种"油春1204"通过国家审定。该品种是以高产抗病的大豆品种"中豆32"与优质抗倒伏的大豆品种"中豆29"的杂交后代株系为亲本,杂交后经系谱法选育而成,在区域试验中比对照增产明显,品质性状、抗性表现较好,具有广泛的适应性。     

渭源地区旱地玉米覆膜种植增温效应及高产增效研究初报

于2003~2004年开展玉米全生育期地膜覆盖观测地温及物候期试验,研究渭源地区旱地玉米覆膜种植的增温效应和增产效益。结果表明:覆膜比裸地种植有明显的增温、改变经济性状、提高玉米产量等效益。分析认为温度是该地区的首要制约因素,覆膜是增温的主要措施。覆膜玉米比裸地种植能提高0~5 cm地温2.4~3.6℃/d,玉米产量增产3 300~3 650 kg/hm2,增产率为66.7%~89.0%。     

陇东黄土高原地区小麦品质特性分析

对陇东黄土高原旱作农业区1989~2005年育成的23个冬小麦品种,每个品种用2004~2006年在陇东学院试验农场3年试验的混合材料进行了品质性状分析,并以测试的平均值与全国小麦品质性状的平均值进行比较分析。结果表明,该区冬小麦品种的品质较好,蛋白质、湿面筋、沉降值等均高出全国平均水平。针对该区冬小麦生产的生态环境条件,发挥生态优势,确定主攻方向,加强通用型优质品种的选育,以强筋品种带动一般品种应是今后一个时期注重的生产改良措施。     

基于连续14年国家绿豆品种区域试验的中国绿豆品种产量和性状变化

利用GGE双标图、变异系数法、相关性分析、多元回归和聚类分析等方法,分析了2003—2016年共14 a国家绿豆品种区域试验中来自内蒙古自治区、黑龙江省、吉林省、辽宁省、山西省等12个绿豆主产省（市、自治区）的29个育种单位提供的130个参试品种的生育天数、株高、主茎节数、主茎分枝数、荚长、单株荚数、荚粒数、千粒重以及产量在春播组和夏播组的变异,并比较了性状间的相关性以及不同育种单位选育的绿豆品种的性状差异。结果表明：2003—2016年春播组和夏播组绿豆产量分别增加14.0%和25.4%,年均增幅分别为1.0%和1.8%;主茎分支数分别减少12.0%和15.9%;其他性状变化不明显。春播组绿豆主要农艺性状的变异系数为5.14%~17.01%,均值为11.33%;遗传多样性指数为1.91~2.08,平均为1.99。夏播组绿豆主要农艺性状的变异系数为5.96%~19.99%,均值为12.52%;遗传多样性指数为1.98~2.17,平均为2.07。相关性和偏相关性分析表明,春播组中产量与荚长、单株荚数和荚粒数显著正相关,与其他性状的相关性不明显;夏播组中产量与单株荚数和荚粒数显著正相关,与株高、主茎分支数和荚长显著负相关。多元回归分析表明,春播组绿豆生育天数、株高、主茎分支数、荚长和单株荚数共同决定产量60.9%的变异;夏播组绿豆株高、主茎分枝数、单株荚数、荚粒数和千粒重共同决定产量87.7%的变异。依托品种选育区域的聚类分析表明,65个春播组品种被分为4类,在北京市、河北省、山西省、河南省、山东省、吉林省和陕西省综合表现较好;65个夏播组品种被分为6类,在河南省、河北省和山东省综合表现较好。2003—2016年,国家每轮区试的绿豆品种产量稳步提升,表明我国绿豆育种水平有了一定提升;但品种遗传基础狭窄,育种方法多样化程度较低,缺少突破性品种。     

Hymenopteran Parasitoids on Fruit-infesting Tephritidae (Diptera) in Latin America and the Southern United States: Diversity, Distribution, Taxonomic Status and their use in Fruit Fly Biological Control

We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.     

Brief Guide for Authors

正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad     

The parasitoid complex ofLiriomyza cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum)

Liriomyza cicerina (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is an important pest on chickpea in Turkey. The objective of this study was to determine the parasitoids and rates of parasitism ofL. cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) during the 2005 and 2006 seasons in ?anl?urfa province, Turkey. Leaves with mines were sampled weekly and kept in the laboratory to observe and count emerging leafminer and parasitoid adults. Eight parasitoid species were collected: the braconidsOpius monilicornis Fischer andOpius tersus Foerster and the eulophidsDiaulinopsis arenaria (Erdös) andNeochrysocharis formosa (Westwood), which occurred in both the winter and summer seasons;Diglyphus crassinervis Erdös,Neochrysocharis ambitiosa Hansson,Neochrysocharis sericea (Erdös) andPediobius metallicus (Nees), which occurred only in the summer growing areas.Diaulinopsis arenaria was the predominant parasitoid with 4–7.7% parasitism rate whileN. ambitiosa andO. monilicornis were the second and third most predominant species. The results of these trials show that sinceDia. arenaria occurred throughout every season, it could potentially be used for control of the leafminerL. cicerina.     

Plant–herbivore asynchrony necessitates augmentative releases of the exotic beetle,Zygogramma bicolorata,to enhance the biological control of P arthenium hysterophorus

Systematic information on the quantitative impact of Z ygogramma bicolorata on the biology of P arthenium hysterophorus is crucial as the seeds of this weed continue to germinate from the accumulated soil seed bank throughout the year in the form of different germinating flushes, while the activity of the beetle ceases during winter as it enters diapause. Therefore, plant–herbivore interactions need to be explored to develop predictions of the overall impact of the introduced beetle on the weed. The findings revealed that defoliation by Z . bicolorata had a significant impact on the plant height, density and flower production in flushes F ₃, F ₄ and F ₅, but not in F ₁ and F ₂ that exhibited longer periodicity, profuse branching, a longer flowering period and maximum flower production and contributed mostly to the existing seed soil bank. Therefore, total depletion of the existing soil seed bank was not possible. Consequently, the effect of augmentative field releases of laboratory‐reared beetles was explored on F ₁ and F ₂ in February for three consecutive years (2011–2013). Before initiating the trial, random soil samples were taken from the plots that were assigned to the paired treatments (i.e. with the beetle and without the beetle [insecticide‐treated]) and it was found that the seed bank in those samples did not differ. The single release of Z . bicolorata adults at five per plant at the six‐leaf stage significantly reduced the soil seed bank, compared to without the biocontrol agent, irrespective of the flushes at the end of the season.     

Effects of the saprophytic leaf mycoflora on growth and productivity of winter wheat

The effects of the saprophytic mycoflora and its interference with cereal aphids on growth and yield of winter and spring wheat was studied in field experiments in 1980, 1981 and 1982.Yields varied between 5000 and 8000 kg dry matter of kernels per ha. The effect of the saprophytic mycoflora on yield was determined in different treatments: A) no control measures against cereal aphids and saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, B) no control of cereal aphids, control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, C) control of cereal aphids and control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, D) control of cereal aphids and stimulation of saprophytic mycoflora and E) control of cereal aphids, no control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi nor stimulation of saprophytic mycoflora.Considerable differences in top densities of saprophytic mycoflora (10 times as large in A and D as in B and C) were determined. The consequences of these differences for the growth and productivity of wheat were minor. A negative effect of saprophytic mycoflora on the yield could not be detected in 1981 and 1982, whereas a small positive significant effect was found in 1980. This stimulation may have been due to competition between necrotrophic fungal pathogens and saprophytic mycoflora. As a result of favourable weather conditions necrotrophic fungal pathogens were very numerous in 1980 and could form an important yield reducing factor. Yield levels may effect the importance of the necrotrophic and saprophytic mycoflora as yield reducing factors. Additionally, in the presence of aphid honeydew captafol was found to be relatively ineffective against saprophytic fungi.     

Relationship Between Production of the Phytotoxin Prehelminthosporol and Virulence in Isolates of the Plant Pathogenic Fungus Bipolaris sorokiniana

A gas chromatographic method was developed to quantify the phytotoxin prehelminthosporol, which is a sesquiterpene metabolite of the plant pathogen Bipolaris sorokiniana. The toxin was extracted from mycelium or culture filtrates, pre-cleaned using solid phase extraction, and analyzed by gas chromatography as a trimethylsilyl-derivative. The detection limit of the method was 5ngl^–1 (signal to noise ratio 4:1) which corresponds to ca. 15ng prehelminthosporol per mg dry weight of mycelium or 15ng prehelminthosporol per ml culture filtrate. The total amount of prehelminthosporol (mycelium plus culture filtrate) increased with cultivation time when examined in six isolates of B. sorokiniana after 6, 9, 12 and 15 days of incubation. The screening experiment of 17 isolates for prehelminthosporol production after 8 days of incubation revealed significant differences in the toxin production between the isolates. The isolates with low toxin production had lower virulence towards barley roots compared to those with higher production of the toxin. However, the virulence did not increase with prehelminthosporol level among the high producing isolates. Prehelminthosporol was also analyzed in a number of related Bipolaris and Drechslera species. In addition to B. sorokiniana, three out of six Bipolaris species (B. setariae, B. zeicola, B. victoriae) produced prehelminthosporol, which indicates that ability to produce prehelminthosporol is conserved among closely-related Bipolaris species.     

Effect of botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins on the gut enzyme of the rice leaffolderCnaphalocrocis medinalis

The effect of botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins on gut enzyme activity of larvae of the rice leaffolderCnaphalocrocis medinalis (Guenée) (Insecta: Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) was investigated. Gut enzyme activities were affected by botanical insecticides and bacterial toxin individually and in combination. When fed a diet of rice leaves treated with botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins, in bioassays the activities of gut tissue enzymes — acid phosphatases (ACP), alkaline phosphatases (ALP) and adenosine triphosphatases (ATPase) — of rice leaffolder larvae were affected. When combined, the effect was more severe at a low concentration. Larvae that were chronically exposed to botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins showed a reduction in weight (59–89%) and exhibited a significant reduction in ACP, ALP and ATPase activities. The combination ofBacillus thuringiensis kurstaki and botanical insecticides caused a decrease of twofold in enzyme activity even at reduced concentration. A synergistic effect was found when botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins were combined at low doses. These effects were most pronounced in early instars. Clear dose-response relationships were established with respect to enzyme activity. In conclusion: (i) biopesticides are relatively safe and biodegradable; (ii) a synergistic effect of botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins was found; (iii) less expensive, readily available and naturally occurring biopesticides could be an alternative for organic and inorganic pesticides in controlling RLF. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Sept. 28, 2004.