苯噻酰草胺·苄嘧磺隆室内配方筛选试验

苯噻酰草胺和苄嘧磺隆复配可用作水稻田除草剂,通过室内测试对水稻田主要杂草千金子、稗草、鳢肠等的防除效果和对水稻的安全性完成苯·苄的配方筛选试验.结果表明,苯噻酰草胺和苄嘧磺隆的复配剂对千金子、鳢肠、稗草的联合毒力系数均高于100,为明显增效,尤以配方B(53%苯·苄,即苯噻酰草胺苄嘧磺隆=50%3%)联合毒力系数最高,确定为最优配方.     

吡嘧·丙草胺WP防除水稻田一年生杂草的效果及安全性

为明确55%吡嘧·丙草胺可湿性粉剂(WP)对水稻田中稗草、水苋菜、异型莎草、鳢肠、千金子的防效以及对水稻的安全性,进行防除水稻抛秧田一年生杂草的药效试验。结果表明:水稻抛秧后7~10 d用55%吡嘧·丙草胺WP 1 050 g/hm~2拌细潮土225 kg/hm~2人工撒施作土壤封闭处理,可以有效防除稗草、水苋菜、异型莎草、鳢肠、千金子,药后45 d株防效达88.33%,鲜质量防效达93.29%,对总杂草的防效均极显著高于对照药剂375 m L/hm~210%吡嘧磺隆WP、1 200 g/hm~230%丙草胺乳油单剂,对抛秧水稻安全。     

济宁滨湖区水稻田杂草发生情况调查

为明确济宁滨湖区水稻田杂草发生及危害状况,运用倒置"W"形9点取样法进行调查。调查结果显示,该地区水稻田杂草有10科17属20种,其中禾本科杂草占30. 00%,莎草科占20. 00%。相对多度较高的有扁秆藨草、鳢肠、稗、千金子等,分别为67. 29%、65. 75%、58. 67%、40. 15%。不同栽培方式下水稻田杂草优势度不同,但均以扁秆藨草、鳢肠、稗、千金子等杂草为主。     

2%双唑草腈颗粒剂对机插秧稻田杂草的防效及水稻的安全性

通过田间小区试验验证了2%双唑草腈颗粒剂(GR)对机插秧稻田杂草的防效及对水稻的安全性。结果表明:机插秧水稻移栽后12 d,2%双唑草腈GR 600 g/667 m~2及其以上剂量撒施处理对机插秧田稗属杂草、千金子、鸭舌草、耳叶水苋、鳢肠、异型莎草等杂草的株数和鲜质量防效优于机插秧稻田常规2次封闭施药处理(移栽前3 d 50%苯噻·苄WP 70 g/667 m~2毒土撒施+移栽后12 d 50%丙·苄WP 80 g/667 m~2毒土撒施),且对水稻安全。水稻移栽后12 d 2%双唑草腈GR 600 g/667 m~2撒施处理1次用药可有效控制机插秧稻田稗属杂草、千金子、鸭舌草、耳叶水苋、鳢肠、异型莎草等杂草,具有节本减药的综合效益,且对水稻安全,在机插秧稻田的推广应用前景广阔。     

1％(噁)嗪草酮悬浮剂及与其他除草剂混用对机插稻田杂草的防效

1％(噁)嗪草酮悬浮剂45 g a.i./hm2处理对稗属杂草、千金子的防效均为90％以上.1％(噁)嗪草酮悬浮剂37.5 g a.i./hm2剂量与10％苄嘧磺隆可湿性粉剂22.5 ga.i./hm2混用,对稗属杂草、千金子、鳢肠、陌上菜、丁香蓼、草龙、田菁及异型莎草的防效均达到80％以上.1％(噁)嗪草酮悬浮剂37.5 g a.i./hm2剂量与10％双草醚可湿性粉剂30 g a.i./hm2混用对稗属杂草、千金子、鳢肠、陌上菜、丁香蓼、草龙、田菁、野荸荠、异型莎草的防效为88％～ 100％.1％(噁)嗪草酮45 g a.i./hm2剂量及37.5 g a.i./hm2剂量与10％苄嘧磺隆可湿性粉剂22.5 g a.i./hm2混用或与10％双草醚可湿性粉剂30 g a.i./hm2混用,对机插秧水稻安全.     

灭扫利防治介壳虫

我场西瓜塑膜小棚苗床的杂草以马唐、狗尾草和苋类为主,禾本科杂草的发生量大,密度常在800株/米~2以上,移栽前需人工连续拔草2—3次。大田杂草主要有马唐、鳢肠、旱稗和牛筋草,混生有千金子、棒头草、皱果苋、小藜、龙葵和香附子等。经1985—     

二氯喹啉草酮对不同龄期稻田主要杂草的生物活性

采用室内整株生测法测定新型除草化合物二氯喹啉草酮对稻田主要杂草光头稗(Echinochloa colonum)、硬稃稗(Echinochloa glabrescens)、无芒稗(Echinochloa crusgalli var.mitis)、西来稗(Echinochloa crusgalli var.zelayensis)、千金子(Leptochloa chinensis)、马唐(Digitaria sanguinalis)、鳢肠(Eclipta prostrata)、碎米莎草(Cyperus iria)、异型莎草(Cyperus difformis)的生物活性。结果表明:二氯喹啉草酮对播后苗前、2~3叶期、4~5叶期的光头稗、硬稃稗、无芒稗、西来稗、马唐、鳢肠、异型莎草ED90在150~570 g a.i./hm2间;不同叶期的千金子对二氯喹啉草酮敏感性低,二氯喹啉草酮对其ED90均高于735 g a.i./hm~2。     

加拿大一枝黄花浸出液对杂草种子发芽的影响

加拿大一枝黄花的鲜根茎和鲜叶片分别用2种方法获取浸出液，并制成不同浓度，分别对日本看麦娘、小藜、旱稗、马唐、狗草尾、鳢肠和凹头苋等7种杂草种子进行发芽率测定。结果表明，浸出液对7种杂草种子的发芽势和发芽率均有明显的抑制作用。鲜根茎和鲜叶片的组织粉碎抽滤液的影响要大于鲜根茎和鲜叶片的水浸液。鲜叶片组织粉碎抽滤液的不同浓度对杂草种子发芽的影响不同，浓度越高影响越大。     

稻杰防除直播稻田杂草的效果及安全性

2.5%稻杰油悬剂用于直播稻田除草,具有杀草谱宽、除草效果好、对水稻安全等优点.于直播稻2叶1心、杂草3叶1心期,用2.5%稻杰油悬剂30～60 ml/667m2,可有效防除田间稗草、鳢肠、鸭舌草、异型莎草等淮北地区常见杂草,使用量在30 ml/667m2以上时,药后25 d对上述4种杂草的株防效分别为90.3%、88.9%、90.3%和82.0%,鲜重防效优于株防效.用药量越大,对杂草的防效越好.但稻杰对千金子基本无效,若田间千金子较多,需与防除千金子的药剂配合使用.     

磺草酮防除夏玉米地杂草的效果

15%磺草酮AS对玉米地常见的马唐、旱稗、凹头苋、马齿苋、碎米莎草、鳢肠、千金子等多种杂草均有较好的防除效果,杀草谱广,对玉米安全.在生产上使用15%磺草酮AS宜在杂草3～4叶期均匀喷雾,用量为200ml/667m2为宜.     

Hymenopteran Parasitoids on Fruit-infesting Tephritidae (Diptera) in Latin America and the Southern United States: Diversity, Distribution, Taxonomic Status and their use in Fruit Fly Biological Control

We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.     

Brief Guide for Authors

正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad     

The parasitoid complex ofLiriomyza cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum)

Liriomyza cicerina (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is an important pest on chickpea in Turkey. The objective of this study was to determine the parasitoids and rates of parasitism ofL. cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) during the 2005 and 2006 seasons in ?anl?urfa province, Turkey. Leaves with mines were sampled weekly and kept in the laboratory to observe and count emerging leafminer and parasitoid adults. Eight parasitoid species were collected: the braconidsOpius monilicornis Fischer andOpius tersus Foerster and the eulophidsDiaulinopsis arenaria (Erdös) andNeochrysocharis formosa (Westwood), which occurred in both the winter and summer seasons;Diglyphus crassinervis Erdös,Neochrysocharis ambitiosa Hansson,Neochrysocharis sericea (Erdös) andPediobius metallicus (Nees), which occurred only in the summer growing areas.Diaulinopsis arenaria was the predominant parasitoid with 4–7.7% parasitism rate whileN. ambitiosa andO. monilicornis were the second and third most predominant species. The results of these trials show that sinceDia. arenaria occurred throughout every season, it could potentially be used for control of the leafminerL. cicerina.     

Plant–herbivore asynchrony necessitates augmentative releases of the exotic beetle,Zygogramma bicolorata,to enhance the biological control of P arthenium hysterophorus

Systematic information on the quantitative impact of Z ygogramma bicolorata on the biology of P arthenium hysterophorus is crucial as the seeds of this weed continue to germinate from the accumulated soil seed bank throughout the year in the form of different germinating flushes, while the activity of the beetle ceases during winter as it enters diapause. Therefore, plant–herbivore interactions need to be explored to develop predictions of the overall impact of the introduced beetle on the weed. The findings revealed that defoliation by Z . bicolorata had a significant impact on the plant height, density and flower production in flushes F ₃, F ₄ and F ₅, but not in F ₁ and F ₂ that exhibited longer periodicity, profuse branching, a longer flowering period and maximum flower production and contributed mostly to the existing seed soil bank. Therefore, total depletion of the existing soil seed bank was not possible. Consequently, the effect of augmentative field releases of laboratory‐reared beetles was explored on F ₁ and F ₂ in February for three consecutive years (2011–2013). Before initiating the trial, random soil samples were taken from the plots that were assigned to the paired treatments (i.e. with the beetle and without the beetle [insecticide‐treated]) and it was found that the seed bank in those samples did not differ. The single release of Z . bicolorata adults at five per plant at the six‐leaf stage significantly reduced the soil seed bank, compared to without the biocontrol agent, irrespective of the flushes at the end of the season.     

Richtlinien der Verbände des ökologischen Landbaus zum Vorratsschutz

Zusammenfassung Verbände des ökologischen Landbaus wie z. B. Bioland, Gäa, Demeter; Naturland, Ernte für das Leben oder Bio Suisse beschränken ihre Mitglieder bei der Wahl von Vorratsschutzmaßnahmen. Vorrang besitzen Maßnahmen zur Vermeidung von Schädlingen gegenüber Bekämpfungsmaßnahmen. Fallen müssen zur Befallsüberwachung eingesetzt werden, um einen Befall durch Vorratsschädlinge frühzeitig zu erkennen. Diese Maßnahmen sollen den weitgehenden Verzicht auf chemisch-synthetische Mittel ermöglichen. In diesem Beitrag werden die Empfehlungen der Verbände mit den derzeit verfügbaren chemischen Mitteln für den Vorratsschutz abgeglichen. Erfahrung in der praktischen Umsetzung von physikalischen und biologischen Verfahren werden diskutiert und Defizite bei der Befallsüberwachung und Bekämpfung beschrieben.     

Effects of the saprophytic leaf mycoflora on growth and productivity of winter wheat

The effects of the saprophytic mycoflora and its interference with cereal aphids on growth and yield of winter and spring wheat was studied in field experiments in 1980, 1981 and 1982.Yields varied between 5000 and 8000 kg dry matter of kernels per ha. The effect of the saprophytic mycoflora on yield was determined in different treatments: A) no control measures against cereal aphids and saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, B) no control of cereal aphids, control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, C) control of cereal aphids and control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, D) control of cereal aphids and stimulation of saprophytic mycoflora and E) control of cereal aphids, no control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi nor stimulation of saprophytic mycoflora.Considerable differences in top densities of saprophytic mycoflora (10 times as large in A and D as in B and C) were determined. The consequences of these differences for the growth and productivity of wheat were minor. A negative effect of saprophytic mycoflora on the yield could not be detected in 1981 and 1982, whereas a small positive significant effect was found in 1980. This stimulation may have been due to competition between necrotrophic fungal pathogens and saprophytic mycoflora. As a result of favourable weather conditions necrotrophic fungal pathogens were very numerous in 1980 and could form an important yield reducing factor. Yield levels may effect the importance of the necrotrophic and saprophytic mycoflora as yield reducing factors. Additionally, in the presence of aphid honeydew captafol was found to be relatively ineffective against saprophytic fungi.     

Development of protocols for detection of Colletotrichum acutatum and monitoring of strawberry anthracnose using real-time PCR

Real-time PCR (TaqMan®) assays were developed for the specific detection and discrimination of Colletotrichum spp., C. acutatum and C. gloeosporioides causing anthracnose in strawberry using the most divergent area of the internal transcribed spacers (ITS1 and ITS2) and 5·8S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene region. The specificity of the new assays was tested using DNA from six species of Colletotrichum and nine fungal species commonly found associated with strawberry material, and additionally by comparing the sequences with those from databases using a blast search. The sequences only showed identity with homologous sequences from the desired target organisms. The new assays were 10–100 times more sensitive than conventional PCR methods previously published for the diagnosis of strawberry anthracnose. When real-time PCR was compared with ELISA methods, PCR improved the sensitivity of the identification by obtaining positive results for samples of strawberry plant material that tested negative with ELISA. The development of C. acutatum was monitored using artificially infected strawberry crowns from two strawberry cultivars (Camarosa and Ventana) and a real-time PCR assay specific for this species between January and June 2006. The amount of C. acutatum detected using real-time PCR varied significantly by month ( P  < 0·001), but not by cultivar ( P  = 0·394). The new assays were shown to be useful tools for rapid detection and identification of these pathogens and to allow rapid and accurate assessment of the casual agents of anthracnose in strawberry.     

Relationship Between Production of the Phytotoxin Prehelminthosporol and Virulence in Isolates of the Plant Pathogenic Fungus Bipolaris sorokiniana

A gas chromatographic method was developed to quantify the phytotoxin prehelminthosporol, which is a sesquiterpene metabolite of the plant pathogen Bipolaris sorokiniana. The toxin was extracted from mycelium or culture filtrates, pre-cleaned using solid phase extraction, and analyzed by gas chromatography as a trimethylsilyl-derivative. The detection limit of the method was 5ngl^–1 (signal to noise ratio 4:1) which corresponds to ca. 15ng prehelminthosporol per mg dry weight of mycelium or 15ng prehelminthosporol per ml culture filtrate. The total amount of prehelminthosporol (mycelium plus culture filtrate) increased with cultivation time when examined in six isolates of B. sorokiniana after 6, 9, 12 and 15 days of incubation. The screening experiment of 17 isolates for prehelminthosporol production after 8 days of incubation revealed significant differences in the toxin production between the isolates. The isolates with low toxin production had lower virulence towards barley roots compared to those with higher production of the toxin. However, the virulence did not increase with prehelminthosporol level among the high producing isolates. Prehelminthosporol was also analyzed in a number of related Bipolaris and Drechslera species. In addition to B. sorokiniana, three out of six Bipolaris species (B. setariae, B. zeicola, B. victoriae) produced prehelminthosporol, which indicates that ability to produce prehelminthosporol is conserved among closely-related Bipolaris species.