甲磺隆、氯磺隆等除草剂的登记应用现状及防止药害的几项管理措施

甲磺隆、氯磺隆等除草剂由于除草活性高,用药量小,常常被人们称之为“超高效除草剂”。同时,它们在土壤中残效期较长,分解慢,而在旱田中分解更慢,残效期可达6个月左右,因此使用不当,极易对农作物引起药害。1甲磺隆、氯磺隆等除草剂的登记应用情况目前取得甲磺隆原药登记的农药企业共有11家,登记氯磺隆原药和胺苯磺隆原药的企业各有6家。甲磺隆制剂共有36个产品,主要为甲磺隆单剂以及与苄嘧磺隆或与乙草胺等的混剂;氯磺隆制剂共有18个产品,主要为氯磺隆单剂以及与苯磺隆、甲磺隆或与异丙隆等除草剂的混剂;胺苯磺隆制剂有16个产品,主要为胺苯…     

甲磺隆·氯磺隆·噻吩磺隆混剂液相色谱分析

本文采用高效液相色谱法，以C18柱为固定相，甲醇＋水＋冰乙酸为流动相．用236nm紫外检测器定量测定噻吩磺隆、甲磺隆和氯磺隆混剂的含量。本方法的变异系数分别为0．80％、0．78％、1．11％；标准偏差分别为0．084、0．084、0．114；平均回收率分别为98．9％、99．2％、99．6％；线性相关系数分别为0．9996、0．9921、0．9994。     

磺酰脲类除草剂受市场热捧

中国是磺酰脲类除草剂生产和使用大国。目前,实现国产化的磺酰脲类品种共有苄嘧磺隆、氯磺隆、苯磺隆、甲磺隆、氯嘧磺隆、烟嘧磺隆、吡嘧磺隆、胺苯磺隆、醚苯磺隆、噻吩磺隆、砜嘧磺隆、磺酰磺隆12个,     

16%苯磺隆·氯磺隆可湿性粉剂防除小麦田杂草试验

16%苯磺隆·氯磺隆防除小麦田杂草,药后45d,其150g/hm2处理的除草效果达84%以上,且该药剂的安全性好,是小麦田较好的除草剂之一。     

甲磺隆的应用技术及对后茬作物的安全性研究

在冬小麦 1～ 2叶期施用甲磺隆 1.8～ 2.5 g/hm2 ,可有效防除北京地区麦田常见阔叶杂草 ,优于当前常用除草剂苯磺隆 15g/hm2 春季施用的除草效果 ,安全性与春季施用苯磺隆 15g/hm2 相当。实验室降解结果表明 ,当甲磺隆初始浓度为 6.25μg/kg以下时 ,经过215d后 ,对后茬玉米安全。研究表明 ,向日葵是甲磺隆理想的生物测定试材 ,对甲磺隆的最低检出浓度达到 0.125μg/kg,其根长抑制率与除草剂浓度有高度的相关性 ,最佳的剂量 -反应模型为 y=a+b lnx     

中华人民共和国农业部公告第671号停止批准新增含甲磺隆等除草剂产品的登记

为进一步解决甲磺隆等磺酰脲类长残效除草剂对后茬作物产生药害事故的问题，保障农业生产安全．保护广大农民利益，根据《农药管理条例》的有关规定，结合我国实际，我部决定对含甲磺隆、氯磺隆和胺苯磺隆等除草剂产品实行以下管理措施。     

土壤中砜嘧磺隆和氯磺隆残留的光化学荧光分析方法研究

用紫外线照射非荧光特性的砜嘧磺隆和氯磺隆,通过生成具有荧光特性的衍生物,分别研究了其在不同介质中的荧光特性及其影响因子,建立了测定土壤中砜嘧磺隆和氯磺隆残留的光化学荧光分析法(PCF)。结果表明:在2×10-3 mol/L、一定酸碱度(砜嘧磺隆pH 7、氯磺隆pH 12)的十六烷基三甲基氯化铵(CTAC)胶体分散体系中,紫外照射150 s是PCF法测定砜嘧磺 隆和氯磺隆残留的最佳条件,在此条件下砜嘧磺隆和氯磺隆的检出限(LOD)分别为0.7和0.6 μg/kg, 相对标准偏差(RSD)分别为1.7%和2.1%;在黄松田水稻土、黄红壤性水稻土和青紫泥田水稻土3种不同性质的土壤中,砜嘧磺隆和氯磺隆同时测定的平均回收率分别为99.0%±1.0%和98.7%±4.1%、97.6%±1.7%和97.0%±4.7%、96.7 %±2.3%和95.4%±5.5%;所建立的PCF法可有效、快速测定土壤中同时残留的微量砜嘧磺隆和氯磺隆。     

高效液相色谱法测定混剂中苯磺隆和异丙隆含量

本文叙述了采用反相高效液相色谱法,即以乙腈 水=70 30(V/V)为流动相,C18柱和紫外检测器同柱分离测定50%苯磺隆.异丙隆可湿性粉剂中的苯磺隆和异丙隆。结果表明,苯磺隆和异丙隆的标准偏差分别为0.02、0.03;变异系数分别为0.43%、0.05%;平均回收率分别为99.78%、99.93%;线性相关系数分别为0.9998、0.9996。     

氯磺隆等7种农药禁用后哪些替代产品可选择

农业部发布了第2032号公告,决定对氯磺隆、福美胂等7种高风险农药逐步采取禁限用管理措施,并列出了清晰的执行时间表——自2015年12月31日起,将禁止福美胂、福美甲胂、氯磺隆所有产品和甲磺隆、胺苯磺隆单剂在国内销售和使用;     

甲磺隆污染土壤生物修复的初步探索

以14C-甲磺隆为例,通过投加优选菌株青霉(Penicillium sp.)和发酵有机肥,研究了污染土壤中甲磺隆除草剂的生物修复。结果显示,加入优选菌株Penicillium sp.或有机肥对甲磺隆污染土壤进行生物修复是可行的,Penicillium sp.或有机肥的引入,显著提高了土壤中甲磺隆残留物的降解速率,并大大减少了土壤中结合态甲磺隆残留物的形成,甲磺隆的降解半衰期由162.3 d降至42.5~51.6 d,56 d时其结合残留率仅为1.1%~4.6%,而对照土壤中结合残留率仍达到35.6%。     

溴甲烷在番茄土壤消毒中替代技术研究

采用保护地内划分小区实验方法，在番茄载培过程中，研究了代替溴甲烷的其它3种消毒技术，结果表明，生物熏蒸，人工基质和阿维菌素对防治根结线虫都有不同的效果，增产幅度分别为18．9％，14．05％，19．0％，同时嗅甲烷土壤消毒增产22．06％。从直接经济效益看，阿维菌素＞生物熏蒸＞溴甲烷＞人工基质。     

Effect of soil physical factors on methyl iodide and methyl bromide

Production and importation of methyl bromide is scheduled to be banned by 2001. Methyl iodide was evaluated as a possible replacement soil fumigant. The effects of soil moisture, temperature, soil texture and fumigation time on the efficacy of methyl iodide for the control of two common weeds, Abutilon theophrasti and Lolium multiflorum, were characterized and compared with those of methyl bromide. The optimal soil moisture for methyl iodide to kill both weed species in sandy soils was 14% water content (w/w). Greater efficacy was obtained when the temperature during fumigation was above 20°C. Compared to methyl bromide, the efficacy of methyl iodide was more consistent in different soils. Time to 100% mortality of weeds was 24 h for methyl iodide fumigation and 36 h for methyl bromide when 200 μM of fumigant was used. On a molar basis methyl iodide was consistently more effective than methyl bromide across the range of environmental factors tested. In terms of application technology and spectrum of activity, methyl bromide can be directly replaced by methyl iodide. © 1998 SCI     

胺苯磺隆·草除灵·噁唑禾草灵悬浮剂液相色谱分析

本文采用高效液相色谱法，以C18柱为固定相，甲醇 水为流动相，用236nm紫外检测器定量测定胺苯磺隆、草除灵、恶唑禾草灵混剂的含量。本方法的变异系数分别为0．65％、0．06％、0．40％；标准偏差分别为0．013、0．009、0．0323平均回收率分别为98．31％、100．05％、99.13％；线性相关系数分别为0．9956、0．9978、0.9988。     

Applicability of ELISA for determination of metsulfuron‐methyl in soil samples

An immunoassay (ELISA) for analysis of metsulfuron‐methyl was evaluated as a method for quantifying residues in soil. Soil samples were extracted with phosphate buffered saline (PBS), PBS + acetone (80 + 20 by volume) or ammonium carbonate and were analyzed with both ELISA and LC‐MS. A tendency for the ELISA to overstimate the metsulfuron‐methyl content was noted and matrix effects were pronounced, particularly in PBS + acetone or ammonium carbonate extracts. Dilution of extracts before analysis improved the situation but reduced the sensitivity of the assay. Using light standard concentrations it was shown that the extracts in PBS on dilutions exhibited a curve parallel with the standard curve, indicating no significant interference due to matrix effects. A working range of 10–250 ng litre⁻¹ was found for ELISA on this type of extracts. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry     

25％福美双·克百威·萎锈灵悬浮种衣剂液相色谱分析

本文采用高效液相色谱法,以C18为固定相,甲醇+水为流动相,用紫外检测器定量测定混剂中福美双、克百威和萎锈灵的含量。本方法的变异系数分别为0.11%、0.01%、0.03%;标准偏差分别为0.013、0.007、0.021;平均回收率分别为99.35%、99.17%、99.60%;线性相关系数分别为0.9996、0.9989、0.9994。     

Evaluation of methyl iodide as a soil fumigant in container and small field plot studies

Methyl iodide was evaluated as a soil fumigant as a potential replacement for the widely used soil fumigant methyl bromide. In container trials, methyl iodide was significantly more effective than methyl bromide against the plant parasitic nematodes Meloidogyne incognita, Heterodera schachtii and Tylenchulus semipenetrans and the plant pathogenic fungus Rhizoctonia solani. In small field plots, soil populations of root-knot nematodes were no longer detected after methyl iodide fumigation at an application rate of 112 kg ha^-1. However, after growing a susceptible lima bean host for two months, substantial root-knot galling occurred, while Rhizobium nodulation was absent. At 168 kg ha^-1 of methyl iodide, root-knot galling was reduced to less than 1%, and no Pythium propagules were recovered on selective detection media. These efficacy data support the conclusion that methyl iodide is a likely candidate for replacing methyl bromide as a soil fumigant. © 1998 SCI.     

苄嘧磺隆10％漂浮粒剂的研究

以95％苄嘧磺隆为原药,尿素为崩解剂,以十二烷基硫酸钠为润湿剂,以PO-EO嵌段聚醚为扩散剂,以硅氧烷制剂为憎水剂,以玻璃空心珠为填料,对苄磺隆10％漂浮粒剂进行了研究,并确定了最佳配方。     

Methyl jasmonate and methyl salicylate, but not cis-jasmone, evoke defenses against infection of Arabidopsis thaliana by Orobanche aegyptiaca

The mechanism by which some plant species develop resistance to the root parasite, broomrape ( Orobanche aegyptiaca ), is still not clear. Resistance to other pathogens can be induced by methyl jasmonate and systemic acquired resistance can be induced by treatment with salicylic acid, while cis -jasmone can act as a signaling molecule in plant–insect interactions. The three compounds studied, methyl jasmonate, cis -jasmone, and methyl salicylate, were applied to Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings that were then transferred to Nunc cell culture plates and exposed to the germinating seeds of O. aegyptiaca . The number of infections of the roots of single seedlings of A. thaliana was then quantified. Exposure for 24 h to very low concentrations of methyl jasmonate or methyl salicylate, which were then removed, effectively induced resistance to infection of A. thaliana by O. aegyptiaca , reducing attachment and tubercle formation by 90%. cis -Jasmone was far less effective in inducing a similar resistance to infection. These results support the view that methyl jasmonate can induce almost full resistance to infection by broomrape. The fact that such resistance is not observed under normal conditions of infection supports the idea that the root parasite does not evoke the full defensive response in the host plant.     

Efficacy of methyl iodide and synergy with chloropicrin for control of fungi

Efficacy of soil fumigation with methyl bromide and methyl iodide against Botrytis cinerea, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Fusarium oxysporum, Gliocladium virens, Phytophthora citricola, Phytophthora citrophthora, Pythium ultimum, Rhizoctonia solani and Verticillium dahliae was determined in laboratory experiments in closed fumigation chambers. Pythium ultimum was the most sensitive fungal species with EC₅₀ values for methyl bromide and methyl iodide of 15.5 and 8.6 µM , respectively. R solani was the least sensitive with EC₅₀ values of 253.4 and 161.4 µM for methyl bromide and methyl iodide, respectively. Relative potency ([methyl bromide]/[methyl iodide]) values ranged from 5.2 for P citricola to 1.5 for F oxysporum. Methyl iodide was 2.7 more efficacious than methyl bromide averaged over all fungal species. Methyl bromide/chloropicrin and methyl iodide/chloropicrin applied jointly were 2.2 and 2.8 times more efficacious, respectively, against F oxysporum than when the compounds were applied singly. Combining methyl bromide and methyl iodide with chloropicrin resulted in a significant synergistic increase in activity against F oxysporum. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry     

Effect of adjuvants on the rainfastness and performance of tribenuron‐methyl on broad‐leaved weeds

The influence of a non‐ionic surfactant (20% isodecyl alcohol ethoxylate plus 0.7% silicone surfactants), an anionic surfactant (25.5% alkylethersulfate sodium salt), and a vegetable oil (95% natural rapeseed oil with 5% compound emulsifiers) on the performance and rainfastness of a new commercial formulation of tribenuron‐methyl was assessed on four broad‐leaved weeds: wild mustard (Sinapis arvensis), scentless mayweed (Tripleurospermum inodorum), common poppy (Papaver rhoeas), and common lambsquarters (Chenopodium album). In one experiment, six doses of tribenuron‐methyl alone or in a mixture with each of the three adjuvants were applied to each weed species at two different leaf stages. In another experiment, the plants of T. inodorum were sprayed and subsequently subjected to 3 mm of rain at 1, 2, and 4 h after treatment (HAT). The activity of tribenuron‐methyl was significantly enhanced by all the adjuvants on all the weed species and only minor differences were observed among the tested adjuvants. The impact of the adjuvants varied among the weed species and growth stages. The highest response to the inclusion of adjuvants in the spray liquid was found at the late growth stage and on C. album, followed by P. rhoeas and T. inodorum, while S. arvensis was less responsive to the adjuvants. All the adjuvants significantly improved the rainfastness of tribenuron‐methyl on T. inodorum, with differences among the adjuvants being more pronounced when rain occurred shortly after herbicide application. The effect of the vegetable oil on tribenuron‐methyl's rainfastness was significantly lower than that of the surfactants with rain at 1 HAT, while no significant differences among the three adjuvants were observed when rain occurred at 2 and 4 HAT.