温度和规格对虾夷扇贝干露耐受性的影响

研究了不同温度(10~17℃、15~17℃和20℃)对不同规格(平均壳高分别为831.7μm、3.2mm和26.7mm)虾夷扇贝干露耐受性的影响。试验结果表明,同种规格虾夷扇贝的干露耐受性随温度升高而降低;不同规格中,以平均壳高为831.7μm的稚贝对干露耐受性最高。在起始温度15℃和10℃干露条件下,20h以前,壳高3.2mm虾夷扇贝的成活率与壳高26.7mm的成活率差异不显著(P0.05),但壳高3.2mm虾夷扇贝成活率略低于壳高26.7mm虾夷扇贝的成活率,20h后,壳高3.2mm虾夷扇贝的干露成活率显著高于壳高26.7mm虾夷扇贝的成活率(P0.05)。本研究结果对不同规格虾夷扇贝苗种运输时的策略制定具有重要指导意义。     

北黄海虾夷扇贝(Patinopecten yessoensis)定居群体的生态适应性研究

本研究选取山东长岛、辽宁海洋岛和獐子岛底播的虾夷扇贝(Patinopecten yessoensis)群体、人工选育的“獐子岛红”品种养殖群体、辽宁旅顺自然群体以及原产地日本青森县陆奥湾自然群体,运用稳定同位素技术探究虾夷扇贝不同地理群体的特征.结果显示,(1)虾夷扇贝各群体的闭壳肌和内脏团δ13C值分别为-20.47‰±0.66‰和-24.13‰±2.41‰;闭壳肌和内脏团δ15N值分别为8.52‰±1.32‰和7.26‰±0.49‰.(2)基于δ13C值和δ15N值的单因素方差分析(One-wayANOVA)显示,群体间各个取样点闭壳肌和内脏团的碳、氮稳定同位素比值差异显著(P＜0.05);基于地理位置构建所有群体的碳氮稳定性同位素散点分布图,可以明显地区别中国群体和日本群体.(3)中国8个虾夷扇贝群体之间,只有长岛群体的碳、氮稳定同位素比值明显低于其他群体,而其余群体之间差异不显著(P＞0.05).研究表明,虾夷扇贝中国群体与日本群体间已经存在较大的差异,且中国群体间因生长海域、水文环境的不同也呈现出分群现象.说明虾夷扇贝定居群体在不同的生态环境下已产生了不同程度的适应性改变.     

菲律宾蛤仔奶牛蛤品系两个世代的杂交与近交效应

为改良菲律宾蛤仔奶牛蛤品系的表型性状,于2010年7月以奶牛品系的全同胞子一代和子二代上选10%的个体作为亲本,采用双列杂交法,建立近交组合(F₂₂、F₃₃)、杂交组合(F₂₃、F₃₂)并设置对照组(C₂₂、C₃₃),研究了两个近交世代的杂交效应及近交效应。结果表明,杂交使得幼虫的生长性状和存活性状得到了部分改良,但稚贝的生长性状尚未得到提高。幼虫表现出微弱的生长优势,中亲生长优势为(0.95±1.23);F₂₃杂种优势为(0.36±0.59),F₃₂杂种优势为(1.56±1.96)。稚贝表现为杂种劣势,中亲生长劣势为(-2.90±3.20);F₂₃稚贝杂种劣势为(-4.60±3.21),F₃₂稚贝杂种劣势为(-0.75±10.13)。幼虫和稚贝均表现为存活优势,中亲存活优势分别为(9.43±4.41)、(8.66±12.25);F₂₃存活优势分别为(0.77±3.60)、(6.70±8.81);F₃₂存活优势分别为(20.93±7.92)、(10.94±16.28)。杂交效应主要受到交配方式的影响,母本效应主要作用于幼虫期。近交使得世代F₂₂、F₃₃的生长性状得到了改良,但两个世代的存活性状均出现了不同程度的近交衰退。世代 F₂₂、F₃₃幼虫期生长性状表现为近交衰退,衰退率分别为(5.17±4.38)、(4.99±2.72);稚贝期生长性状未表现出近交衰退现象,其衰退率分别为(-0.79±13.66)、(-0.93±12.85)。对于存活性状而言,两个世代均出现近交衰退现象,世代F₂₂及F33幼虫和稚贝的近交衰退率分别为(0.16±5.82)、(9.98±10.04),(19.33±11.28)、(13.08±16.17)。表型性状的近交效应主要受到世代效应的影响。通过上选、杂交与近交的有机结合,有效地改良了奶牛蛤品系的表型性状。     

温度波动对不同规格虾夷扇贝(Patinopecten yessoensis)生理和免疫指标的影响

为探讨黄海冷水团锋面温度波动对底播虾夷扇贝(Patinopecten yessoensis)的影向,采用室内模拟的方法,研究了温度波动对虾夷扇贝生理和免疫指标的影响.实验温度波动范围为15-10-15℃,升降温幅度为5℃/2 h,共进行了4次温度波动,分别测定了3个规格虾夷扇贝死亡率、耗氧率、排氨率以及血液中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活力等生理、免疫指标的变化情况.结果显示,温度波动4次后,大、中、小3个规格虾夷扇贝的死亡率均较低,分别为4％、6％、6％,其中,大规格虾夷扇贝的死亡率低于中、小规格,并且大规格虾夷扇贝在前2次温度波动时出现死亡,第3次温度波动后,不再出现死亡.3个规格组在B1(波动1次)时的耗氧率与初始相比,均为降低;随着波动次数的增加,耗氧率逐渐增加而高于初始水平.除小规格组的B1外,排氨率均随温度波动次数的增加而降低;多重比较分析结果显示,大规格组的B3(波动3次)显著低于波动初始(P＜0.05);中规格组的B4(波动4次)显著低于波动初始(P＜0.05).虾夷扇贝的免疫指标对温度波动更为敏感:温度波动1次或者2次时,3个规格组的SOD和CAT活性显著降低(P＜0.05).上述结果表明,适宜温度范围内的温度波动,也会对虾夷扇贝的生理、免疫指标产生不同程度的影响.     

温度波动对不同规格虾夷扇贝(Patinopecten yessoensis)生理和免疫指标的影响

为探讨黄海冷水团锋面温度波动对底播虾夷扇贝(Patinopecten yessoensis)的影响,采用室内模拟的方法,研究了温度波动对虾夷扇贝生理和免疫指标的影响。实验温度波动范围为15-10-15℃,升降温幅度为5℃/2 h,共进行了4次温度波动,分别测定了3个规格虾夷扇贝死亡率、耗氧率、排氨率以及血液中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活力等生理、免疫指标的变化情况。结果显示,温度波动4次后,大、中、小3个规格虾夷扇贝的死亡率均较低,分别为4%、6%、6%,其中,大规格虾夷扇贝的死亡率低于中、小规格,并且大规格虾夷扇贝在前2次温度波动时出现死亡,第3次温度波动后,不再出现死亡。3个规格组在B1(波动1次)时的耗氧率与初始相比,均为降低;随着波动次数的增加,耗氧率逐渐增加而高于初始水平。除小规格组的B1外,排氨率均随温度波动次数的增加而降低;多重比较分析结果显示,大规格组的B3(波动3次)显著低于波动初始(P0.05);中规格组的B4(波动4次)显著低于波动初始(P0.05)。虾夷扇贝的免疫指标对温度波动更为敏感:温度波动1次或者2次时,3个规格组的SOD和CAT活性显著降低(P0.05)。上述结果表明,适宜温度范围内的温度波动,也会对虾夷扇贝的生理、免疫指标产生不同程度的影响。     

虾夷扇贝肌原纤维蛋白热稳定性的季节性差异

为探究虾夷扇贝原料特性的季节差异,分别对春(4月)、夏(7月)、秋(10月)和冬(1月)产活品虾夷扇贝的商品属性及闭壳肌ATP与ATPase分布进行了分析比较；以肌原纤维蛋白(Myofibrillar protein ,Mf)-Ca_²⁺ATPase活性为检测指标,重点探索闭壳肌蛋白热稳定性的季节性差异,并对闭壳肌两种肌肉即横纹肌与平滑肌的蛋白热稳定性做了对比分析。结果显示：春季虾夷扇贝最肥满,生殖腺占总重的比率高达6.96%,其他三个季节仅为1.79%~2.95%。主要可食部位闭壳肌的蛋白质、脂肪和ATP含量的季节性差异都不明显,闭壳肌富含蛋白质,含量占干基75%~80%,脂肪含量很低,仅为0.63%~1.00%；值得关注的是,在春和夏两个季节闭壳肌总糖含量分别为11.14%和13.84%,显著高于秋冬两季,,而冬季含量最低,仅为2.67%。横纹肌ATP含量在各个季节都高于平滑肌,二者分别为4.3-5.0 μmol/g和1.2-1.6 μmol/g；横纹肌与平滑肌的ATP及其关联物含量的季节性差异均不明显；此外,横纹肌与平滑肌具有相似的热稳定性,在30℃和35℃下加热30min后,Mf-Ca_²⁺ATPase活性均并未有显著变化,而40℃加热Mf-Ca_²⁺ATPase酶活开始降低,45℃酶活下降加剧,50℃加热10min内二者的Mf-Ca_²⁺ATPase活力均丧失殆尽。春季虾夷扇贝的肌肉蛋白热稳定性最差,其横纹肌与平滑肌Mf-Ca_²⁺ATPase易于失活,且横纹肌失活速率略高于平滑肌；秋冬和夏季则差异不大；研究还发现,肌肉蛋白Mf存在两种热变性速率,推测在虾夷扇贝闭壳肌蛋白中具有两种稳定性不同的肌球蛋白,尚需进一步分析探明。     

虾夷扇贝家系早中期生长性状比较与遗传参数估计

为获得虾夷扇贝快速生长家系及早中期生长性状遗传参数,以2011年培育的虾夷扇贝F28个半同胞和16个全同胞家系为实验材料,在其7~13月龄期间,测量其各生长性状,进行各生长性状变异分析、各生长性状多重比较分析,估计虾夷扇贝早中期各性状的遗传力和重复力,并对壳高、壳长、壳宽与活体质量各性状进行表型相关性和遗传相关性分析。结果表明,虾夷扇贝早中期生长性状中活体质量的变异系数最大,为37.40%~69.81%;壳高的变异系数最小,为12.74%~22.77%,表明虾夷扇贝各生长性状均有较大的选育空间。研究获得壳高、壳长、壳宽和活体质量快速生长家系Py11-02、Py11-03和Py11-15号家系。虾夷扇贝壳高、壳长、壳宽和活体质量的遗传力分别为0.220~0.586、0.151~0.511、0.200~0.742、0.219~0.617,为中高等遗传力;重复力分别为0.11~0.29、0.08~0.25、0.10~0.36、0.11~0.30,为中低等重复力;壳高、壳长、壳宽与活体质量间的表型相关分别为0.926~0.935、0.929~0.943、0.692~0.937,均达到极显著水平(P0.01);遗传相关分别为0.908~0.984、0.921~0.975、0.946~0.981,均表现出高度遗传相关。研究为虾夷扇贝良种培育提供一定的理论依据。     

石灰虫、苔藓虫和才女虫对不同群体虾夷扇贝的寄生选择研究

<正>虾夷扇贝(Patinopecten yesoensis)属软体动物门、双壳纲、翼形亚纲、珍珠目、扇贝科、虾夷扇贝属,主要分布在日本的北海道、本州北部水域。虾夷扇贝主要摄食个体较小的浮游植物、细菌及有机碎屑等。虾夷扇贝寿命较长,可活10年左右,20世纪80年代由辽宁省海洋水产研究所引进并繁殖。虾夷扇贝为我国重要经济贝类,目前最主要的养殖方式为底播增殖。此种养殖模式具有生长快、成本低、经济效益好等优     

基于线粒体序列的新疆4个河鲈野生群体的遗传现状分析

为了解我国新疆地区河鲈(Perca fluviatilis)的遗传现状, 本研究分析了新疆乌伦古河水系和喀啦额尔齐斯河 4 个河鲈野生群体的线粒体 CO I、Cyt b 和 D-loop 3 个区段序列的遗传多样性, 并与欧洲群体进行了比较。结果显示, 新疆 4 个群体的线粒体 CO I、Cyt b 基因和 D-loop 区序列分别有 3、10 和 10 个变异位点(分别占序列总长的 0.49%, 0.90%和 1.92%), 定义了 4、11 和 11 个单倍型, 单倍型多样性分别为 0.065±0.022、0.276±0.049和 0.186± 0.046, 核苷酸多样性分别为 0.00011±0.00004、0.00033±0.00007 和 0.00084±0.00013, 呈现出低水平遗传多样性。中国新疆河鲈群体和欧洲群体不存在共享的单倍型, 单倍型聚类树和网络图也表现出明显分隔, 两者为不同的遗传系谱。 中国新疆乌伦古河水系的乌伦古湖(WL)、吉力湖(JH)和乌伦古河(WR) 3 个群体基于 Cyt b 基因和 D-loop 区序列估计群体间变异分别为?0.005%和 0.44%, 遗传分化系数(F_st)为?0.00045 和 0.00436, 处于低程度分化(F_st＜0.05), 两两群体间的遗传分化程度较低(F_st=?0.01158~0.01803), 遗传交流多, 为同一个遗传系谱, 尤其是两湖之间存在共享单倍型, F_st均为负值, 基因交流频繁, 无遗传分化; 喀啦额尔齐斯河(ER)与乌伦古河水系共 4 个群体基于 CO I 基因估计群体间变异为 1.57%, F_st 为 0.01568, 但 ER 群体与 WL 群体处于中度遗传分化(F_st=0.06614＞0.05), ER 与 WR 群体处于高度遗传分化(F_st=0.24627＞0.15), 可能由于水坝的阻断, 遗传资源得不到补充, 喀啦额尔齐斯河形成了一个独立的遗传系谱。本研究结果可为新疆河鲈种群多样性保护以及种质资源开发利用提供参考。     

虾夷扇贝体形性状对软体重和闭壳肌重的影响效果分析

利用虾夷扇贝表型性状资料，分析性状间的相关关系及其相关程度，建立相应的回归方程，为扇贝的选择育种奠定基础。试验随机抽取126只体形规则的3龄大连獐子岛海区底播增殖的虾夷扇贝，其中雌雄各63只，测定其壳长(X1)、壳高(X2)、壳宽(X3)、活体重(Y)、软体重(Z)和闭壳肌重(W)，分别计算相关系数，采用通径分析方法计算了以体形性状为自变量对软体重和闭壳肌重作依变量的通径系数、决定系数及相关指数，定量的分析了体形性状对虾夷扇贝解剖性状的影响。结果表明虾夷扇贝壳长、壳宽、壳高与活体重、软体重和闭壳肌重的相关系数均达到极显著水平(P<0.01)；壳高、壳宽是影响雌性软体重的主要因素，壳长、壳宽是影响雄性软体重的主要因素，而混合组受3个壳尺性状的共同影响；影响虾夷扇贝闭壳肌重的主要因素是壳宽，壳长、壳高的作用不显著；决定系数分析结果与通径分析结果有一致的变化趋势；多元回归分析，剔除不显著因子，建立了壳长、壳高、壳宽对软体重、闭壳肌重的回归方程：1). 雌性 Z= -128.573 +1.355X2 +1.407 X3；W= -8.216 +0.869X3；2). 雄性 Z =138.493+1.082 X1+2.524 X3；W= -11.855 + 0.955 X3；3). 混合 Z = -133.939 +0.606 X1+0.679X2 + 1.709X3；W= -9.525+ 0.896 X3。通过性状间的相关分析对两性状间的关系进行明确的定量，有利于制定合理的多性状选择方案，为虾夷扇贝选育提供理想的测度指标。     

饲料蛋白对翘嘴红鲌蛋白质周转代谢的影响

在养殖虾夷扇贝（Patinopecten yessoensis）的生产过程中需要多次将其按大小分级。传统方法采用筛子和分级机筛分，会使扇贝受到振动、碰撞。振动影响扇贝生长发育，碰撞使扇贝边缘受到损伤，贝壳碎裂外套膜裸露在壳外，造成病贝、死贝，且机械筛分分级精度低，人工筛分劳动强度大、效率低。本文研究一种新的方法，利用机器视觉检测扇贝大小。通过摄像头获取扇贝图像、计算机对输入的图像进行预处理、图像分割、膨胀腐蚀，提取扇贝的面积等特征值，建立扇贝的几何模型、数学模型，确定面积与壳长的关系，进一步识别扇贝的大小。试验表明，该方法检测速度快，正确率高，能够满足虾夷扇贝分级要求。摄像头与扇贝不接触，可以避免机械振动、碰撞对扇贝的损伤。     

Particle clearance and selection in three species of juvenile scallops

Juvenile scallops (<2 mm shell height) of three species (Placopecten magellanicus, Patinopecten yessoensis, Argopecten irradians) were fed mixed, unialgal cultures. Scallops were fed a total of six algal clones simultaneously and clearance rates were monitored using flow cytometric techniques. In another experiment, scallops were presented with natural assemblages of particulate matter as a food source. Data are presented on differences in clearance rates for the individual algal species as well as size-related differences of algal clones, and uptake of chlorophyll vs. non-chlorophyll cells, both within and between scallop species. Significant differences in clearance rates of individual algal species have been found within and between scallop species. Particle selection does not appear to be based upon size alone and is apparently based on other characteristics of the algae as well. The results demonstrate pre-ingestive sorting.     

Loss of and damage to scallops due to storms in the Sea of Okhotsk

In the coastal zone of the Sea of Okhotsk off Hokkaido, Japan, the giant ezo scallop ( Patinopecten yessoensis ) is widely cultivated on the sea bed, making its fishery a major industry. However, the area experiences intense cyclones, including typhoons, about once a decade and the scallop resources appear to have received severe damage from the storms. Such an event occurred on 29 October 1988. The storm caused 12-m-high wind waves, which appeared to be fully developed sea waves. The water above the sea bed repeatedly moved back and forth at speeds of 1∼2 m s^-1 causing damage to the scallops due to collisions and rubbing with gravel and other scallops. From a comparison of wind data with the annual catch of scallops, intense cyclones seem to play an important role on the year-to-year fluctuations in the scallop fishery.     

栉孔扇贝（♀）×虾夷扇贝（♂）杂交子代胚后发育过程中遗传构成变化研究

采用RAPD和GISH技术对栉孔扇贝（♀）和虾夷扇贝（♂）杂交子代胚后发育4个重要时期（担轮幼虫期、D形幼虫期、壳顶幼虫期和眼点幼虫期）的遗传构成进行了检测。在RAPD检测中,50条随机引物在亲贝中共扩增出35条栉孔扇贝的特异条带和28条虾夷扇贝特异条带,其中栉孔扇贝特异条带在杂交子代4个时期出现的条数分别为：担轮幼虫期21条、D形幼虫期19条、壳顶幼虫期23条和眼点幼虫期23条;而虾夷扇贝特异条带在杂交子代4个时期出现的条数分别为：17、16、1和1。GISH结果表明,杂交扇贝在担轮幼虫期和D形幼虫期均继承了来自父母本遗传物质,而在壳顶幼虫期和眼点幼虫期未检测到来自父本的遗传物质。结果表明,杂交子代遗传结构在进入壳顶幼虫期时发生重大改变,大部分父本遗传物质从杂交贝基因组中丧失。     

Selection of a new scallop strain,QN‐2, from the backcross of Peruvian scallop × bay scallop F1 hybrids with bay scallops

Cross‐breeding has been successfully applied in agriculture and aquaculture industries to improve important production traits. In our previous studies, we produced the F₁ hybrids with high heterosis in growth by crossing the bay scallops with the Peruvian scallops and selected a new strain, Bohai Red, from the F₁ hybrids. In this study, we selected another new strain from the backcross (BC₁) of the F₁ hybrids with bay scallops. The base cohort (G₀) was size‐selected from the BC₁, and the G₁, G₂, G₃ and G₄ cohorts were produced with size‐selected brood stocks from the G₀, G₁, G₂ and G₃ cohorts respectively. Our results showed that average shell height, shell length, shell width and whole body weight of the G₄ cohort were increased by 16.8%, 16.8%, 11.5% and 43.6%, respectively, compared with the unselected control group of bay scallop. This new strain has now become one of the major cultured Argopecten scallops in northern China waters and was later named QN‐2.     

虾夷扇贝质量参数的测定

测定了虾夷扇贝鲜贝柱，干贝柱等质量参数，并与栉孔扇贝，海湾扇贝的质量和进行了比较，证实虾夷扇贝生长快，个体大，鲜贝柱，干贝柱大而且出率高。     

虾夷扇贝(Patinopecten yessoensis)对铅和镉的生物富集与释放规律

利用双箱模型模拟了虾夷扇贝在混合暴露条件下富集、释放铅和镉的动力学特征,通过测定不同规格虾夷扇贝、不同组织富集、释放过程中铅和镉的含量并进行非线性拟合,获得不同生长阶段虾夷扇贝对铅和镉的生物富集系数BCF、吸收速率常数k1、释放速率常数k2、生物学半衰期B1/2以及不同组织中铅和镉的富集参数。结果显示,大、小两种规格虾夷扇贝对铅的BCF分别为1671、896,对镉的BCF分别为7433、1123;不同规格虾夷扇贝对铅、镉的BCF顺序为:大规格>小规格;相同规格虾夷扇贝BCF:镉>铅,表明虾夷扇贝对镉的富集能力强于铅;铅、镉的B1/2为:大规格>小规格,说明大规格的虾夷扇贝对铅、镉的代谢排出能力更强;铅在虾夷扇贝各组织中的富集顺序依次为:鳃>内脏团>闭壳肌,镉的富集顺序依次为:内脏团>鳃>闭壳肌。     

Carbon dioxide fixation by the seaweed Gracilaria lemaneiformis in integrated multi-trophic aquaculture with the scallop Chlamys farreri in Sanggou Bay, China

The red alga Gracilaria lemaneiformis was cultivated with the scallop Chlamys farreri in an integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA) system for 42 h at Sanggou Bay, located in north China. Variation in inorganic carbon in the IMTA system was determined. The experiment included three treatments each with three replicates and three scallop monoculture systems as controls. Scallop density (399.1 ± 7.85 g per microcosm) remained the same in all treatments while seaweed density differed. The seaweed density was set at three levels (treatments 1, 2, 3) with thallus wet weights of 125.3 ± 4.72 g, 252.3 ± 7.50 g, and 378.7 ± 6.51 g per microcosm, respectively. This produced bivalve to seaweed wet weight ratios of 1:0.31, 1:0.63, and 1:0.96 for treatments 1, 2, and 3, respectively. In control groups, continuous dissolution of carbon dioxide (CO₂) produced by scallops into the seawater not only caused an ongoing increase in partial pressure of CO₂ (pCO₂), 5.5 times higher than that of natural seawater, but also acidified seawater by 0.8 units after 42 h of culture. However, in all seaweed-scallop groups, the higher the algal density, the more CO₂ was absorbed; pCO₂ was lowest in treatment 3. The results suggest that a ratio of bivalve to seaweed less than 1:0.96 may produce an even stronger CO₂ sink. Overall, the integrated culture of seaweed and scallop could provide an efficient and environmentally friendly means to reduce CO₂ emissions from bivalve mariculture.     

The recruitment of scallops (and beyond) by two different artificial collectors (Gulf of Taranto,Mediterranean Sea)

This study provides for the first time an evaluation of the natural availability of scallop seeds along the coastal area of Taranto (Mediterranean Sea, Southern Italy). To select the best artificial collectors to harvest scallop seeds in this area, cylindrical collectors (Cyl) were compared to traditional ‘Japanese‐style onion bags’ (Bag) across three sites. Scallops represented 26.6% of total bivalve recruitment among all collectors (782 ± 331 ind. m^?2). The most recruited scallops were Flexopecten glaber and Mimachlamys varia. The white (F. glaber) and black scallops (M. varia) were abundant at all three sites, while the queen scallop, Aequipecten opercularis, was only found at one site. Beyond the recruitment of scallops, numerous other potential commercial bivalve species were collected, including Limaria tuberculata, which was the most abundant bivalve species (33.3% of total recruitment). At all sites, Bag collectors had higher recruitment than Cyl collectors. Scallops recruited in artificial collectors exhibited a multicohort size distribution at most sites, suggesting potentially continuous reproductive activity in the scallop populations. F. glaber, M. varia and L. tuberculata could be good candidates to diversify the aquaculture production because of the availability of seed and their growth rate. Moreover, the farming of these bivalves integrates well with other forms of aquaculture (e.g. mussels), thus potentially offering farmers an additional source of income.