方斑东风螺肉壳分离病病因的初步研究

螺肉与螺壳分离病是方斑东风螺养殖中的常见病害，主要发生在壳高0．5cm以下的稚、幼螺阶段，严重时可造成螺苗在短时间内大量死亡。本文报道了方斑东风螺中间培育过程中由于养殖水体中混入以婆罗异剑水蚤（Apocyclops borneoensis）为主的桡足类对稚、幼螺的攻击，导致稚、幼螺受伤部位发生溃疡性病变，进而诱发稚、幼螺肉壳分离疾病发生的镜检检查结果。通过采取杀灭螺池中桡足类的措施后，病情很快得到控制，研究结果验证了桡足类对方斑东风螺稚、幼螺的危害性。     

3种抗寄生虫药对方斑东风螺稚螺的急性毒性试验

采用半静水试验法,研究了敌百虫、氯氰菊酯和阿维菌素等3种抗寄生虫药物对方斑东风螺（Babylonia areolata）稚螺的急性毒性。结果表明,敌百虫、氯氰菊酯和阿维菌素对方斑东风螺稚螺24 h半致死质量浓度（LC50）分别为210.54 mg·L^-1、32.52 mg·L^-1和8.13 mg·L^-1;48h LC50分别为93.52 mg·L^-1、16.90 mg·L^-1和3.96 mg·L^-1;毒性大小依次为敌百虫＆gt;氯氰菊酯＆gt;阿维菌素,安全质量浓度（SC）分别为5.54 mg·L^-1、1.37 mg·L^-1和0.28 mg·L^-1。在上述安全质量浓度范围内,这些药物均可杀灭桡足类或其他寄生虫,但考虑药物残留和对水环境的污染,在生产中尽量采用生态防治办法,避免使用药物。     

方斑东风螺人工育苗技术

本文报道了方斑东风螺人工育苗试验．方斑东风螺亲螺日摄食率5—8％，亲螺夜间产卵，具卵囊，每个卵囊含卵约1千粒，以卵囊柄粘附于池底，呈悬浮状态。在水温28．0—29．0℃，盐度29的条件下，受精卵孵出卵囊的时间5—7d。浮游幼虫投喂角毛藻，孵化第13d开始出现变态的稚螺。浮游期壳长日均生长67．5um。池底铺沙培育稚螺，变态15d的稚螺，壳长可达3mm。     

方斑东风螺生态育苗试验

通过运用群落生态法进行方斑东风螺生态育苗试验。在完全破坏水体生态系统后，对水体进行曝气还原，以微藻与有益菌组建新的生态群落。亲螺培育过程以蟹肉为主，单胞藻类为辅，并进行流水培育和阴干刺激，孵出面盘幼虫1260×10^4个，幼虫培育密度8．23×10^4个／m^3。从面盘幼虫至稚螺培育期间，投放“饲倍速”活菌0．2-2．0×10^-6，幼虫变态后投喂蟹肉为主，单胞藻类为辅；稚螺培育池底不铺沙。经50天时间，培育螺苗201．6万粒，规格9000-10000粒/kg，单位面积产苗10566粒／m^2，成活率16％。     

方斑东风螺的产卵及幼贝培育

方斑东风螺Babyloniaareolata，广泛分布于泰国沿海区域。在我国东、南海沿海、台湾海峡、日本均有分布。其肉肥美可食，是泰国重要的商业性海洋资源。近几年来，由于捕捞过度，自然资源衰减，捕获量日益下降，致使需求量和价格上升。5．0－6．scm壳长的东风螺回kg售价达10美元。这些因素将促使方斑东风螺养殖的兴起，而有关方斑东风螺的资料却极其有限。泰国水产工作者对方斑东风螺的产卵习性、幼贝培育进行了观察试验。本文根据他们的观察结果介绍方斑东风螺的产卵习性、幼贝发育以及不同底质和放养密度对方斑东风螺的生长和存活率的影响…     

方斑东风螺室内人工育苗试验

为探索方斑东风螺的人工育苗技术，进行了室内人工育苗试验。采用降温干运法将亲螺从湛江水产学院运回试验基地，控制培育池水深25-30cm，海水比重1．017，水温28-30℃，保持充气和流水刺激，投喂新鲜的蟹肉和鱼肉。收集亲螺产出的卵囊，冲洗消毒后放入孵化池孵化。培育单细胞藻类作东风螺幼体的饵料，用蟹肉和鱼肉培育稚螺。试验共孵化出幼体550万粒，培育出5．5-17．5mm的稚螺40万粒，培育成活率为8％。     

两种培育方法对泥东风螺稚螺生长与存活的影响

本文报道了有底沙与无底沙培育方法对泥东风螺( Babylonia Lutosa)稚螺生长与存活影响的实验结果。以牡蛎为饵料,实验设计3×1042、5×104和7×104 ind/m2三个密度梯度,采用有底沙与无底沙两种方法培育刚变态的泥东风螺稚螺。经35 d培育,有底沙组稚螺壳高、体重的生长速度和存活率都高于无底沙组,壳高生长速度差异显著( P <0．05)。而两种培育方法不同的密度培育结果,密度7×104 ind/m2与3×104 ind/m2和5×104 ind/m2实验组稚螺壳高生长速度差异显著(P<0．05),而3×104 ind/m2与5×104 ind/m2实验组壳高生长速度差异不显著( P>0．05)。随着稚螺的生长其潜沙行为越明显,说明有沙培育更符合其具有的潜埋栖息习性,有利其生长和存活。     

饲料中添加乳酸菌对方斑东风螺稚螺生长、肌肉组成与免疫功能的影响

为探讨饲料中添加乳酸菌对方斑东风螺稚螺生长、肌肉组成与免疫的影响,在基础饲料中添加三个不同浓度(1.2×10~7 CFU/100g、1.2×10~8 CFU/100g和1.2×10~9 CFU/100g)的乳酸菌,养殖初始体重为0.62g的方斑东风螺10周。结果显示,与对照组相比,饲料中添加乳酸菌对方斑东风螺稚螺的生长性能和肌肉组分均没有显著影响。饲料中添加1.2×10~7 CFU/100g乳酸菌能够显著提高方斑东风螺的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性,但在添加量为1.2×10~8 CFU/100g和1.2×10~9 CFU/100g时SOD活性反而受到抑制;添加1.2×10~9 CFU/100g乳酸菌抑制酸性磷酸酶(ACP)活性;饲料中添加乳酸菌对过氧化氢酶(CAT)和碱性磷酸酶(AKP)活性没有显著影响。结果表明饲料中添加乳酸菌不影响方斑东风螺稚螺的生长性能和肌肉成分,添加量为1.2×10~7 CFU/100g时可一定程度上提高抗氧化活力,但较高的添加量对免疫功能会产生抑制作用。     

露天水泥池方斑东风螺养殖技术探讨

报道了2009年8月10日和2010年7月10日，二批次进行露天水泥池养殖方斑东风螺试验的结果。表明在福建闽南沿海养殖方斑东风螺7月初前后投放壳高0．6～1cm螺苗是最佳时间，整个养殖过程水温平均26．1℃，日均增长和日均增重高达0．16mm和0．037g。特定增长率和特定增重率平均达到0．97％和2．74％，养殖商品...     

2种东风螺繁殖及苗种生长发育的比较

对方斑东风螺Babylonia areolata(Link)和台湾东风螺B·formosae(Sowerby)进行人工繁育试验,结果表明:在水温23·6±1·1℃和充气条件下,方斑东风螺的孵化时间为8d,台湾东风螺的孵化时间为7d;刚孵出幼体壳长方斑东风螺为482·7±10·6μm,台湾东风螺为398·2±10·3μm。在水温25·2±0·9℃、培育密度为0·1~0·2ind·mL-1左右时,方斑东风螺幼体壳长增长速度可达33·6μm·d-1,约在第18天开始进入附着变态,变态时壳高为1323·9±118·6μm;台湾东风螺幼体壳长增长速度为25·3μm·d-1,约在第16天开始进入附着变态,变态时壳高为955·5±74·4μm。在水温26·5±0·7℃、培育密度为2100ind·m-2左右时,方斑东风螺和台湾东风螺的稚贝壳高增长速度分别为0·21和0·20mm·d-1。     

Combined effects of temperature,salinity and rearing density on growth and survival of juvenile ivory shell,Babylonia areolata (Link 1807) population in Thailand

The ivory shell, Babylonia areolata (Link 1807), has been exploited as an important aquaculture organism along the southern China coast. In order to obtain optimal culture conditions for ivory shell juvenile, the central composite rotatable design was used to estimate the combined effects of temperature, salinity and rearing density on accumulated growth rate (AGR) and survival rate (SR). The results showed that the linear effects of temperature and rearing density on both growth and survival were highly significant (P < 0.01), but there was no significant effect on salinity (P > 0.05). The quadratic effects of temperature, salinity and rearing density influenced growth significantly (P < 0.01). The quadratic effects of temperature and salinity on survival of juvenile snail were significant (P < 0.01), the combined effects between the quadratic effect of temperature and the linear effect of rearing density influenced survival significantly (P < 0.01); the interactive effects of temperature, salinity and rearing density played a significant role in survival (P < 0.01). As can be seen from the above experimental results, the effects of temperature and salinity on growth and survival of B. areolata were strengthened with enhanced rearing density in a certain range and vice versa. By optimization using the response surface method, the optimal point was found at a temperature of 26.81°C, a salinity of 28.76 ppt and a rearing density of 527.07 ind m^?2. Under these conditions, the optimal AGR and SR were 36.84 mg day^?1 and 99.99%, respectively, with a satisfaction function value of 99.71%.     

两种桡足类对蟹苗池中轮虫的影响及其控制与利用

试验结果表明,细巧华哲水蚤和近亲真宽水蚤严重影响轮虫的存活率;采用1.50、1.75,2.00mg/L的敌百虫溶液2~3h能杀死桡足类成体和幼体,但在该浓度下杀灭桡足类的无节幼体则需要7.5~14.5h。用以上浓度的敌百虫溶液浸泡过的近亲真宽水蚤的卵提前同步萌发,据此提出“二次杀灭法”,以有效地控制和利用蟹苗池中的桡足类。     

Effects of food availability on feeding and growth of cultivated juvenile Babylonia formosae habei (Altena & Gittenberger 1981)

Juveniles of the scavenging gastropod Babylonia formosae habei ( Altena & Gittenberger 1981 ) were kept at different ration levels in the laboratory for 30 days. Feeding behaviour and growth performance of the juveniles in relation to food availability were studied. Babylonia formosae habei juveniles were exposed to one of the four ration levels with food provided once either every 1, 2, 5 or 10 days. Higher food consumption, longer time spent on feeding and higher percentage of feeding individuals were obtained in individuals maintained at lower ration levels. Similar growth performances were observed in individuals fed once every day or every two days. A sustained production of shell was obtained in the juveniles maintained at low ration levels. At the end of the experiment, lower protein and lipid content as well as lower energy content were measured in the somatic tissue of juveniles maintained at lower ration levels. During the 30‐day experiment, food availability is not a crucial factor on survival of juvenile B. formosae habei due to its physiological and behavioural adaptations developed in association with starvation.     

方斑东风螺的耗氧率及饲养水中溶氧变化的初步研究

为对方斑东风螺养殖生产提供参考依据,试验测定了饥饿和饱食状态下方斑东风螺幼螺在不同水温(25℃、28℃、30℃)时的耗氧率,测定了幼螺摄食后水中溶解氧浓度的变化。结果表明,饱食后幼螺的生理代谢活动加强,耗氧率增加;随着水温的升高,耗氧率也增加。幼螺摄食后水中的溶解氧浓度随着时间的延长不断下降。试验观察发现,在方斑东风螺养殖的正常水温范围内(25℃~30℃),DO高于3mg/L时,幼螺生活正常;DO在2.40mg/L~2.35mg/L时,幼螺表现为缺氧状态;DO在1.5~1.0mg/L时,幼螺表现为严重缺氧状态。     

Copepods and salmon: characterizing the spatial distribution of juvenile salmon along the Washington and Oregon coast,USA

Yearling Chinook (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) were sampled concurrently with physical variables (temperature, salinity, depth) and biological variables (chlorophyll a concentration and copepod abundance) along the Washington and Oregon coast in June 1998–2008. Copepod species were divided into four different groups based on their water‐type affinities: cold neritic, subarctic oceanic, warm neritic, and warm oceanic. Generalized linear mixed models were used to quantify the relationship between the abundance of these four different copepod groups and the abundance of juvenile salmon. The relationships between juvenile salmon and different copepod groups were further validated using regression analysis of annual mean juvenile salmon abundance versus the mean abundance of the copepod groups. Yearling Chinook salmon abundance was negatively correlated with warm oceanic copepods, warm neritic copepods, and bottom depth, and positively correlated with cold neritic copepods, subarctic copepods, and chlorophyll a concentration. The selected habitat variables explained 67% of the variation in yearling Chinook abundance. Yearling coho salmon abundance was negatively correlated with warm oceanic copepods, warm neritic copepods, and bottom depth, and positively correlated with temperature. The selected habitat variables explained 40% of the variation in yearling coho abundance. Results suggest that copepod communities can be used to characterize spatio‐temporal patterns of abundance of juvenile salmon, i.e., large‐scale interannual variations in ocean conditions (warm versus cold years) and inshore‐offshore (cross‐shelf) gradients in the abundance of juvenile salmon can be characterized by differences in the abundance of copepod species with various water mass affinities.     

九孔鲍北方青苗及生长的探讨

探讨了九孔鲍(Haliotisdiversicolorsuertexta)在北方自然繁殖季节育苗的条件、发育时间和生长速度。2004年8月1日,用紫外线照射海水诱导产卵和人工授精的九孔鲍受精卵,经过60天培育,获6～12mm的幼鲍50万只。     

Rearing the spotted seahorse Hippocampus kuda by feeding live and frozen copepods collected from shrimp ponds

This study evaluated the use of live and frozen copepods collected from shrimp ponds for rearing juveniles of the spotted seahorse Hippocampus kuda. Protein and HUFA contents in frozen copepods were all higher than in Artemia nauplii, the conventional live food for seahorse juveniles. The results of this study showed that copepods can be used as feed for rearing seahorse fry and juvenile. The spotted seahorse showed obvious preference for live copepods and rarely fed on dead copepods on the tank bottom. Furthermore, the combination of frozen copepods and live Artemia nauplii resulted in highest growth and highest survival of the experimental seahorses. Further research on possible effects of DHA:EPA ratio on survival and growth of young H. kuda is recommended.     

赤点石斑鱼人工育苗的初步研究

<正> 赤点石斑鱼Epinephelus akaara(Temminck et SchIegel)广东俗称红斑,分布于我国南海和东海南部,是我国南方沿海地区主要网箱养殖鱼类之一。由于还未掌握人工育苗方法,在以往的网箱养殖生产中,全靠天然鱼苗。研究解决赤点石斑鱼人工繁殖与育苗问题,已列为重要攻关课题之一。各有关水产单他相继开展对此课题的研究。许波涛等1983