扁吻鱼微卫星的筛选及群体多样性分析

本文采用磁珠富集法筛选新疆扁吻鱼(Aspiorhynchus laticeps Day)的微卫星分子标记,获得13个位点,同时随机抽取1000对鲤引物检测扁吻鱼同源位点的多态性,获得具多态性位点18对。应用31对引物对扁吻鱼与塔里木裂腹鱼(Schizthorax biddulphi)进行遗传多样性分析,共检测到110个等位基因,每个位点的等位基因数为2~6个,扁吻鱼群体平均多态信息含量为0.5353,平均观测杂合度为0.5306,平均期望杂合度为0.6057。表明扁吻鱼群体多态性较高,遗传多样性处于中等偏上水平。群体间遗传距离为0.4763,遗传相似系数为0.6211,表明两个群体为同科不同属的群体。     

长江上游长鳍吻鮈群体线粒体控制区遗传多样性分析

分析长鳍吻鮈群体遗传结构和遗传多样性,为研究过度捕捞、水电开发等人类活动对长鳍吻鮈的长期生态学效应及其物种适应机制提供基础数据,同时也为该物种保护策略的制定和调整提供科学数据支持。2014和2015年,于长江上游干流江津、宜宾、皎平渡和格里坪采集长鳍吻鮈,利用线粒体控制区序列的特异性引物,通过PCR扩增以及序列测定,获得125份长鳍吻鮈线粒体控制区序列。结果表明:125尾长鳍吻鮈样品共检测到多态位点25个,单倍型30种,平均单倍型多样性指数(Hd)和核苷酸多样性指数(Pi)分别为0.785和0.00140;中性检验(Tajima's D为-1.97524,P0.05;Fu's Fs为-31.374,P=0.000)和序列错配分布结果表明,长江上游长鳍吻鮈历史上经历过"遗传瓶颈"和种群扩张;分子方差分析(AMOVA)结果表明,群体间的遗传变异绝大部分来源于群体内部(99.07%),群体间无显著遗传分化(Fst=0.00933,P0.05);单倍型网络、Kinura 2-Parameter遗传距离和平均基因流均显示,4个长鳍吻鮈群体间存在广泛的基因交流,群体间无遗传分化。各群体间没有显著遗传分化,基因交流频繁,可将长江上游长鳍吻鮈作为单一的进化显著单元(ESU)进行管理。     

河鲈微卫星引物筛选

利用GenBank中获得的近缘物种微卫星序列设计的20对引物,对河鲈养殖群体20个个体基因组DNA进行扩增,发现8对引物能扩增出特异性谱带,获得32个等位基因,5个位点的等位基因数大于或等于4个,多态信息含量0.3680～0.7395,5个位点多态信息含量为高度多态(PIC＞0.5).期望杂合度范围在0.4154～0.7936,观测杂合度普遍高于期望杂合度.个体识别率范围在0.180～0.620,累积个体识别率为0.9899,单一微卫星位点的个体识别率普遍低于0.8,未出现高度多态性遗传标记.非父排除率范围在0.2537～0.6185,累积非父排除率0.9937,4个位点的非父排除率高于0.5,属于高度多态性遗传标记.     

脊尾白虾3个野生群体遗传多样性的微卫星分析

利用12对微卫星标记分析了莱州湾(LZ)、海州湾(HZ)、象山(XS)脊尾白虾野生群体的遗传多样性.12个位点在3个群体中均表现出高度的多态性.12个微卫星位点共得到115个等位基因,各个位点的等位基因数介于6～14,平均每个位点上的等位基因数为9.583 3个；各个位点的平均期望杂合度(He)、平均观测杂合度(Ho)、平均多态信息含量(PIC)分别为0.8278、0.517 5、0.705 1,表明3个脊尾白虾野生群体均有良好的多态性.经F-统计分析,各个群体间的遗传分化指数均值为0.093 0(0.05＜Fst＜0.15),呈中等水平分化.基于Nei's遗传距离的UPGMA聚类分析显示莱州湾群体与象山群体距离最近,聚为一类,海州群体单独聚为一类.     

栉孔扇贝转录组来源单核苷酸多态性位点的多态性分析

应用高分辨率熔解曲线技术对栉孔扇贝转录组来源的单核苷酸多态性位点进行验证分型和多态性分析.根据栉孔扇贝转录组单核苷酸多态性位点序列信息,对其中150个位点设计引物和探针,在4个栉孔扇贝野生群体中进行验证分型.其中,103对引物扩增出目的产物,76个位点成功分型,58个多态位点中51个是二等位多态性单核苷酸多态性(34.0％).进一步在荣成野生群体中对51个二态单核苷酸多态性位点进行多态性验证和群体遗传学分析,其中49个位点呈现多态性,且均为二态,最小等位基因频率为0.0610～0.5000,观测杂合度和期望杂合度分别为0.0833～0.8889和0.0833～0.5833.经Boferroni校正,有2个位点(C1630S115_AG和C19848S286_CA)在该群体中偏离Hardy-Weinberg平衡.各位点之间未检测到连锁不平衡.这些多态单核苷酸多态性位点可用于栉孔扇贝连锁图谱构建、分子标记辅助育种以及数量性状的基因定位等遗传学研究.     

刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)重要经济性状相关SNP标记的验证分析

本研究在前期构建的刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)高密度遗传连锁图谱和QTL分析的基础上,筛选出26个与体长、体重、体宽、棘刺总数、抗病力相关的SNP位点,设计出可用于HRM检测的SNP扩增引物13对。在扩大群体中利用HRM小片段法对这13个刺参重要经济性状相关的候选SNP位点进行分型和多态性检测,并结合扩大群体的相关性状数据进行了QTL位点验证。多态性结果显示,13个位点中有3个单态性位点,其余10个多态性位点中有3个位点为低等位多态性,7个位点为中等位多态性。10个多态性位点的最小等位基因频率(MAF)介于0.016(SNP113)～0.332(SNP160)之间,平均值为0.173;各位点的观测杂合度(Ho)介于0.031(SNP113)～0.818(SNP9)之间,平均值为0.433;期望杂合度(H_o)介于0.031(SNP113)～0.834(SNP9)之间,平均值为0.402;多态信息含量(PIC)介于0.030(SNP113)～0.393(SNP160)之间,平均为0.248,有6个位点偏离HardyWeinberg平衡。QTL验证结果表明,SNP40和SNP160位点为与生长(体长、体重、体宽)相关的位点,各位点的优势基因型分别为SNP40(CC)和SNP160(AA);SNP88、SNP112和SNP126这3个位点为与抗病力相关的位点,各位点的优势基因型为SNP88(CC)、SNP112(AA)和SNP126(TT)。基于这5个位点构建生长和抗病二倍型,发现二倍型K_1(CC AA TT)抗病力最强,S_1(CC AA)、S_3(CC AC)在生长方面优势显著,相关研究结果可为分子标记辅助育种在生产中应用提供基础数据。     

花鲈养殖群体随机扩增DNA多态性分析

利用RAPD技术检测了象山港养殖花鲈种群内的基因组DNA的多态性。从100个10bp随机引物中筛选出25个随机引物,共扩增了165个位点,平均每条随机引物能够扩增出6.6个位点。165个位点中有80个位点表现出多态性,多态位点比率为48.48%。遗传相似度为0.8815,遗传距离为0.1185。表明目前象山港养殖花鲈种群内具有较高遗传多样性,花鲈的人工养殖具有很大的发展前景。     

河鲈微卫星引物筛选

利用GenBank中获得的近缘物种微卫星序列设计的20对引物, 对河鲈养殖群体20个个体基因组DNA 进行扩增, 发现8对引物能扩增出特异性谱带, 获得32个等位基因, 5个位点的等位基因数大于或等于4个, 多态信息含量0. 3680~ 0. 7395, 5个位点多态信息含量为高度多态( PIC>0.5)。期望杂合度范围在0. 4154~ 0. 7936,观测杂合度普遍高于期望杂合度。个体识别率范围0.180~ 0. 620, 累积个体识别率为0. 9899, 单一微卫星位点的个体识别率普遍低于0. 8, 未出现高度多态性遗传标记。非父排除率范围在0. 2537~ 0. 6185, 累积非父排除率0. 9937, 4个位点的非父排除率高于0. 5, 属于高度多态性遗传标记。     

3个德国镜鲤养殖群体遗传变异的微卫星分析

利用10个多态微卫星标记对我国北方不同地区3个德国镜鲤(Cyprinus carpioL.mirror)群体(绥化,BL;哈尔滨,BZ;天津,TJ)的遗传多样性及群体间的亲缘关系进行研究。结果显示,3个养殖群体在10个位点上表现出较高的多态性,其中9个位点表现为高度多态(PIC>0.5);平均杂合度为0.629 3;10个位点共检测出144个等位基因;BL与TJ群体的总体变异水平高于BZ群体。Nei氏DA遗传距离分析显示,BL与TJ群体的遗传距离最近,而与BZ群体的遗传距离最远;群体间遗传分化微弱(Fst=0.031 5),群体内变异占总变异的96.85%,3个群体各自特有的等位基因频率普遍较低(0.0125~0.1500),群体共有的等位基因频率相对较高。上述结果表明,3个德国镜鲤养殖群体仍保持着较高的遗传多样性,群体间未产生明显的遗传分化。     

“长鳍吻(鱼句)全人工繁殖”通过专家现场验收

正2021年7月8日,中国水产科学研究院长江水产研究所完成的"长鳍吻(鱼句)全人工繁殖"通过专家现场验收。验收组现场查看了长鳍吻(鱼句)全人工繁殖有关设施、亲本和苗种等情况,听取了相关工作汇报,审阅了相关实验记录。经过质询和讨论,验收组认为长鳍吻(鱼句)全人工繁殖的成功,是长鳍吻(鱼句)人工繁育与物种保护的重要突破,同意该成果通过验收。长鳍吻(鱼句)产漂流性卵,是典型的急流性长江上游特有鱼类。受过度捕捞及环境变化等因素影响,其自然种群资源量持续呈下降趋势,为《中国脊椎动物红色名录》(2016年版)濒危种,并于2021年新增列为《国家重点保护野生动物名录》二级保护动物,金沙江中下游多个水电开发工程已将其列为人工放流对象。     

Protein and amino acid composition from the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris exposed to prolonged starvation

Protein and amino acid composition of the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris (Cuvier, 1797) during fasting for 27 days were determined. Average protein content of octopus mantle was of 711.19 ± 46.80 g kg^?1 DW, and it decreased with increasing fasting days. The non‐essential amino acids content was higher (486.18 ± 11.08 g kg^?1 protein) than essential amino acids (425.82 ± 9.15 g kg^?1 protein) at the start of the experiment (unstarved animals). The results suggest that the amino acid profile of the mantle where the most abundant amino acids are Arg, His, Lys, Gly, Leu and Pro could indicate a prolonged fasting condition (>20 days) or poor nutrition of O . vulgaris. This study supports the idea of using mantle for metabolic needs of starved O . vulgaris suggesting that the degradation pathway of amino acids to pyruvate and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates was favoured contrary to the degradation pathway of ketogenic amino acids. Special considerations should be taken concerning Thr, Ile, Ser, Ala, Asx (Asp, Asn), Glx (Glu, Gln) (because of their fast intake) and Lys and His (due to their stable contents) during a prolonged period of fasting.     

美人鱼发光杆菌对凡纳滨对虾非特异性 免疫功能及抗病力的影响

在基础饲料中分别添加0.1%和1%美人鱼发光杆菌灭活菌、0.1%美人鱼发光杆菌活菌配制成3种免疫实验饲料,以基础饲料为空白对照组饲料,每组设3个平行样。对个体质量为(4.83±0.36)g的凡纳滨对虾进行为期20 d的饲养实验,分别在0、5、10、15和20d进行取样,以血清中的酚氧化酶(PO)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和溶菌酶(UL)活性为免疫指标,探讨了美人鱼发光杆菌作为免疫制剂对凡纳滨对虾非特异性免疫效应的影响;在投喂免疫饲料后的第22天,按0.004 2 kg/kg体重的剂量,直接投喂对虾白斑综合征病毒(WSSV)病料,并记录累积死亡率。结果表明,美人鱼发光杆菌免疫实验组对凡纳滨对虾血清中PO、ACP、AKP、UL和SOD活性影响明显高于对照组,并且在饲料中添加美人鱼发光杆菌后,明显提高了对虾抵御WSSV感染的能力。其中0.1%美人鱼发光杆菌活菌实验组的抗病毒感染能力最强,WSSV感染14d内累计死亡率为63.3%±5.8%;而对照组为96.7%±3.3%。研究表明,美人鱼发光杆菌添加在对虾饲料中能提高凡纳滨对虾非特异性免疫水平,增强抵抗疾病的能力,将其作为对虾免疫增强剂具有良好的应用前景。     

Effects of Spirulina platensis as a feed additive on growth and coloration of blue dolphin cichlids (Cyrtocara moorii Boulunger, 1902)

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of replacing fish meal with dietary Spirulina as a feed supplement on the growth performance and coloration of blue dolphin cichlids (Cyrtocara moorii). Five isonitrogenous (47% crude protein) and isocaloric (17.36 kJ/g digestible energy) diets were for formulated to replace FM with 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20% Spirulina (designated as Control, SP5, SP10, SP15 and SP20 respectively) and fed to the fish (initial body weight, 3.15 ± 0.01 g). Fish were randomly distributed into fifteen 120 L aquariums (26.5 ± 1.00°C), 15 fish per aquarium. The diets were tested in triplicate for 12 weeks. Experimental groups were fed twice daily (09:00 and 17:00) by hand to satiation. At the end of the feeding trial, significantly (p < 0.05) higher weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR), protein efficiency ratio (PER) and lower feed conversion ratio (FCR) were observed in fish fed the SP10 diet when compared to the SP20 diet. There was no significant difference in these parameters between the other groups. The skin coloration of blue dolphin cichlid fed a diet containing Spirulina meal was enhanced. The best coloration was observed in the SP15 group. These impressions were objectively validated by chemical determinations of carotenoids extracted from fish skins and passed statistical tests of significance. The study findings show that Spirulina meal does not diminish growth rates except at very high levels.     

A Minchinia mercenariae‐like parasite infects cockles Cerastoderma edule in Galicia (NW Spain)

The cockle Cerastoderma edule fishery has traditionally been the most important shellfish species in terms of biomass in Galicia (NW Spain). In the course of a survey of the histopathological conditions affecting this species in the Ria of Arousa, a haplosporidan parasite that had not been observed in Galicia was detected in one of the most productive cockle beds of Galicia. Uni‐ and binucleate cells and multinucleate plasmodia were observed in the connective tissue mainly in the digestive area, gills and gonad. The parasite showed low prevalence, and it was not associated with abnormal cockle mortality. Molecular identification showed that this parasite was closely related to the haplosporidan Minchinia mercenariae that had been reported infecting hard clams Mercenaria mercenaria from the Atlantic coast of the United States. The molecular characterization of its SSU rDNA region allowed obtaining a fragment of 1,796 bp showing 98% homology with M. mercenariae parasite. Phylogenetic analysis supported this identification as this parasite was clustered in the same clade as M. mercenariae from the United States and other M. mercenariae‐like sequences from the UK, with bootstrap value of 99%. The occurrence of M. mercenariae‐like parasites infecting molluscs outside the United States is confirmed.     

Dietary thiamin and pyridoxine requirements of fingerling Indian major carp,Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton)

Two experiments were conducted to quantify the dietary thiamin (experiment I) and pyridoxine (experiment II) requirements of fingerling Cirrhinus mrigala for 16 weeks. In experiment I, dietary thiamin requirement was determined by feeding seven casein–gelatin‐based diets (400 g kg^?1 CP; 18.69 kJ g^?1 GE) with graded levels of thiamin (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8 and 16 mg kg^?1 diet) to triplicate groups of fish (6.15 ± 0.37 cm; 1.89 ± 0.12 g). Fish fed diet with 2 mg kg^?1 thiamin had highest specific growth rate (SGR), protein retention (PR), RNA/DNA ratio, haemoglobin (Hb), haematocrit (Hct), RBCs and best feed conversion ratio (FCR). However, highest liver thiamin concentration was recorded in fish fed 4 mg thiamin kg^?1 diet. Broken‐line analysis of SGR, PR and liver thiamin concentrations exhibited the thiamin requirement in the range of 1.79–3.34 mg kg^?1 diet (0.096–0.179 μg thiamin kJ^?1 gross energy). In experiment II, six casein–gelatin‐based diets (400 g kg^?1 CP; 18.69 kJ g^?1 GE) containing graded levels of pyridoxine (0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 mg kg^?1 diet) were fed to triplicate groups of fish (6.35 ± 0.37 cm; 1.97 ± 0.12 g). Fish fed diet containing 6 mg kg^?1 pyridoxine showed best SGR, FCR, PR, RNA/DNA ratio, Hb, Hct and RBCs, whereas maximum liver pyridoxine concentration was recorded in fish fed 8 mg kg^?1 dietary pyridoxine. Broken‐line analysis of SGR, PR and liver pyridoxine concentrations reflected the pyridoxine requirement from 5.63 to 8.61 mg kg^?1 diet. Data generated during this study would be useful in formulating thiamin‐ and pyridoxine‐balanced feeds for the intensive culture of this fish.     

Sea bream culture in Egypt; status, constraints and potential

Marine fish farming in Egypt began in 1976 with the culture of gilthead sea bream, (Sparus aurata) as this fish was notably adaptable to brackish and marine pond conditions. Today, marine fish and shrimp farms amount to about 19,000 ha, out of which 42% is already in production while the rest, i.e., 58% is still under construction. In 1997, cultured gilthead sea bream production of 2,250 tons made up 3% of the 75,000 tons total aquaculture catch. In polyculture, usually with the grey mullet and sea bass, gilthead sea bream contributed 440 kg ha^–1 to the total yield of 1,700 kg ha^–1 (26%) over a period of 16 months. For the same period, the yield of monoculture ponds averaged 100 kg ha^–1, while in marine cages, yields ranged from 4–10 kg m³. In 1996–1997, fry of 0.25–1 g and fingerlings 1–10 g with a total of 3 million, were collected from the wild and 1 million fry were produced in the three marine hatcheries out of the four existing ones. The development of sea bream culture in Egypt is now severely inhibited by the shortage of seeds and adequate feeds. Exports of both sea bream and sea bass, during 1994–1996 averaged 1,300 tons per year.     

Fertilization by refrigerator stored sperm of the Indian major carp, Labeo calbasu (Hamilton, 1822)

This study reports on the spermatological properties, and on the development of a protocol for refrigerator storage (4°C) of Labeo calbasu (Hamilton, 1822) sperm for artificial breeding. Volume, motility, concentration and pH of the freshly collected sperm were 2.21 ± 0.53 (μL g^?1 of fish weight) (mean ± SD), 95 ± 1 (%), 1.93 ± 0.44 × 10⁹ (cells mL^?1) and 7.56 ± 0.17 respectively. Sperm activation was evaluated at different osmolalities of NaCl solution, and motility ceased completely when osmolality of the extender was ≥287 mOsmol kg^?1. Sperm retained motility for 24, 72 and 108 h, after refrigerator storage when sperm were undiluted, suspended in Alsever's solution and suspended in Alsever's solution containing 5% methanol respectively. Fertilization rate of fresh eggs with sperm stored at 4°C in Alsever's solution and Alsever's solution containing 5% methanol was 77% and 60% with a hatching rate of 60% and 43% respectively. The fertilization and hatching success of the stored sperm suggests potential to use refrigeration for transporting genetic material to hatcheries for artificial breeding of L. calbasu in Bangladesh.     

A novel approach to denitrification processes in a zero-discharge recirculating system for small-scale urban aquaculture

This paper presents an innovative process to solve the nitrate build-up problem in recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS). The novel aspects of the process lie in a denitrification bioreactor system that uses solid cotton wool as the primary carbon source and a unique degassing chamber. In the latter, the water is physically stripped of dissolved gaseous O₂ (by means of a Venturi vacuum tube), and the subsequent denitrification becomes more efficient due to elimination of the problems of oxygen inhibition of denitrification and aerobic consumption of cotton wool. The cotton wool medium also serves as a physical barrier that traps organic particles, which, in turn, act as an additional carbon source for denitrification. Operation in the proposed system gives an extremely low C/N ratio of 0.82 g of cotton wool/g of nitrate N, which contributes to a significant reduction of biofilter volume. The additional advantage of using solid cotton wool as the carbon source is that it does not release organic residuals into the liquid to be recycled. Operation of the system over a long period consistently produced effluents with low nitrate levels (below 10 mg N/l), and there was only a very small need to replace system water. The overall treatment scheme, also incorporating an aerobic nitrification biofilter and a granular filtration device, produced water of excellent quality, i.e., with near-zero levels of nitrite and ammonia, a sufficiently high pH for aquaculture, and low turbidity. The proposed system thus provides a solution for sustainable small-scale, urban aquaculture operation with a very high recovery of water (over 99%) and minimal waste disposal.     

Effects of metomidate anaesthesia or transfer to pur sea water on plasma parameters in ammonia-exposed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L) in sea water

Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L) postsmolts weighing 150 ± 53 g were exposed to 14–15 mg l^–1 TA-N (total ammonia-N) in sea water in 1 m³ tanks for 24h. Blood samples were then taken A) immediately after the fish were netted from the exposure tanks and stunned by a blow to the head; B) 2–20 min after the fish were transferred to 15 l of an anaesthetic solution of metomidate in ammonia-free sea water; or C) 2–20 min after the fish were transferred to 15 l of ammonia-free sea water. Plasma TA-N level was 18% lower in the anaesthetised fish compared to in the fish sampled directly from the exposure tanks (p 0.05), and accordingly 16% lower in the fish transferred to pure sea water although this difference was not significant (p = 0.07). Plasma glucose level was higher in the fish transferred to pure sea water than in the fish receiving the two other treatments (p 0.05), but plasma urea, osmolality, Na^{+, Cl–, Ca2+ or Mg2+} levels did not vary significantly between the different treatments. Plasma TA-N level increased with time in the fish in the metomidate solution (p 0.02).