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1.
沈永龙 《水产学报》2013,37(6):851-857
为了研究盐度对瘤背石磺不同部位Na+/K+-ATP酶活性、围心腔液和腹腔液渗透压及离子含量(Na+、K+和Cl-)的影响,选取健康的瘤背石磺[湿重(10.24±2.16)g]600只,在不同盐度条件下(5、15、25、35和45)采用模拟生态环境的方式饲养30 d后测定各项指标.结果显示:(1)瘤背石磺腹腔液和围心腔液的盐度和渗透压均随着环境盐度的升高而增高,腹腔液的盐度和渗透压的变动幅度分别为25~ 43和514 ~ 796 mOsm/kg,其增高幅度均大于围心腔液(分别为23 ~ 28和502~ 726 mOsm/kg);(2)围心腔液中Na+、Cl-和K+含量随环境盐度的变化具有一致性,均呈先上升后下降的趋势,且各离子浓度均在盐度25时达到最大值,分别为295.50、322.50和5.15 mmol/L,但盐度对Na+和Cl-含量有显著影响,对K+含量无显著影响.(3)瘤背石磺不同部位的Na +/K+-ATP酶活性具有组织特异性,贲门胃、肠、表皮、肌肉和围心腔膜等部位的Na +/K+-ATP酶活性较高,同时,盐度激活不同部位的Na +/K+-ATP酶活性具有显著差异性,肌肉和贲门胃的Na +/K+-ATP酶在低盐度时活性较高,而肠、肾及围心腔膜等在高盐度时Na+/K+-ATP酶被激活,酶活性较高.研究表明:盐度能显著影响瘤背石磺腹腔液和围心腔液的渗透压和离子浓度以及各器官的Na+/K+-ATP酶活性,贲门胃、肠和肌肉等均是其离子转运和渗透调节的主要部位,具有较强的渗透压调节能力.  相似文献   

2.
山泉水人工养殖金鳟肌肉营养成分分析   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
为了解金鳟(Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum)在贵州省山泉水养殖条件下的营养特点,采用生化方法测定了山泉水养殖金鳟肌肉中营养成分。结果显示:金鳟含肉率为79.60%,肌肉中水分、粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、灰分含量分别为75.45%、20.30%、2.61%、1.08%。肌肉中所测到的18种氨基酸总量为63.76%,其中8种必需氨基酸占26.07%,非必需氨基酸占37.69%,鲜味氨基酸占23.39%。肌肉中含有25种脂肪酸,其中饱和脂肪酸占20.83%,单不饱和脂肪酸占31.25%,多不饱和脂肪酸占47.92%。矿质元素中常量元素以钾和磷较高,分别为19 030.00 mg/kg和8 913.00 mg/kg;微量元素以铁和锌含量较高,分别为35.03 mg/kg和12.31 mg/kg。结果表明:与甘肃省养殖金鳟相比,贵州省山泉水养殖金鳟肌肉中肌肉的含肉率和常规营养成分含量与其相当,必需氨基酸总量/氨基酸总量(∑EAA/∑TAA)和必需氨基酸总量/非必须氨基酸总量(∑EAA/∑NEAA)均低于甘肃省养殖金鳟,但符合WHO/FAO提出的参考蛋白模式,且贵州省山泉水养殖金鳟肌肉中不饱和脂肪酸含量和微量元素含量均高于甘肃省养殖金鳟,说明山泉水养殖下的金鳟肌肉具有更好的营养价值。  相似文献   

3.
在水温7.5~10.6℃、溶氧6.24~8.69mg/L条件下,进行不同比例(4:1、2:1、1:1、1:2、1:4)的哲罗鲑Hucho taimen与日本金鳟Oncorhynchus mykiss混养试验,以优化哲罗鲑与日本金鳟的养殖模式。结果表明:哲罗鲑养殖过程中,混养适当比例的日本金鳟可以有效地提高哲罗鲑的存活率,而日本金鳟养殖中混养哲罗鲑对日本金鳟的存活有一定抑制;各混养组鱼的存活率随哲罗鲑比例的增大而降低。哲罗鲑养殖中,混养一定比例的日本金鳟有利于促进哲罗鲑稚鱼的生长,其中混养比例以200:100和150:150为最佳,存活率可达90.56%,体质量增长率分别为979.87%和1124.18%。混养时,对哲罗鲑与日本金鳟的摄食与行为有一定影响,对日本金鳟生长的影响未达到显著水平(P>0.05)。试验结束时,哲罗鲑与日本金鳟稚鱼体长、体质量变异系数的变化规律一致,其中日本金鳟体长、体质量变异系数随哲罗鲑混养比例增大而增大。  相似文献   

4.
本文对引进种日本金鳟和道氏虹鳟及其杂交后代的生存力及稚鱼的生长速度等进行了比较研究。结果表明,五项生存力指标由低到高的顺序均是:日本金鳟、杂交金鳟(F1 )、杂交金鳟自交后代(F2 )、野生型虹鳟(P <0 . 0 1 ) ,杂交日本金鳟对纯系日本金鳟体现出杂种优势,但是对于道氏虹鳟来说未体现优势,是由于道氏虹鳟是经过长期选育的良种,杂交后代遗传了它的部分优良性状。  相似文献   

5.
2006年12月甘肃金鳟通过了全国水产原良种委员会的审定,被确定为全国水产养殖新品种。甘肃金鳟与美国金鳟、日本金鳟相比,甘肃金鳟体色鲜艳,通体金黄,眼睛血红色,具有性情温顺、生长快、抗病力强、营养价值高等优点,也可作为观赏鱼养殖。为了推广这一新品种,  相似文献   

6.
针对点篮子鱼(Siganus guttatas)广盐性的特点,设计了5个盐度梯度:自然海水(对照组,盐度约30)、盐度20、盐度10、盐度5和盐度0,对点篮子鱼进行了48 d养殖实验,测定了5种盐度条件下点篮子鱼血清渗透压、离子含量及鳃丝Na+/K+-ATP酶活力的变化。结果显示,点篮子鱼血清渗透压随盐度的降低和时间的延长而显著下降,除盐度20组与对照组无显著性差异外(P0.05),其它盐度组与对照组均有显著性差异(P0.05)。各盐度组血清渗透压均在12 d时达到最小值,24 d血清渗透压有明显的回升,48 d趋于稳定,各时间点上均与对照组有显著性差异(P0.05)。点篮子鱼血清等渗点渗透压为402.5 m Osm·kg-1。在盐度5和盐度0条件下,血清离子浓度发生急剧下降,并在6 d和12 d达到最低值,24 d时有所回升;盐度20组血清Na+和Cl-与对照组无显著性差异(P0.05),K+和其余各盐度组与对照组均有显著性差异(P0.05)。鳃丝Na+/K+-ATP酶活力随着盐度的降低,分别在3 d和6 d达到最低值;盐度5和盐度0在12 d时Na+/K+-ATP活性迅速上升,并显著超过对照组,24 d再次下降;而盐度10缓慢回升,在48 d达到正常水平。研究结果表明,点篮子鱼对盐度变化有较强的渗透调节能力,在低渗环境中,点篮子鱼通过降低血清中离子含量及鳃丝Na+/K+-ATP酶活力的迅速变化来调节渗透压以适应环境的变化。  相似文献   

7.
金鳟的生物学特性及养殖   总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5  
金鳟 (Oncorhynchus mykiss)是日本长野县水产试验场从虹鳟鱼群体中发现的身体呈金黄色的突变品系。 1996年 12月黑龙江水产研究所从日本引进同型结合纯系发眼卵 1万粒。经 3年多的试验养殖从发眼卵至亲鱼育成及人工繁殖均取得了成功。证明我国的冷水资源适于金鳟养殖,金鳟将成为我国养鳟业的重要养殖新品种。金鳟与虹鳟是同一种鱼类,引进后取名金鳟。   一、生物学特性   金鳟属鲑科鲑属鱼类。同型结合纯系金鳟发眼卵粒径 4.0~ 6.0毫米,因卵内有一直径约 1.5~ 2.5毫米的玫瑰红色油球而呈鲜艳的红色。金鳟体型与虹鳟相似,周身…  相似文献   

8.
本研究旨在对国内虹鳟(Oncorhynchus mykiss)代表性养殖群体开展全基因组水平的遗传评估。利用57K单核苷酸多态性(single nucleotide polymorphism,SNP)芯片,检测了来自不同地域的6个虹鳟养殖群体样本共计48尾,包括黑龙江虹鳟、黑龙江金鳟、四川虹鳟、四川金鳟、北京虹鳟和北京金鳟,共获得有效SNP位点50201个,在中国虹鳟中的多态比例达到97.7%,表明该芯片虽然基于美国和挪威虹鳟群体设计,但对中国群体同样具有良好的适用性。各群体最小等位基因频率均值为0.240~0.267,与国外主流养殖群体相近,黑龙江虹鳟、四川虹鳟和北京虹鳟群体内遗传多样性丰富,多态位点比例为83.6%~84.9%,与国外主流养殖群体相近,而黑龙江金鳟、四川金鳟和北京金鳟,多态位点比例相对较低,在60.2%~76.9%范围内。应用6个中国虹鳟群体和2个美国虹鳟群体数据开展系统发育分析、主成分分析和群体遗传结构STRUCTURE分析,结果显示8个群体可分为3个祖源类群,其中3个金鳟群体为遗传联系较紧密的一个类群,黑龙江虹鳟和北京虹鳟为一个类群,而四川虹鳟与2个美国虹鳟群体为一个类群,部分中国养殖群体中有显著离群个体存在,表明群体遗传背景不均一。本研究表明,高密度SNP芯片在我国虹鳟养殖群体遗传分析中具有广泛的应用前景,能够为种质资源评估、本土化良种培育、制种和引种工作提供基因组水平的参考信息。  相似文献   

9.
为研究饲喂不同镁水平饲料后,鲈血清渗透压、离子水平和鳃丝ATP酶活力对急性盐度胁迫的反应,实验用镁水平为0.413 g/kg(D1,对照组)、1.042 g/kg(D2)、1.577 g/kg(D3)、1.991 g/kg(D4)的4种实验饲料,分别投喂初始平均体质量为(30±0.5)g的鲈。实验鱼在淡水循环养殖系统中饲养50 d后立即转入海水循环养殖系统,并在转入前(0 h)和转入后1、3、6、12、24 h分别采集鲈鳃丝和血液样本。结果显示:盐度胁迫前饲料镁水平对鲈血清渗透压、Na+、K+、Cl-、Mg2+含量和鳃丝中Na+/K+-ATP(NKA)与Ca2+/Mg2+-ATP(CMA)酶的活力有显著影响(P<0.05),其中血清渗透压、Mg2+含量和NKA酶活力随饲料镁水平的增加而升高。D4组的血清渗透压、Mg2+含量、NKA和CMA酶活力显著高于其他组(P<0.05),表明该组鲈处于高强度的渗透压调节的生理状态。急性盐度胁迫中,血清Na+和Cl-含量随胁迫时间的延长呈逐渐上升趋势,血清渗透压、K+、Ca2+、Mg2+和鳃丝ATP酶活力在0~24 h内呈波动性变化。D1组的NKA和CMA酶活力在胁迫1 h时显著低于其他组(P<0.05),表明长期摄食低镁水平的饲料会降低鲈鳃丝NKA和CMA酶对环境盐度刺激的敏感度。研究表明,淡水养殖鲈的饲料中镁水平应低于1.991 g/kg,以减少维持鳃丝NKA与CMA酶高活力而导致的能量损失,而在环境由低盐向高盐的快速转变过程中,较高的饲料镁水平可通过快速提高的鳃丝NKA与CMA酶活力而有利于鲈快速适应高盐环境。  相似文献   

10.
为评估池塘养殖日本鳗鲡(Anguilla japonica)对水质的影响,2007年12月~2009年2月对福建省南部某日本鳗鲡养殖场的6口池塘主要水质因子进行周年调查。结果表明,水温变化在20.73~31.97℃,季节性变化小,适宜日本鳗鲡生长的时间长;水体透明度较低,一般在15~30cm,浮游植物数量及抑藻剂的使用对透明度影响较大;溶解氧、pH值等全年均符合渔业水质标准;氨氮是主要的无机氮形式,全年最高值出现在夏季,其含量变化与水温变化趋势一致;亚硝酸氮含量大部分季节较低(<0.06mg/L);硝酸盐含量全年最高不超过0.2mg/L,其含量变化与叶绿素a含量变化规律基本一致;活性磷浓度仅冬季较低,其他季节均较高,可能是池塘中藻类常年旺盛生长的原因;高锰酸钾指数较高且季节变化不明显。控制养殖密度及合理使用水质处理剂对于池塘水质保证十分重要。  相似文献   

11.
Spermatozoa and seminal plasma obtained from rainbow trout and whitefish were analyzed in respect to their aspartate aminotransferase (AspAT) and alkaline phosphatase activities. In particular, the experiments characterized AspAT optimum pH, optimization of assay conditions and action of coenzyme, pyridoxal 5-phosphate (vitamin B6). The effect of short-term semen storage at 0°C on biochemical indicators and fertilization rate was examined in both species. The concentrations of reduced and oxidized ascorbic acid in seminal plasma of both species were several folds higher than in spermatozoa and blood plasma of fish. Highly significant correlations were found for both species between AspAT activity (sperm or seminal plasma) and fertilization rate (% of eyed-stage or hatched embryos). For rainbow trout, highly significant correlations were found between sperm concentration, motility and fertilization rate. These results suggest that several biochemical indicators of seminal plasma can be used as measures of sperm quality of fish. Some common biochemical parameters for fish and mammal's semen provide evidence for using fish sperm as a model in biomedical research.  相似文献   

12.
The present investigation was carried out to study gut content and accompanying digestive enzyme profiles of the three carp species, golden mahseer Tor putitora, snow trout Schizothorax richardsonii and hill trout Barilius barila. The fishes were captured from the River Ladhiya, Champawat district, Uttarakhand, northern India. The digestive tract length was on average 1.8 and 2.3 times longer than the body, while members of Bacillariophyceae, Chlorophyceae, Cyanophyceae and Zygnematophyceae made up 95.15% and 99.63% of gut content in the golden mahseer and snow trout, respectively. In hill trout, the digestive tract being only half the body length, gut content was insects (72.73%), eggs of aquatic organisms (22.73%) and nematodes (4.55%). Estimated gut enzyme activities demonstrated that amylase activity was significantly (P < 0.05) higher in golden mahseer and snow trout compared to hill trout, while total protease, trypsin and chymotrypsin activities were all significantly (P < 0.05) higher in the hill trout compared to other species. A strong co‐relation was found among relative gut length, food composition and digestive enzyme activities of each species. This may guide the future formulation of feed to these important species of carps kept in farm.  相似文献   

13.
Hypercalcemia (induced by CaCl2-injection or seawater exposure of the fish) reduced the hypocalcin content of corpuscles of Stannius (CS) in trout, goldfish and eel; concomitantly the synthetic activity of CS of hypercalcemic fish, as determinedin vitro, was enhanced. The monomeric forms of prohypocalcin and of hypocalcin of trout and goldfish are 32 and 28 kDA Mr glycoprotein species respectively; those of the eel are 2 kDa bigger,viz. 34 and 30 kDa respectively. Moreover, eel CS producein vitro an enigmatic 70 kDa glycoprotein with affinity for concanavalin-A. It is concluded that plasma calcium levels control storage and synthesis rates of hypocalcin in the CS.  相似文献   

14.
为了解大西洋鲑(Salmo salar)、三倍体虹鳟(Oncorhynchus mykiss)、金鳟(Oncorhynchus mykiss)3种鱼肌肉营养成分和品质特性,利用生化分析、物性分析方法分析3种鱼肌肉的营养成分、氨基酸和脂肪酸组成、肉色、系水力和质构特性。结果表明,大西洋鲑、三倍体虹鳟、金鳟肌肉的水分质量分数分别为62.91%、67.15%、73.02%,粗蛋白质量分数分别为22.39%、21.03%、22.11%,粗脂肪质量分数分别为14.64%、17.16%、5.11%。3种鱼肌肉的滴水损失、黄色值(b~*)、羟脯氨酸含量、内聚性均显著不差异(P0.05)。3种鱼肌肉的硬度和咀嚼性由低到高依次为大西洋鲑、三倍体虹鳟、金鳟,而pH值的结果则与之相反(P0.05)。大西洋鲑和三倍体虹鳟肌肉的灰分、解冻损失、蒸煮损失、回复性、弹性和红色值(a~*)差异不显著(P0.05),但灰分、蒸煮损失、回复性均小于金鳟肌肉的对应指标(P0.05),弹性和红色值(a~*)则均大于金鳟肌肉的对应指标(P0.05)。大西洋鲑、三倍体虹鳟、金鳟肌肉中必需氨基酸含量占氨基酸总量分别为42.28%、41.84%、41.63%(质量分数),必需氨基酸/非必需氨基酸(EAA/NEAA)比值分别为73.25%、71.94%、71.32%,均符合联合国粮农组织/世界卫生组织(FAO/WHO)对优质蛋白质的评价标准;3种鱼肌肉中均检测到22种脂肪酸,组成丰富,其中不饱和脂肪酸含量较高。综上所述,3种鱼的肌肉都是符合人体营养需求的优质水产品,其中大西洋鲑和三倍体虹鳟肉质接近,且都优于金鳟的肉质。  相似文献   

15.
The metabolic consequences of the isoenergetic replacement of dietaryprotein by carbohydrates (CHO) were compared in studies of European eel andrainbow trout. Diets with 45/20, 37/30, 29/40 and 21/50 percentprotein/carbohydrate were assessed during a 12-week experiment. The CHO sourcewas pre-gelatinized corn starch. Fish of initial average weight 45gwere fed to satiation twice daily. Weight-gain and feed-efficiency data weregenerally better in trout than in eel, presumably because trout digestibilitycoefficients for protein and energy were higher than in eel. In both species,regardless of physiological differences in digestion and absorption, feedintakeand nutrient digestibility were lower when dietary CHO was higher, but theinter-species differences decreased with increasing dietary CHO.Pyruvate kinase activity (PK) in trout was not affected by dietary CHO content,while blood-glucose and liver-glycogen levels significantly rose withincreasingdietary CHO. In contrast, blood-glucose levels appeared to be regulated ineels,perhaps by an accelerated glycolysis rate, revealed by changes in PK.Gluconeogenic activity was inhibited in trout fed a diet containing20–30%CHO, while in eels this activity was not inhibited by dietary replacement ofprotein by carbohydrate. Liver glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity(G6PDH) was inhibited in trout fed increasing dietary CHO, whereas in eelsG6PDHoperated at a high rate regardless of dietary composition. These results mayindicate that eels have a better capacity for metabolising high-CHO/low-proteindiets than do trout.  相似文献   

16.
中草药添加剂对日本鳗鲡生长和非特异性免疫效应的研究   总被引:4,自引:2,他引:2  
在基础饲料中分别添加0.5 g/kg、1.0 g/kg和1.5 g/kg的自制中草药免疫添加剂,配制成3种试验饲料,以基础饲料为对照组饲料,每处理设3个平行样,对体重为30~40 g的日本鳗鲡(Anguilla japonica)进行为期60 d的饲养试验,每20 d取样一次,以相对增重率、成活率和血清中的溶菌酶(LZM)、一氧化氮合酶(NOS)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性为指标,探讨了中草药免疫添加剂对日本鳗鲡生长和非特异性免疫效应的影响。结果显示:饲料中添加中草药免疫添加剂可以显著提高日本鳗鲡的增重率,降低饲料系数(P<0.05)。试验组日本鳗鲡血清中的LZM、NOS、AKP和SOD等活性均高于对照组。因此,中草药免疫添加剂具有显著促生长和增强机体免疫能力的作用,建议在实际生产中的添加量为1.0 g/kg较为合适。  相似文献   

17.
Recombinant Japanese eel follicle-stimulating hormone (rjeFSH) produced by methylotrophic yeast was subjected to in vivo bioassay to assess its gonadotropic activities and availability to artificially induce maturation of this species. Intramuscular injections of rjeFSH into male eels at doses of 0.1 and 1.0 U/g body weight were repeated 3 times during 12 days. The rjeFSH significantly increased plasma 11-ketotestosterone levels, and induced both testicular growth and spermatogenesis in a dose-dependent manner. These results demonstrate that rjeFSH is effective in promoting male eel gamatogenesis in vivo. Instead of scarce native eel FSH, abundant recombinant eel FSH is now ready for future application to maturation induction of Japanese eel.  相似文献   

18.
The high sperm density, together with the short spermatozoa swimming time, makes European eel sperm manipulation and assessment for quality difficult. Two diluting media (K15 and K30) previously designed for Japanese eel sperm were tested. After 24 h, European eel sperm showed significant reduction in the percentage of motile spermatozoa after activation and different motility parameters (VAP, angular velocity; VCL, curvilinear velocity; VSL, straight line velocity; BCF, beating cross frequency), concluding that these media are not suitable to preserve the sperm of this species. After a hormonal treatment to induce spermiation, sperm volume, density and motility were recorded at weekly samplings. The variation of the osmolality (325–330 mOsm kg−1), pH (8.4–8.6) and the ionic composition (concentration of Na+, K+, Mg2+ and Ca2+) of the seminal plasma were registered. Physio-chemical results were related with sperm quality throughout the treatment, to determine which must be the suitable characteristics of one extender for the sperm of this species, and to find the best conditions to obtain suitable cryopreservation media for European eel sperm. K+ concentration increased, while Ca2+ and Mg2+ concentrations showed a progressive reduction in correlation with the sperm quality improvement. Na+ showed a decreasing, but not significant tendency. P1 and P2 freezing media were designed considering the physio-chemical parameters as well as the ionic composition shown by the best quality sperm samples, and then compared with the previously described solutions, TNK and K30. Sperm quality was determined, checking the percentage of motile spermatozoa and motility parameters using computer-assisted sperm analysis (CASA) software. Samples were frozen after dilution (1:5, 1:20, 1:100) in different freezing media supplemented with 10% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). After thawing, samples frozen with low dilution ratio (1:5) in TNK and P1 media showed higher, although not significant, spermatozoa survival (35.5 ± 14.5 and 36.6 ± 6.7%). The addition of l-α-phosphatidylcholine to the media seems to have a positive effect, as reported in the Japanese eel.  相似文献   

19.
This work provides a comparative study of the proteolytic and amylase activities in six species of fish with different nutritional habits: rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata), European eel (Anguilla anguilla), common carp (Cyprinus carpio), goldfish (Carassius auratus), and tench (Tinca tinca). Trout and carp showed the highest digestive proteolytic activity. When proteolytic activity was determined in a wide range of pHs, the highest values in the digestive tract of all species were found at alkaline pHs, except in eel where activity could be detected only at acid pHs. Eel showed the lowest digestive proteolytic potential among all the species studied. With respect to amylase activity, the omnivorous species presented higher activity than did the carnivores. Among the carnivorous species, the lowest activity was found in trout. The ratio of total amylase:total proteolytic activity was higher in omnivorous fish species, the carp having the greatest value, whereas in trout this ratio was lower than one. Digestive enzyme activity declined as the incubation temperature decreased, but this trend varied depending on the fish species and the tissue analyzed.  相似文献   

20.
A hypothesis is developed that activation of motility in rainbow trout spermatozoa is a result of membrane hyperpolarization. This hypothesis was developed to explain experimental observations of a relationship between membrane potential and motility as revealed by the use of voltage sensitive fluorescent dyes. The results lead to the following conclusions: a) Transmembrane potential hyperpolarizes with decreasing KCl concentration in 100 mM NaCl. b) Transmembrane potential hyperpolarizes with decreasing NaCl concentration. c) NaCl is three time less effective in changing transmembrane potential and two orders of magnitude less effective in inhibiting activation of motility than KCl. d) Chloride ions have little effect on transmembrane potential or motility. e) Increases in osmotic pressure with the non-ionic molecule sucrose increased the amount of KCl required to inhibit activation. f) The major effect of Na+ on K+ inhibition may be osmotic.It is suggested that while sperm cells are in the seminal plasma in the reproductive tract of the male rainbow trout their transmembrane potential is maintained above an activation threshold, probably through Na/K pumps which are found in almost all animal cells. Since K+ is the most important ion in determining the transmembrane potential, hyperpolarization of the plasma membrane below an activation threshold occurs when the sperm cells are diluted, during spawning, into the low K+ environment of freshwater.  相似文献   

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