短蛸呼吸、循环、排泄和生殖系统甲硫氨酸脑啡肽的免疫组织化学定位

采用免疫组织化学SABC法对短蛸(Octopus ocellatus)呼吸、循环、排泄和生殖系统中甲硫氨酸脑啡肽(met-Enk)进行定位研究.结果表明,短蛸呼吸系统、循环系统、排泄系统和生殖系统中都有met-Enk存在,充分说明met-Enk在短蛸体内分布是比较广泛的.可以发现短蛸met-Enk大都阳性较弱.met-Enk可能参与短蛸呼吸、循环、泌尿、生殖和内分泌等功能的调节.而met-Enk在短蛸不同部位分布密度的不同,可能与各器官的功能不同有关.     

短蛸消化系统和部分器官中μ受体的免疫组织化学定位

采用免疫组织化学SABC法对短蛸（Octopus ocellatus）消化系统和部分器官中μ受体（mu opioid receptor）进行定位研究。结果表明,短蛸腕、漏斗、外套膜腹面、口球、嗉囊、胃盲囊、肠、直肠、前唾液腺、后唾液腺、肝胰脏均呈μ受体阴性,但食道内上皮、外膜、结缔组织和胃角质层有μ受体分布,外套膜背面、腕间膜的上皮或近上皮部位呈μ受体阳性。μ受体在短蛸不同部位分布密度的不同,可能与各器官的功能不同有关。     

短蛸外套膜和足甲硫氨酸脑啡肽的免疫组织化学定位

采用免疫组织化学SABC法对短蛸外套膜和足中甲硫氨酸脑啡肽(met-Enk)进行定位研究。试验结果表明,短蛸外套膜、腕、腕间膜、漏斗中均有met-Enk存在,外套膜背面、腕和腕间膜上皮组织及其附近的部分细胞和神经纤维呈met-Enk强阳性或阳性;外套膜腹面和漏斗上皮组织及其附近的部分细胞和神经纤维呈met-Enk阳性或弱阳性。met-Enk在短蛸外套膜和足不同部位分布密度的不同,可能与各部位的功能不同有关。     

北方地区短蛸室内越冬养殖技术

正短蛸属软体动物,头足纲,八腕目,蛸科,蛸属,俗称饭蛸、坐蛸、短腿蛸、风蛸(山东名)、短爪蛸、四眼鸟(广东名)。短蛸广泛分布于西太平洋沿岸,在我国主要分布在渤海、黄海和东海北部,是我国北部沿海蛸类中重要的海产经济物种之一。目前,短蛸育苗所需要的亲蛸主要依赖春季海捕的野生群体,其采捕和运输过程都会对亲蛸造成伤害,难以保证亲蛸的质量,且野生短蛸需要在室内养殖池进行长时间驯化,死亡率较高,造成繁殖     

短蛸(Amphioctopus fangsiao)幼体摄食行为和不同饵料对其生长、存活的影响

为了研究短蛸(Amphioctopus fangsiao)不同生长阶段的饵料需求,本研究采用刚孵化的短蛸幼体作为实验材料,首先观察不同环境条件下短蛸幼体的摄食行为,然后通过投喂不同的饵料,对短蛸幼体的生长过程进行研究。结果显示,卤虫无节幼体密度从0.1个/ml上升至1个/ml的过程中,密度在0.1个/ml时短蛸初孵幼体摄食量高;1–2 d龄幼体和2–3 d龄幼体有较为强烈的摄食行为,因此,需要从孵化第2天开始重视短蛸幼体的饵料情况。晚上是初孵幼体的摄食活跃阶段,在室内光和黑暗条件下均表现出高摄食量。投喂混合饵料时,短蛸幼体有较高的存活率和增长率;初孵幼体(0.03 g)培育过程中,卤虫无节幼体是关键饵料;当幼体开始附底(0.1 g)时,应及时进行饵料转换,虾苗和贝肉是附底幼体的重要饵料。该研究结果对短蛸规模化苗种繁育具有重要实用价值。     

短蛸人工育苗试验

<正>短蛸(octopus ocellatus)俗名八带鱼,属软体动物门(Mollusca)、头足纲(Cepha-lopoda)、蛸属(Octopus),广泛分布于渤海、黄海和东海北部。短蛸是经济价值很高的软体动物,其肉质鲜美,深受广大消费者喜爱。目前短蛸生产全部依靠人工采捕天然资源,不仅产量波动大,而且对短蛸资源     

中国产章鱼的研究和增养殖

对中国海域共8种分布,经济价值较大真蛸、短蛸和长蛸的分类、分布、生态习性及人工繁殖和养成等进行了简单介绍,     

日照市首次开展人工繁育短蛸增殖放流试验

正2016年8月初,在山东省日照市海洋与渔业局的指导监督下,日照市海洋与渔业研究所在万宝滨海风景区海域开展了山东省首次大规模短蛸增殖放流试验。此次,共放流短蛸苗种12万只,平均胴长1.2 cm。短蛸俗称饭蛸、坐蛸、短腿蛸、风蛸(山东名)、短爪蛸,广泛分布于渤海、黄海和东海北部。由于其肉质鲜美,富含精氨酸,而且具有生命周期短,生长迅速等特点,是一种具有较高经济价值的优良品种。每年清明节前后,短蛸会随波逐流来到日照近海,进行产卵交配,并形成鱼汛。然而,     

短蛸(Amphioctopus fangsiao)幼体摄食行为和不同饵料对其生长、存活的影响

为了研究短蛸(Amphioctopus fangsiao)不同生长阶段的饵料需求，本研究采用刚孵化的短蛸幼体作为实验材料，首先观察不同环境条件下短蛸幼体的摄食行为，然后通过投喂不同的饵料，对短蛸幼体的生长过程进行研究。结果显示，卤虫无节幼体密度从0.1个/ml上升至1个/ml的过程中，密度在0.1个/ml时短蛸初孵幼体摄食量高；1–2 d龄幼体和2–3 d龄幼体有较为强烈的摄食行为，因此，需要从孵化第2天开始重视短蛸幼体的饵料情况。晚上是初孵幼体的摄食活跃阶段，在室内光和黑暗条件下均表现出高摄食量。投喂混合饵料时，短蛸幼体有较高的存活率和增长率；初孵幼体(0.03 g)培育过程中，卤虫无节幼体是关键饵料；当幼体开始附底(0.1 g)时，应及时进行饵料转换，虾苗和贝肉是附底幼体的重要饵料。该研究结果对短蛸规模化苗种繁育具有重要实用价值。     

短蛸工厂化苗种繁育试验

正短蛸(Octopus ocellatus)是我国北方重要蛸类经济物种之一,在我国主要分布在东海以及黄渤海近海。短蛸的生活史一般为一年,生长迅速,是优良的养殖品种。日照处于海州湾北部,由于岸线类型为砂砾质海岸及礁岩型海岸,为短蛸提供了优良栖息地。因此,每年4月清明节前后,短蛸会聚集到日照近海进行产卵交配。然而,近几年受环境恶化及过度捕捞的影响,使得近海短蛸资源量严重下降。     

Comparison Between Individual and Group Rearing Systems in Octopus vulgaris (Cuvier, 1797)

Recently most research on cephalopod culture has focused on the development of new specific enrichments for paralarvae and compound feeds for juveniles and sub‐adults. However, little research has been conducted in order to test new rearing systems, specifically designed to meet the particularities of these species. This experiment was set to compare the biological performance of Octopus vulgaris reared under traditional group conditions in floating cages (5 m³) and individually in net cages (80 L), in two successive ongrowing trials. Octopuses (1565 ± 263 g) were fed a mixed diet containing crab and fish during 60 d. In general, higher mortality was observed in octopus reared under group conditions (28.1–36.7%) rather than individually (0–12.5%), related to breeding behavior and to weight dispersion along both trials. This led to highest biomass increment in octopus reared individually. However, the group rearing system had a positive effect on growth, reflecting in higher biomass increment and food conversion rates until 40–50 d of rearing. Accordingly, in order to maximize profitability of traditional group on growing, periodic grading and selection of males during the reproductive period are recommended. In addition, no difference in proximate composition and fatty acid profile was found in muscle regardless of rearing system.     

香螺雄性生殖系统的显微结构研究

香螺雌雄异体。雄性生殖系统由精巢和生殖导管构成,生殖导管可根据各段的形态和功能分为贮精囊、输精管和阴茎。生精小管内有处于不同发育时期的初级精母细胞、次级精母细胞、精子细胞。由生殖腺排入生殖导管的,不具有活动能力。输精管壁有丰富的腺细胞构成,起前列腺的作用.为精子提供营养。精于由头部和尾部构成,具有较长的中段,螺旋线粒体鞘内中央为9 2型轴丝,末段糖原颗粒包围中央轴丝。     

Adaptation disorders in newborn animals: pathogenesis and therapy. Review article]

The sympathoadrenal system of the neonate is stimulated during parturition and immediately after birth. Endogenous opioid peptides can be regarded as partial catecholamine antagonists. They have an inhibitory action on the respiratory center but may also lead to a redistribution of cerebral blood flow in favour of certain essential brain areas. The acidosis seen in connection with neonatal asphyxia stimulates a further release of catecholamines as well as opioid peptides. The therapeutic approach should lead to a rapid normalisation of respiration.     

Endogenous opioids and their effects on reproduction] effects

This minireview is a short survey of regulatory actions of endogenous opioid peptides on gonadotropin secretion in sheep, pig and cattle. Particular attention is paid to the stress induced changes in endogenous opioid levels and consequent effects on reproductive functions.     

Naltrexone attenuates stress-induced suppression of LH secretion in the pituitary gland in the Cichlid fish Oreochromis mossambicus: evidence for the opioidergic mediation of reproductive stress response

Opioid peptide β-endorphin (β-EP) plays a modulatory role in vertebrate reproduction. However, the role of opioid peptides in reproductive stress response is least understood in fishes. The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of different doses of β-EP on luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion in normal and the opioid receptor antagonist naltrexone (NALT) in stressed female tilapia Oreochromis mossambicus. Administration of 4 μg β-EP, but not 0.5 or 1.5 μg β-EP, daily for 22 days caused suppression of LH-secreting cells at the proximal pars distalis of the pituitary gland, concomitant with a significant reduction in the mean GSI and HSI in 4 μg β-EP-treated fish compared to controls. On the other hand, exposure of the fish to mild acute stressors for 22 days caused changes in the LH-secreting cells similar to that of high dose of β-EP, whereas administration of NALT attenuated these effects. Taken together, the results indicate that increased concentration of β-EP as may occur during stressful conditions can cause suppression of LH secretion, leading to the inhibition of spawning, and that treatment of NALT attenuates the stress-induced inhibition of LH secretion in fish.     

Mu opioid receptor in spermatozoa,eggs and larvae of gilthead sea bream (Sparus Aurata) and its involvement in stress related to aquaculture

In aquaculture, unfavourable conditions experienced during early development may have strong downstream effects on the adult phenotype and fitness. Sensitivity to stress, leading to disease, reduced growth and mortality, is higher in larvae than in adult fish. In this study, conducted on sea bream (Sparus aurata), we evidenced the presence of the mu opioid receptor in gametes and larvae at different developmental stages. Moreover, we evaluated the possibility of reducing the effects of artificially produced stress, altering temperature, salinity and pH, by naloxone (an opioid antagonist) and calcium. Results evidenced that mu opioid receptor is present in larvae and in gametes of both sexes and that, during larval growth, its expression level changes accordingly; furthermore, naloxone/calcium association is efficacious in increasing the survival period of treated larvae compared to controls. We conclude that in sea bream rearing, the use of naloxone/calcium against stress can improve fish farming techniques by reducing larval mortality and consequently increasing productivity.     

Growth,Mortality, and Biochemical Composition in Octopus vulgaris Reared Under Different Conditions of Sex Ratio

Octopus vulgaris is a potential candidate to diversify marine aquaculture. Even though mortality under rearing conditions has been related to reproductive processes, the benefit of sex segregation remains unclear. In order to clarify this, wild octopuses (862 ± 101 g) were reared in floating cages under three proportions of male : female sex ratio: 1:1, 1:0, and 4:1 (n = 30 per treatment). The experimental period lasted 2 mo and octopuses were fed on bogue, Boops boops (aquaculture by‐product). Higher growth rates were observed in octopuses reared under 1:1 and 1:0 (1.8%/d) in comparison with those reared under 4:1 conditions (1.6%/d). Regarding sexes, a lower growth was detected in females reared under 4:1 (1.1%/d) in comparison with females (1.8%/d) and males (1.7–1.9%/d) reared under 1:1 conditions. Survival was 97, 97, and 90% in sex ratio 1:1, 1:0, and 4:1, respectively. Sexual maturity data showed that males were all mature, while most females were still maturing (60–84%) at the end of the rearing period. High lipid content in bogue (44% dw) did not reflect on octopus muscle. This tissue showed a similar biochemical composition irrespective of the sex ratio condition, with a high protein (87% dw), a low lipid (5% dw), and a high n‐3 HUFA content (42%).     

低盐胁迫对刺参 4 个盐度调节相关基因表达丰度的影响

从刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)低盐转录组数据库中选取与应激(热休克蛋白70基因)和离子传递(甘氨酸转运蛋白基因、锌转运蛋白基因、神经乙酰胆碱受体基因)相关的4个差异表达基因,利用qRT-PCR技术分析这4个基因在不同组织中的表达水平及低盐对其表达丰度的影响.结果表明甘氨酸转运蛋白基因在刺参呼吸树中表达水平最高,肠次之,体腔液表达较低;锌指蛋白基因和神经乙酰胆碱受体基因均在体腔液中表达最高,肠次之,在呼吸树中不表达;热休克蛋白70基因在体腔液中表达量最高,其次是呼吸树和肠组织.低盐胁迫下这4种基因的表达量均随着胁迫时间的延长呈波动性增减,其中甘氨酸转运蛋白在体腔液中的表达低于正常表达水平,在胁迫后3h时达到最低表达量.神经乙酰胆碱受体基因除在体腔液中48 h出现明显的上调外,在体腔液其他时间点和肠组织中处于下调表达状态.低盐胁迫下这4个基因表达丰度的变化,说明这些基因或作为功能蛋白直接参与机体的代谢调节,或作为调控蛋白调节胁迫功能蛋白的表达和活性来提高刺参对低盐胁迫的耐受能力.研究结果可为刺参盐度调节适应机制的研究奠定基础.     

Multiple paternity,reproductive skew and correlates of male reproductive success in a wild population of the Trinidadian guppy

Abstract – In most species, males have a higher reproductive potential than females, leading to skewed reproductive success, particularly in mating systems where pre‐ or postcopulatory sexual selection reinforces inequality in male mating success. We investigated multiple paternity, reproductive skew and correlates of male reproductive success in a wild population of the Trinidadian guppy (Poecilia reticulata). We used nine microsatellite loci to assess the frequency of multiple paternity, number of sires per brood and reproductive skew. Across broods, the frequency of multiple paternity was high with 94% of broods having multiple sires (range: 1–5), resulting in a reproductive skew of 0.14. Variation in male reproductive success was high (range: 0–14 offspring per male), suggesting that there is considerable opportunity for sexual selection. Next, we examined correlations between male reproductive success and sexual coloration, sperm velocity and gonopodium length. Relative area of orange, black, iridescent and total coloration, and sperm velocity were not correlated with reproductive success. However, gonopodium length explained 14% of the variation in reproductive success, suggesting that gonopodium length is likely a sexually selected trait. We discuss these findings in the light of other studies that genetically dissect joint‐sex parentage and examine correlates of male reproductive success in wild populations.