渔业生物学

031273激素和热诱导全雄yy尼罗罗非鱼雌性化=Thermal and hormonal feminizationOf all male YY Nile tilaPia Orcochromis,:izozicu:L〔刊,‘英]/K ara即eell,PenmanD,KarayueelS…// Isr.J.Aquae.一2003,.55(2)一114一122 对YY雄性尼罗罗非鱼使用激素和热处理诱导性转化进行了比较。测出激素处理生产雌性率为34%,热处理生产雌性率犯%。36℃热处理的鱼中性个体占185%,显著高于激素处理的鱼(中性个体占1.6%)。高温处理的鱼成活率为62.6%,激素处理的鱼成活率为97.3%,对照鱼为97%。虽然高温处理的鱼成活率低且中性鱼比例高,但在使用性…     

木聚糖酶对尼罗罗非鱼钠葡萄糖共转运载体（SGLT1）mRNA表达的影响

以尼罗罗非鱼[体重(106.16±16.77)g]为实验对象,小麦基础饲料为对照,小麦基础饲料中分别添加不同水平的木聚糖酶(0.05%、0.10%、0.15%)作为试验饲料。每个处理设5个重复,每个重复放养40尾雄性尼罗罗非鱼,旨在研究木聚糖酶对尼罗罗非鱼前肠和中肠钠葡萄糖共转运载体(SGLT_1)mRNA表达的影响,从分子水平揭示木聚糖酶促进尼罗罗非鱼生长的机理。饱食投喂,饲养75 d后,每饲料组分别取10尾鱼,尾静脉取血制备血清,测定血糖含量;采用离心柱型总RNA提取试剂金提取前肠和中肠总RNA,通过RT-PCR对前肠和中肠SGLT_1mRNA的表达进行相对定量。结果表明,0.05%组、0.10%组和0.15%组前肠SGLT_1 mRNA的相对表达量分别比对照组提高19.28%(P<0.05)、42.17%(P<0.01)和16.87% (P<0.05);对照组尼罗罗非鱼在摄食后2 h血糖仅为5.56 mmol·L~(-1),0.10%组极显著高于对照组(P<0.01);0.05%组和0.10%组的增重率较对照组分别提高8.29%、17.45%(P<0.01),0.15%组的增重率与对照组相比没有统计学差异(P>0.05)。研究结果表明,在小麦基础饲料中适量添加木聚糖酶能显著上调前肠SGLT_1mRNA的表达,促进葡萄糖吸收,从而提高尼罗罗非鱼的生长速度。     

尼罗罗非鱼与萨罗罗非鱼正反交鱼自繁后代F2耐盐性、生长性能及亲本对杂种优势贡献力的评估

为选育耐盐和生长兼优的罗非鱼,以原始亲本尼罗罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus)和萨罗罗非鱼(Sarotherodon melanotheron)为对照,正交鱼(尼罗罗非鱼♀×萨罗罗非鱼↑)自繁第二代(F2)和反交鱼(萨罗罗非鱼♀×尼罗罗非鱼↑)自繁第二代(F2)为试验对象,观察和比较他们在盐度为0、15、20及25时的耐盐性和生长性能,并估算杂种优势及亲本的贡献力.结果如下:(1)盐度20～25是正、反交鱼的适宜生长盐度,他们在这一盐度范围里的日均增重率为尼罗罗非鱼在盐度0下的75%左右、萨罗罗非鱼在盐度25下的4倍左右,表明杂交后代的生长速度比较接近尼罗罗非鱼,远优于萨罗罗非鱼.在盐度25下,正交鱼比反交鱼生长快7%左右.(2)在盐度15与20下,生长速度和体重变异系数的杂种优势较明显,未发现不同盐度会导致正反交鱼成活率有显著变化.(3)不同亲本鱼类的强势性状,如尼罗罗非鱼的快速生长、萨罗罗非鱼的高耐盐性,对杂交后代的不同性状在不同盐度中有不同的贡献力.运用F1≤a1P1 a2P2所作的估算表明,对杂交后代在15～25盐度下的生长率,尼罗罗非鱼的杂种优势贡献力比萨罗罗非鱼的大3～4倍;对杂交后代在25盐度下的耐盐性,尼罗罗非鱼的贡献力几乎为零,而萨罗罗非鱼的贡献力几乎为100%.     

奥尼鱼养殖技术

奥尼鱼为奥利亚罗非鱼(雄)和尼罗罗非鱼(雌)杂交繁育的子一代雄性化罗非鱼.该鱼具有生长快、养殖成本低、食性杂、适应性强、雄性率高、出肉率高、肉味鲜美等优点,是值得推广养殖的优良养殖品种.……     

基于天然XY雌鱼培育YY超雄尼罗罗非鱼的新方法

前期报道了利用尼罗罗非鱼LG22上性别连锁的分子标记检测到养殖群体存在天然XY雌鱼，但其能否用于培育YY超雄罗非鱼尚不清楚。本研究首先引入遗传性别受LG22染色体严格控制的CQ尼罗罗非鱼群体和具有天然XY雌鱼的WC群体，将CQ群体XY雄鱼与WC XY雌鱼杂交，检验杂交F1 YY超雄鱼是否可用于控制后代性别，并比较杂交F1 XY和YY罗非鱼体质量、性腺指数、血清激素水平和性腺基因表达情况。研究发现，CQ XY雄鱼和WC XY雌鱼交配，获得的F1 中具有25%的YY超雄鱼，经鉴定为全雄且可育。将F1 YY超雄鱼与WC XX雌鱼、WC XY雌鱼（母本）、杂交F1 XX雌鱼和CQ XX雌鱼交配，后代几乎全雄，仅在与F1 XX雌鱼交配后代中有2尾雌鱼（雄性率98%）。在孵化后180 d，杂交F1中XY和YY个体的体重、性腺指数、血清激素水平差异不显著。基因表达分析发现，YY鱼精巢中AmhX/AmhY mRNA表达显著高于XY鱼，而Dmrt1 和Cyp11b2 mRNA表达水平差异不显著。杂交F1 YY和XY鱼生理指标无明显差异。因此，采用尼罗罗非鱼天然XY雌鱼能够培育YY超雄鱼，且该YY超雄鱼能够用于罗非鱼性别控制。     

奥尼鱼苗种繁育技术

奥尼鱼是指采用纯种奥利亚罗非鱼(雄)与尼罗罗非鱼(雌)进行种间杂交所得的子一代杂交鱼,如所选亲本纯度较高,则奥尼杂交鱼的雄性率可达95%以上.由于雄性罗非鱼比雌性生长速度快,养殖高雄性的奥尼鱼可大大提高产量,同时该品种具有抗病力强、易捕捞、加工出肉率高等特点,所以,深受养殖户的欢迎.目前,在广东养殖罗非鱼品种的覆盖率高达80%～90%,在一些罗非鱼主产区甚至更高.现将奥尼鱼的繁殖技术介绍如下:……     

不同盐、碱度下3品系尼罗罗非鱼幼鱼网箱养殖的生长比较

以慢性驯化后的上海、山东、河北品系尼岁岁非鱼（Oreochromis niloticus）幼鱼为试验材料,比较它们在盐度组（0、15和20）、碳酸氢钠（NaHCO3）碱度组（1 g·L^-1、2 g·L^-1和3 g·L^-1）以及盐碱混合组（15,1 g·L^-1;15,2 g·L^-1;15,3 g·L^-1;20,1 g·L^-1;20,2 g·L^-1和20,3 g·L^-1）条件下网箱养殖成活率和日均增重率差异.62d试验结果表明,上海、山东、河北品系尼罗罗非鱼幼鱼在不同盐度、碱度、盐碱混合处理组中的成活率差异不显著（P＞0.05）,而日均增重率的差异显著（P＜0.05）.随着盐度、碱度增加,尼罗罗非鱼生长速度大体呈下降趋势;盐碱混合组生长速度较单盐、单碱组减慢.还发现不同品系尼罗罗非鱼在不同盐碱梯度下表现出不同的相对生长优势.研究结果为尼罗罗非鱼适宜养殖的盐碱范围确定、品系筛选提供了重要的基础资料.     

不同盐度下尼罗罗非鱼、萨罗罗非鱼和以色列红罗非鱼幼鱼生长、成活率及肥满系数的差异

用1m×1m×1m的实验网箱,在盐度分别为0、10、20及30的水体中进行尼罗罗非鱼(Oreochromisniloticus)、萨罗罗非鱼(Sarotherodonmelanotheron)和以色列红罗非鱼(Israeliredtilapia)幼鱼的养殖实验。结果表明:(1)盐度、鱼的种类及盐度-鱼类的交互作用都对3种罗非鱼的生长及体重变异系数有显著影响(P<0 05);3种罗非鱼的成活率和肥满系数只受鱼的种类影响(P<0 05);盐度、盐度-鱼类的交互作用对其都无显著影响。(2)生长和盐度之间的回归关系在尼罗罗非鱼和以色列红罗非鱼较显著,在萨罗罗非鱼显著性较差。(3)尼罗罗非鱼和以色列红罗非鱼的生长随着盐度的降低而加快,萨罗罗非鱼的生长随着盐度的降低而减慢。在3种鱼中,盐度在6 9以下时,尼罗罗非鱼生长最快;盐度7 4～28 7时,以色列红罗非鱼生长最快;盐度高于29 0时,萨罗罗非鱼生长最快。(4)在实验的4种盐度下,萨罗罗非鱼的成活率都高于以色列红罗非鱼和尼罗罗非鱼,而除了在淡水中外,以色列红罗非鱼的成活率又都高于尼罗罗非鱼;萨罗罗非鱼的肥满系数都显著高于尼罗罗非鱼和以色列红罗非鱼,而以色列红罗非鱼的肥满系数和尼罗罗非鱼的没有显著差异。     

4种遗传型罗非鱼的耐盐慢性驯化表现

在实验室小水体中,对尼罗罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus,新吉富)、萨罗罗非鱼(Sarothrodon melanotheron)以及它们的杂交F1和F2("吉丽"罗非鱼)进行盐度梯度实验,观察其耐盐能力。采用4(遗传型)×4(水平或重复)随机区组设计。对照组全程维持淡水养殖;实验组起始盐度为0,盐度每天提高8直至实验鱼100%死亡。在水温保持(27.2±1.3)℃、正常投饵情况下,萨罗罗非鱼、尼罗罗非鱼、杂交F1及F2的50%死亡盐度平均值(MLS)分别为125.78±1.66、54.22±2.51、77.33±1.89和73.73±1.32;萨罗罗非鱼的累计存活率(CS)和MLS值均显著高于尼罗罗非鱼、杂交F1和F2(P<0.05);杂交F1和F2的CS值及MLS值均显著高于尼罗(P<0.05);F2和F1之间CS值和MLS值差异不显著(P>0.05)。     

17β-雌二醇诱导黄颡鱼雌性化的研究

该研究通过对17β-雌二醇(E2)的投喂方式和投喂时间进行比较,探索了XY全雄黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus fulvidraco)的雌性化方法,进而建立3个家系(XY♀×XY♂),结合性别分子标记对黄颡鱼雌性化诱导的成活率和性逆转率进行了对比研究。结果显示,卤虫(Artemia sp.)组从开口第1天进行诱导的性逆转率为75.20%,而从开口第5天进行诱导得不到发育好的雌性;从开口第1天投喂激素,饲料组的成活率与卤虫组无显著差异(P0.05),而性逆转率显著高于卤虫组(P0.05);分子标记Y1和Y2相结合能够准确鉴定黄颡鱼的遗传性别;对照组中3个家系的成活率和各个基因型性别比例均无显著差异(P0.05),成活率为51.00%～56.67%,XX雌性占比为90.91%～97.44%,XY雄性占比为94.56%～95.96%,而YY则为雄性;诱导组中3个家系的成活率和性逆转率均无显著差异(P0.05)。结果表明,采用含50 mg·kg-1 E2的微颗粒饲料从开口第1天开始诱导30 d,并运用遗传性别与表型性别鉴定相结合的方法能够有效筛选获得发育良好的XY/YY雌性黄颡鱼。     

Economic profitability of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L.) production in Kenya

Economic profitability of Nile tilapia production in Kenya was analysed using a model that simulated individual fish growth and took fish population dynamics in the pond into account. The results suggest that the currently practiced mixed‐sex tilapia culture is economically unsustainable. It is suggested that research and extension efforts be geared towards developing monosex Nile tilapia production systems. Nile tilapia culture with African catfish predation should be viewed as an intermediate step towards all‐male Nile tilapia culture. This will allow accumulation of both physical and human capital to support all‐male tilapia culture. Under all‐male culture, economic returns are high enough to justify investment in Nile tilapia culture using borrowed capital. However, the success of monosex culture will depend on the availability and affordability of quality fingerlings and low‐cost fish feeds. The results have a wide application in Sub‐Saharan Africa where mixed‐sex Nile tilapia culture is common.     

罗非鱼雌、雄群体遗传差异的RAPD分析

从40个随机引物中分别筛选出15和18个,对奥利亚罗非鱼和尼罗罗非鱼雌、雄群体进行RAPD分析,结果显示:奥利亚罗非鱼雌性群体的多态位点比例为56.25%,基因多样性指数为0.2358,Shannon氏指数为0.3417,群体内的遗传相似指数为0.8625;雄性群体的多态位点比例为57.50%,基因多样性指数为0.2356,Shannon氏指数为0.3418,群体内的遗传相似指数为0.8375。尼罗罗非鱼雌性群体的多态位点比例为47.44%,基因多样性指数为0.1788,Shannon氏指数为0.2637,群体内的遗传相似指数为0.7667;雄性群体的多态位点比例为64.10%,基因多样性指数为0.2347,Shannon氏指数为0.3486,群体内的遗传相似指数为0.6769。试验结果表明,奥利亚罗非鱼雌、雄性群体的遗传多样性程度接近,而尼罗罗非鱼雄性群体的遗传多样性要比雌性群体丰富,遗传变异比雌性群体大。     

All-male Tilapia Hybrids of Two Strains of Oreochromis niloticus

Hybridization between Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus (Local and Stirling University strains) and blue tilapia O. aureus was found to be a tool to produce monosex populations. In order to select a purebred that produces all- or nearly all-male hybrids with high productivity, O. niloticus females and their diploid gynogenetics (meiogynes and mitogynes) were hybridized with O. aureus males. The sex ratio of progenies was evaluated from inter- and intraspecific crosses of two strains of Nile tilapia. Single-pair matings and group spawns under hatchery conditions showed no deviation ( P > 0.01) from the expected sex ratio of intraspecific crosses among two strains of Nile tilapia. However, a higher proportion of male progenies in blue tilapia was observed in group spawns in pond ( P < 0.004) and hatchery conditions ( P < 0.01). Only the Stirling strain and mitogynes produced all-male progenies under laboratory conditions. There were significant differences ( P < 0.05) in growth among hybrid progeny groups, when gynogens and their regular O. niloticus (Local strain) females were crossed with O. aureus males. Six-month hybrid offspring from mitogyne female parents grew better than those from regular and meiogyne female broods.     

Economic Analysis of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Production in Tanzania

In Tanzania, Nile tilapia culture is a promising aquaculture enterprise. Information on production costs could assist fish farmers in economic and financial planning. Economic profitability of small‐scale Nile tilapia production in Tanzania is analyzed using a model that simulates individual fish growth and takes into account fish population dynamics in the pond. The results suggest that the current practiced mixed‐sex tilapia culture without predation is not economically sustainable. Extension efforts should be geared toward developing a Nile tilapia production system that is based on a hand‐sexed all‐male tilapia. Meanwhile catfish can be introduced in ponds to control overcrowding in mixed‐sex tilapia culture without predation. Studies to determine optimal pond sizes, availability of feed, and a quality fingerling supply chain are also fundamental for developing a sustainable Nile tilapia production system in Tanzania. Under improved Nile tilapia production systems, returns are high enough to justify investment through borrowed capital from formal institutions.     

遗传全雄尼罗罗非鱼与吉富罗非鱼养殖性能比较

以超雄鱼为父本进行遗传全雄鱼的繁育是获得全雄罗非鱼苗种的方法之一。为了评估全雄尼罗罗非鱼的养殖性能,进行了遗传全雄尼罗罗非鱼与吉富罗非鱼的池塘及网箱养殖比较试验。结果显示,初始体长3～5 cm的遗传全雄尼罗罗非鱼和吉富罗非鱼鱼苗经过100 d池塘养殖后,平均体质量分别达到558.00 g和501.80 g,遗传全雄群体的生长速度比吉富群体快11.26%;将体质量为18～19 g的遗传全雄尼罗罗非鱼和吉富罗非鱼鱼种放在同一网箱中饲养,45 d后,其平均体质量分别达到144.69 g和125.91 g,遗传全雄群体的生长速度比吉富群体快18.02%;同时,遗传全雄群体的雄性率达到了100%。对比试验结果表明,遗传全雄尼罗罗非鱼具有较高的养殖推广价值。     

RELEVANCE OF A RAPID APPRAISAL APPROACH TO IDENTIFY LOCALLY AVAILABLE FEED INGREDIENTS TO SMALL-SCALE NILE TILAPIA (Oreochromis niloticus L.) AQUACULTURE

Applications of a rapid appraisal approach to identify locally available feed ingredients in feed formulation, production, and socio-economics of Nile tilapia aquaculture in Bangladesh are discussed. Three diets of 35%, 30%, and 25% crude protein were formulated using locally available ingredients, and their essential amino acid profiles were assessed for Nile tilapia. Six production scenarios were constructed using these diets and two culture periods of 100 and 150 days were considered. The production scenarios with 35% protein yielded the highest productivity and profitability over the 150-day culture period followed by the 30% protein scenario. Identification of locally available ingredients and their application in small-scale Nile tilapia aquaculture may lead to: (1) increased availability of inexpensive sources of fish production for poor people; (2) increased fish consumption; (3) increased self employment and involvement of women in productive activities; and (4) increased household income to reduce poverty.     

高温诱导对性成熟尼罗罗非鱼性腺中性别分化相关基因表达的影响

利用qRT-PCR系统分析了高温诱导对8月龄尼罗罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus)性腺组织中8个性别分化相关基因、4个热激蛋白基因及2个甲基转移酶基因表达的影响。结果显示, 高温诱导能显著下调卵巢发育相关基因Cyp19a1a、ERα和ERβ的表达水平(P<0.05), 但对雌鱼精巢发育相关基因Cyp11b2和Dmrt1的表达水平没有显著影响(P>0.05), 这与高温对性腺分化期罗非鱼性别分化相关基因表达的影响不同。高温诱导后雌雄鱼性腺中Hsp70的表达水平显著上升(P<0.05), 而DNAJB1的表达水平却显著下降(P<0.05), Hsp27和Hsp90的表达水平无显著变化。高温诱导能显著上调雌鱼性腺中Dnmt1与Dnmt3a基因的表达水平(P<0.05)。本研究通过分析高温诱导对性成熟尼罗罗非鱼性别分化相关基因表达的影响, 旨在揭示高温诱导对罗非鱼性别分化相关基因表达的影响具有一定的时期特异性, 为研究温度影响鱼类性别分化的分子机理提供基础。

     

尼罗罗非鱼出肉率与可量性状的相关性

运用统计分析方法研究了吉富品系和埃及品系尼罗罗非鱼(Oreochro misniloticus)2龄成鱼雌、雄个体的出肉率和可量性状之间的相关性。结果显示,尼罗罗非鱼的平均出肉率为38.68%,雄性个体出肉率比雌性个体略高,吉富品系出肉率比埃及品系略高。尼罗罗非鱼出肉率与可量性状间存在较强的线性关系,拟合方程相关系数为0.985。在有显著意义的可量性状相关系数中(P0.01),与肉片质量和出肉率的相关性均最高的可量性状为体质量,相关系数分别为0.964和0.575;其次为体高、体长和体厚。而头长与肉片质量、出肉率均呈负相关关系。雄性个体的相关系数均高于雌性个体,在雄性个体中,出肉率与体质量的相关系数为0.630,与体高的相关系数为0.617,均为中等程度相关。对可量性状之间的比值与出肉率进行相关性分析,相关系数普遍比单个性状高,特别在雄性个体中表现明显。其中相关系数较高的比例组合有身长/头长比值(0.765)、体长/头长比值(0.732)、身长/体厚比值(0.703),均达到较强程度的相关,比单个性状的相关性有明显提高。结果表明,利用可量性状预测罗非鱼的出肉率是可行的。     

尼罗罗非鱼雌雄鱼肌肉组织差异表达基因的筛选

应用引物退火控制技术(ACP)筛选尼罗罗非鱼雌雄鱼肌肉组织差异表达基因,寻找与雌雄鱼肌肉生长发育相关的候选基因。本实验从同等条件下养殖的尼罗罗非鱼群体中随机选取雌、雄鱼各5尾组成RNA池,采用引物退火控制技术,分析了两组个体肌肉组织差异表达基因。利用20对随机引物差异显示扩增,共获得8条ESTs,其中5个已知的ESTs分别为转录变体3(LOC100691543)、60S核糖体蛋白(RL3)、小白蛋白β样蛋白、肌型肌酸激酶M2-CK和转录因子Sox4,其余3个为未知的ESTs。实时定量PCR分析各差异表达基因在尼罗罗非鱼雌雄肌肉组织中的表达发现,8个差异表达基因中转录变体3与ACP6-Y在尼罗罗非鱼雄鱼肌肉组织中的表达均极显著高于雌鱼(P0.01),ACP3-X、60S核糖体蛋白(RL3)、小白蛋白β样蛋白、ACP15-X、肌型肌酸激酶M2-CK与转录因子Sox4在尼罗罗非鱼雌鱼肌肉组织中的表达均极显著高于雄鱼(P0.01)。结果表明,应用引物退火控制技术筛选获得了8个可能参与了雌雄鱼肌肉生长发育调控的ESTs,为进一步筛选雌雄鱼肌肉生长发育相关候选基因奠定了基础。     

Diseases resistance of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), blue tilapia (Oreochromis aureus) and their hybrid (female Nile tilapia×male blue tilapia) to Aeromonas sobria

The resistance to disease caused by the Aeromonas sobria in three genotypes of tilapia, Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), blue tilapia (Oreochromis aureus) and their hybrid (female Nile tilapia×male blue tilapia) was studied. Based on comparison of median lethal dose (LD₅₀), functions of nonspecific immunity, including total amount of complements, bactericidal reaction by alternative pathway of complement (C₃ shunt), percentage of erythrocyte C_3b receptor aggregates, leukocyte phagocytic function, as well as erythrocyte active rosette of T lymphocyte, it is indicated that the hybrid has the highest resistance to the disease caused by A. sobria, while blue tilapia has the lowest resistance.