栉孔扇贝对环境变化适应性研究一盐度、pH对存活呼吸、摄食及消化的影响

取体长分别为3和5 cm的栉孔扇贝(Chlamys farreri)置室内水泥池流水暂养1周后,进行盐度和pH变化对其存活、呼吸、摄食及消化影响的实验.结果表明, 栉孔扇贝96 h的半致死盐度为25.在不同盐度的海水中暴露24 h的实验结果为,栉孔扇贝随盐度的降低,出现耗氧率升高,随后逐渐下降,到盐度15时不再耗氧而死亡;滤水率和淀粉酶活性随盐度降低而降低,盐度为15时完全不滤水,淀粉酶完全失去活性.小个体栉孔扇贝耐低盐能力较大个体的略大些.pH降至7.8以下时开始对栉孔扇贝的存活产生影响,降至7.6时,48 h后死亡率为35%左右;7.2时达50%;降至7.0时扇贝不能存活.大个体栉孔扇贝对海水pH变化略敏感于小个体.     

盐度变化对栉孔扇贝钙化与呼吸的影响

通过碱度异常技术( Alkalinity anomaly technique)方法测定了栉孔扇贝(Chlamys farreri)在不同盐度条件下的钙化率和呼吸率,发现栉孔扇贝的钙化和呼吸活动受盐度影响显著(P＜0.5).在海水盐度为15～25时,钙化率随盐度提高呈上升趋势,后随盐度降低而下降.在盐度为15 ～ 25,呼吸率随盐度提高而增大,盐度为25 ～ 35,呼吸率下降.钙化率与呼吸率均在盐度25时达到最高值,分别为0.33±0.02 μmol/( FW g·h)(钙化率)、(2.32±0.10) μmol/(FW g·h)(碳呼吸)、2.87±0.14 μmol/(FW g·h)(氧呼吸),此时钙化和呼吸活动向环境释放CO2也最强烈.     

低温对栉孔扇贝能量收支的影响

研究低温下栉孔扇贝 (Chlamysfarreri)摄食、呼吸代谢、排泄及能量分配情况 ,为栉孔扇贝的反季节养殖提供生物学依据。在实验室条件下采用静水法 ,测定 3、5和 8℃时栉孔扇贝的能量收支。结果显示 ,在 3～ 8℃时 ,栉孔扇贝的耗氧率、排氨率、摄食率及生长率 (净生长率、毛生长率 )随温度的升高而增大 ;3℃时 ,栉孔扇贝虽然能摄食 ,但是生长率却很低 ;温度对能量分配影响较大 ,生长、排泄分配率随温度的升高而增大 ,呼吸、排粪的分配率与温度呈负相关。在能量收支方程中 ,生长能所占比例变化较大 ,为 17.61%～ 5 3 .2 7% ,代谢能为 2 1.4 8%～3 5 .91% ,排粪能为 2 2 .5 2 %～ 4 5 .99% ,排泄能所占的比例最小 ,低于 3 %。     

养殖栉孔扇贝对桑沟湾碳循环的贡献

通过室内实验、数学模拟的方法研究了桑沟湾养殖栉孔扇贝通过呼吸、钙化等活动对湾内碳循环的影响,并与生物沉积碳相比较发现,养殖扇贝每年通过呼吸和钙化分别放出碳1.22×104t和7.57×102t;但通过生物沉积作用每年有8.71×104t碳被沉降到沉积物界面,这些碳绝大部分被埋藏从而脱离了地球化学循环。尽管养殖扇贝通过呼吸和钙化释放出部分碳,但有更多的碳通过生物沉积作用被埋置因此,从整体上看,养殖栉孔扇贝在湾内碳循环中参与了碳汇的作用。     

栉孔扇贝长距离运输条件的初步研究

对栉孔扇贝长距离运输的最适条件(温度、溶氧量、氨氮、运输密度等)进行了初步的试验研究,并对长距离运输后贝体失重率、闭壳肌中的pH值、糖原、乳酸、ATP的含量变化进行探讨.试验结果显示,栉孔扇贝长距离运输的最适温度为3～5℃,此温度下持续运输时间超过8～9 d时死亡率才显著升高;运输过程中的溶氧量应保持在7 mg/L;从成本和收益上来看,运输的最佳贝水比例为1:2～1:3.经过长距离运输后,栉孔扇贝的失重率为1.78%,闭壳肌中pH值下降不明显,糖原增加127.5%,乳酸变化不大,ATP降低41.7%.     

栉孔扇贝生理能量学研究

在室内实验条件和现场模拟条件下对栉孔扇贝的耗氧率、排泄率、摄食率、同化率和能量收支进行了较为系统的研究。结果显示 ,在适宜的温度范围内 ,栉孔扇贝的耗氧率、排氨率和摄食率均与温度成正比 ,与体重成幂函数关系 ,体重与耗氧率、排氨率和摄食率的关系均可用幂函数关系式Y=aWb表示。在 8～ 2 8℃温度范围内栉孔扇贝的耗氧率、排氨率和摄食率均随温度的升高而增大 ,2 3℃时耗氧率和摄食率达到最高值 ,2 8℃时下降 ,而排氨率则呈持续升高的趋势 ,其变化幅度分别为 0 4 8～ 9 0 9mg/ g·h、0 0 5～ 1 0 1mg/ g·h和 1 0 7～ 11 6 6mg/ g·h。栉孔扇贝的摄食率随藻类密度的增加而增加 ,符合关系式 :IR =4 78C0 36 6 (R2 =0 97,P <0 0 5 )。栉孔扇贝的同化率与饵料密度呈负相关关系 ,而与饵料质量呈正相关关系 ,其相关关系分别为 :AE =4 7 6 5C- 0 30 9(R2 =0 96 )和AE =5 1 6 8lnX - 112 38(R2 =0 97)。栉孔扇贝的个体大小是影响能量收支各组分比例的主要因素 ,随个体增大呼吸能增大 ,生长能减小。在能量收支方程中 ,呼吸能占总摄食能的 4 4 2 %～5 1 7% ,排粪能为 31 4 %～ 36 8% ,生长能为 12 7%～ 2 1 7% ,排泄能小于 2 %。     

三种扇贝种间血液生理指标比较及热胁迫对栉孔扇贝血液生理指标的影响

为了比较3种扇贝血液中的K⁺、Na⁺、Ca²⁺和Cl^-浓度，血氧(pO₂)和血二氧化碳(pCO₂)气体分压及血液酸碱度(pH)的差异情况，实验利用血气分析仪对栉孔扇贝、虾夷扇贝和海湾扇贝的血液生理指标进行测定。结果显示，扇贝的血液生理指标呈现显著的物种差异，其中栉孔扇贝血液的K+浓度[(15.74±1.47) mmol/L]、Na+浓度[(388.07±11.38)mmol/L]、Cl-浓度[(462.43±6.88) mmol/L]和p O2[(140.13±15.35) mmHg]最高。此外，栉孔扇贝和虾夷扇贝的Ca²⁺浓度和pCO₂含量较高，而海湾扇贝的pH最高。对相同月龄不同大小栉孔扇贝血液指标进行比较，发现栉孔扇贝的血液pH值与其壳高呈正相关(r=0.611)，而生理指标与壳高呈负相关。随着温度的升高，栉孔扇贝血液的Ca²⁺浓度显著增加，而pO₂显著下降，K<...     

异源精子诱导栉孔扇贝雌核发育二倍体适宜参数的探索

采用照射强度为1500μw/cm2的紫外线对长牡蛎(Crassostrea gigas)精子照射60s,将处理后的精子分别与长牡蛎和栉孔扇贝(Chlamys farreri)的卵子进行受精试验,受精后11.5h用浓度为60mg/L的6-DMAP对栉孔扇贝受精卵分别持续处理15、20、25、30min,运用热滴片法对各实验组进行倍性检测。结果表明,长牡蛎同源单倍体组中单倍体率为75.6%;栉孔扇贝异源单倍体组中单倍体率为14.7%,最佳药物持续处理时间为20min,其二倍体率为24.1%;异源诱导栉孔扇贝单倍体组和二倍体组中胚胎均可以发育到D形幼虫期,其单倍体组中的D形幼虫率为5.0%,20min药物加倍二倍体组D形幼虫率最高为6.1%。本实验结果为异源精子诱导栉孔扇贝雌核发育提供了诱导参数依据。     

盐度与pH对3种南方贝类呼吸率和钙化率的影响

测定了近江牡蛎(Crassostrea rivularis)、翡翠贻贝(Perna viridis)和波纹巴非蛤(Paphia undulata)3种南方重要养殖贝类在20、25、30和35共计4个盐度梯度和8.1、7.7、7.3和7.0共计4个pH梯度下的呼吸率和钙化率。结果表明,盐度和pH对3种贝类的呼吸率和钙化率均有显著影响(P0.05);盐度为20~35,近江牡蛎的呼吸率和钙化率均随盐度的升高而降低,而翡翠贻贝和波纹巴非蛤在盐度为20~30时,呼吸率和钙化率随盐度的升高而升高,盐度30~35时,随盐度的升高而下降。pH为8.1~7.0时,3种贝类的呼吸率和钙化率均随着pH的下降而显著性下降(P0.05)。     

间接免疫荧光法检测栉孔扇贝急性病毒性坏死症病毒

用纯化栉孔扇贝(Chlamys farrei)急性病毒性坏死症病毒(AVNV)免疫兔子,以兔抗血清为一抗,荧光标记的羊抗兔抗体为二抗,采用冰冻切片技术,建立了栉孔扇贝AVNV的间接免疫荧光检测方法。用该方法分析栉孔扇贝和海湾扇贝(Argopecten irradians)体内AVNV感染强度,并对感染率进行统计。结果表明,栉孔扇贝的肾脏、肝胰腺中,AVNV阳性信号最强,呈现中度到重度感染,其AVNV感染率100％。鳃丝、性腺及闭壳肌中未检测到阳性信号。在海湾扇贝的肝胰腺及肾中AVNV的感染率也较高。提示AVNV感染扇贝的靶器官主要是肾脏、肝胰腺。对与栉孔扇贝同一海区养殖的海湾扇贝在栉孔扇贝发病期间存活率较高的原因进行了讨论。     

盐度与pH对花鲈孵化、初孵仔鱼成活及早期幼鱼生长性能的影响

为探究我国北方海域花鲈繁育适宜盐度和pH处理的设定,及促进早期花鲈苗种推广,本研究针对不同盐度(0、15、20、25、30、35和40)与pH(5.5、6.5、7.5、8.5和9.5)条件下,北方人工繁殖花鲈受精卵的孵化率、畸形率及饥饿10 d后的存活情况进行了分析,并对花鲈初孵仔鱼进行不投饵耐饥饿实验,记录每日存活率(SR)及最终生存活力指数(SAI)。最后观测低盐0、养殖盐度30与高盐45对花鲈早期幼鱼生长性能的影响。结果显示,北方海域花鲈受精卵适宜孵化盐度为20~35,以盐度25组孵化率最高,适宜pH为6.5~7.5,以pH 6.5组孵化率最高。低盐15组中,具最低的孵化率及最高的畸形率,但在最终饥饿SR的统计中,低盐15组的SR及SAI明显高于盐度30与35组,推测低盐15接近花鲈体液等渗点,降低了渗透调节中的能量消耗,更利于存活。初孵仔鱼饥饿实验中,盐度20组SR下降相对平缓,在第8天仍有12.66%的SR(其他组已为0)。饥饿1 d时,各pH组SR均小于90%,以pH 6.5组SR最高,为89.11%。与盐度处理组相比,花鲈初孵仔鱼对pH变化较为敏感,其孵化率及最终SR显著低于盐度处理组。花鲈早期幼鱼盐度处理组中,低盐0与高盐45将对此规格花鲈幼鱼产生较大损伤,以高盐45抑制最显著,应为苗种盐度推广的上限,而花鲈生长盐度30与各处理盐度相比,较适合花鲈早期幼鱼的生长。研究结果将为北方海域花鲈繁育适宜盐度和pH处理的设定,及提高花鲈孵化率、育苗成活率与早期苗种推广提供基础资料。     

Effect of Hybrid Abalone,Haliotis discus hannai × Haliotis discus discus,Cultivation on the Carbon Cycle: Carbon Source/Sink

Respiration, calcification, and bio‐deposition of hybrid abalone, Haliotis discus hannai × Haliotis discus discus, fed on different foodstuffs have been measured to evaluate the effect of hybrid abalone culture on carbon source/sink in coastal areas. Fed with Laminaria japonica, Undaria pinnatifida, Gracilaria lemaneiformis, U. pinnatifida, and Ulva pertusa, alternated mutually, the carbon bio‐deposition rate of hybrid abalone was 24.29 ± 6.39, 65.40 ± 10.55, 21.48 ± 5.99, and 29.28 ± 6.47 µg/g/h, respectively. Hybrid abalone fed on U. pinnatifida had a higher carbon bio‐deposition rate compared to that fed on other foodstuff (P < 5%). Rate of CO₂ released by respiration of hybrid abalone fed on the experimental foodstuff was 24.53 ± 8.57, 32.73 ± 7.99, 29.31 ± 6.39, and 33.67 ± 12.37 µg/g/h, respectively. Results indicated that calcification presented less relationship with body weight type of the foodstuff. The rate of CO₂ released by calcification into seawater and atmosphere was 2.77 ± 1.89 and 6.53 ± 3.36 µg/g/h, respectively. The total rate of CO₂ released because of bio‐deposition, respiration, and calcification processes was 16.19 ± 4.67 µg/g/h, while the total rate of carbon sequestered in shells and tissues was 8.94 ± 2.07 µg/g/h. The study revealed that hybrid abalone culture is a source of CO₂.     

生物絮团中异养亚硝化菌的分离鉴定及其特性

采用富集培养、分离纯化等微生物学手段,从对虾养殖池的生物絮团中筛选出两株对氨氮具有高转化率的菌株.16S rRNA测序及系统发育分析结果表明,两株菌均属于盐单胞菌属,菌株2011072708与食物盐单胞菌Halomonas alimentaria有99％的同源性,而菌株2011072709与胜利盐单胞菌H.shengliensis有100％的同源性.比较研究了两株菌在不同温度、盐度、pH、碳氮比条件下对氨氮的转化率,菌株2011072708在温度37℃、盐度30～40、pH 8、碳氮比28的条件下对氨氮的转化率最高;菌株2011072709在温度27～42℃、盐度40～50、pH 6、碳氮比21的条件下对氨氮的转化率最高.研究结果表明,胜利盐单胞菌（2011072709）对温度、盐度、pH、碳氮比等各方面的适应性优于食物盐单胞菌（2011072708）,更适合在生物絮团技术中得到应用.     

Scale calcification in the goldfish in vitro: histological and quantitative analysis

The external layer of a teleost fish scale is composed of type I collagen, an amorphous matrix substance and hydroxyapatite crystals. Calcification of this layer can be inhibited in the scale-regenerating process under calcium- and phosphate-deficient (CaDPD) conditions, and can be facilitated by incubation in physiological saline. The aim of this study was to evaluate this model of calcification using histological and quantitative analysis in order to promote further understanding of the mechanism of calcification in fish scales. We found that the external layer of the scales produced under CaDPD conditions contained more densely aligned collagen fibrils with a small amount of the amorphous matrix substance. The CaDPD scale contained only one-third of the amount of calcium and phosphate present in the control fish. After 4 hours of incubation, a two- to threefold increase in calcium content and a 1.5-fold increase in phosphate content were observed. Calcification proceeded in the external layer, and mineral deposits grew only in the electron-dense matrix substance. We conclude that this model would be suitable for studying the early process of fish scale calcification that occurs in the noncollagenous substance. The electron-dense substance may contain key molecules that promote calcification.     

苦草对NH_4~＋的吸收动力学

以苦草为试验材料,研究了3种光照、3种pH和3种温度条件下苦草对NH4＋的吸收动力学以及苦草根叶的吸收差异。结果表明：弱酸性组（pH5.5）最大吸收速率和亲和力显著高于中性组（pH7.0）和弱碱性组（pH8.5）;亲和力随照度增大而增大,但中等光强组的最大吸收速率显著高于其他2组;温度试验中,最大吸收速率和亲和力先随着...     

桑沟湾不同区域养殖栉孔扇贝的固碳速率

测定桑沟湾深水区、浅水区栉孔扇贝固碳量,并进行固碳速率的标准化处理,增加了与陆地生态系统固碳率的可比性,分析了栉孔扇贝在不同养殖区的固碳速率及其主要控制因素。研究显示,对于同一养殖种类,深水区生物固碳的速率比浅水区高两倍。不同区域,贝类壳碳及软体部中碳的含量没有显著性差异,导致区域性差异的主要原因是由于生长速度、养殖密度及存活率的不同而导致单位面积的产量存在差异。养殖栉孔扇贝的固碳速率可与森林相媲美。另外,贝类的养殖活动与浅海生态系统的碳循环之间关系复杂,需要加强贝类的摄食、呼吸、生物沉积、钙化等整个生理生态学过程研究。     

Abnormal melanization and microstructural distortions of the shell of great scallop living in shallow water

Modifications of great scallop (Pecten moximus) shells have been noticed in many sites of scallop fisheries in Brittany, especially in shallow waters. These calcification abnormalities are linked to the appearance of a brown colouration of the internal calcified shell layer, due to the presence of a eumelanin associated with the insoluble organic matrix of the biocrystals. The appearance of this pigment generates many disturbances of the calcified foliated microstructure of the scallop internal shell layer. The mantle structure is not modified in brown shells as compared with white ones. No pathogenic signs such as hyperplasia or haemocytic infiltration have been observed. According to this observation, we hypothesize that the brown colour phenomenon is more a result of environmental disturbance rather than a symptom of a pathogenic disease.The colour abnormalities of the internal shell layer can be detected by a spectral analysis of its reflectance before it can be detected with the naked eye. This method, correlated to microstructural observations, gives a rapid and precise analysis of the appearance of the pigmentation on adult or juvenile scallops. It may be a useful method for the evaluation of the influence of environmental parameters, for example, on calcification and its abnormalities.     

苦草对NH4+的吸收动力学

以苦草为试验材料,研究了3种光照、3种pH和3种温度条件下苦草对NH4+的吸收动力学以及苦草根叶的吸收差异.结果表明:弱酸性组(pH 5.5)最大吸收速率和亲和力显著高于中性组(pH 7.0)和弱碱性组(pH 8.5)；亲和力随照度增大而增大,但中等光强组的最大吸收速率显著高于其他2组；温度试验中,最大吸收速率和亲和力先随着温度的上升而升高,然后随着温度的上升而降低；叶在苦草全株对NH4+的吸收中占主导地位,3种环境因子通过对叶的作用来影响全株对NH4+的吸收效率.     

The Influence of Ovarian Fluid pH of Stripped Unfertilized Channel Catfish,Ictalurus punctatus,Eggs on the Hatching Success of Channel Catfish ♀ x Blue Catfish,Ictalurus furcatus♂, Hybrid Catfish Eggs

This study was designed to determine the effect of ovarian fluid pH of stripped unfertilized channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, eggs on fertilization and hatch rate of channel catfish ♀ x blue catfish, Ictalurus furcatus♂, hybrid catfish eggs. A significant correlation was established between ovarian fluid pH of stripped channel catfish eggs and hybrid embryo hatch rate (R² = 0.75, P = 0.01), suggesting ovarian fluid pH of stripped catfish eggs prior to fertilization can be predictive of the hatching success of hybrid catfish embryos. These data were used to categorize pH of stripped eggs: pH <7.0 as “low pH eggs,” pH 7.0–7.4 as “medium pH eggs,” or pH >7.4 as “high pH eggs” quality eggs. The range in percent hatch rate for these pH categories was <15%, 15–30%, and >30%, respectively. Higher calcium concentrations during incubation do not appear to improve hatching success of “low pH eggs.” The predictive model presented herein describes a quick method for evaluating stripped catfish eggs for hybrid fry production in catfish hatcheries.