盐碱地池塘不同养殖模式的能量利用比较

于1998年4—9月采用围隔实验生态学方法,为鲤、草鱼、罗非鱼、淡水白鲳及鲢、鳙设计了4种混养模式。经测定,淡水白鲳模式(FP)、草鱼模式(GC)和罗非鱼模式(TH)模式的光能利用率都随吃食性鱼类放养密度的增大而升高,GC和TH的光能利用率相对较高;总能量转化率以鲤模式(CC)和FP较高,TH最低;饲料能转化效率在FP最高,TH最低,而且各放养模式都随吃食性鱼类放养密度的增大而下降;FP的N利用率很高,TH最低,N和P利用率在4种模式都随吃食性鱼类放养密度的增大而减小;各模式的产投比都随吃食性鱼类放养密度的增大而增大,CC、TH的产投比在吃食性鱼类放养密度最大时有所下降。     

充分利用水体发展多层次养鱼

利用养殖鱼类栖息水层和食性等的不同,多品种多层次混养,既可取长补短互相促进,又能充分利用水体和天然饵料,增加单位面积产量和水产品品种。多层次混养的鱼类,一般有青、草、鲢、鳙、鲤、鲫、鳊、罗非鱼等。草鱼因食草得     

池塘主养淡水白鲳高产技术试验

池塘主养淡水白鲳混养鲤、鲢、罗非鱼，平均每亩净产１００７．ｇｋｇ，其中淡水白鲳占６０％，每亩纯益为６１５８．４６元。试验证明：放养３１ｇ／尾的白鲳鱼种，增重倍数远大于２５０ｇ／尾的鱼种；主养淡水白鲳池塘可混养鲢、鲶、乌鳢，但不宜混养罗非鱼。     

淡水白鲳、罗非鱼池塘混养技术

在面积8亩的池塘混养淡水白鲳、罗非鱼鱼种,搭配鲢、鳙、湘鲫,给淡水白鲳、罗非鱼投喂鲤鱼全价配合颗粒饲料,鲢、鳙、湘鲫不投饵。设置1台3kW增氧机,饲养91d,共生产淡水白鲳3420.75kg、罗非鱼1704kg、湘鲫500kg、鲢、鳙1725kg。每亩产量918.7kg,每亩成本4567.5元,每亩利润1882.99元,投入产出比为1∶1.412。     

池塘养淡水白鲳高产技术试验

池塘主养淡水白鲳混养鲤、鲢、罗非鱼，平均每亩净产１００７．９ｋｇ，其中淡水白鲳占６０％，第亩纯益为６１５８．４６元。试验证明：放养３１ｇ／尾的白鲳鱼种，增重倍数远大于２５０ｇ／尾的鱼种；主养淡水白鲳池塘可混养鲢、鲶、乌鳢，但不宜混养非鱼。     

以色列研究鱼类混养最佳比例

以色列在鲤遗传改良和池塘混养方面的研究比较先进。为研究鱼类混养最佳比例,道尔鱼类研究站在半精养混养系统中,比较了鲤和罗非鱼的三种不同混养比例（1:1、1:2、1:5）对产量和效益的影响。试验在9个100m2的土地中进行,放养密度为1尾／m2。每池混养鲤和杂交罗非鱼（尼罗罗非鱼×奥利亚罗非鱼）900尾,并混养50尾草鱼和鲢。结果表明：鲤与罗非鱼混养比例为1：2和1：5的池塘效益分别比混养比例为1：1的池塘提高35％和41％。可见鲤与罗非鱼混养比率为1：5效益最高。以色列研究鱼类混养最佳比例@任维美     

池塘主养淡水白鲳放养密度试验

在３口０．８３亩池塘进行主养淡水白鲳的密度试验，分别放养平均尾重１４５ｇ鱼种５６０尾、９４０尾、７２５尾、并混养鲢、鳙、鲤、罗非鱼。结果：３口池塘分别折合每亩净产１２０６．２８ｋｇ，１３９２．０６ｋｇ，１０４３．４１ｋｇ，每亩纯收入６０００元左右。在盐度为１０的池塘中，养殖淡水白鲳，平均日增重６．７ｇ。     

网箱养鱼的放养及投饵技术

一、网箱放养 １．放养品种：罗非鱼类有：单性罗非鱼、吴郭鱼、彩虹鲷等；鲤鱼类有：建鲤、丰鲤等；还有斑点又尾 等品种。 此外可以养殖的品种有：团头鲂、长吻 、南方大口鲶、鲈鱼、鳗鱼、淡水白鲳、草鱼、野鲮及花、白鲢等品种。 ２．放养密度：网箱的放养密度要根据养殖方式、即投饵和不投饵，并参考网箱的鱼产力来决定。可根据下列公式计算：放养密度＝ ３．品种搭配：利用天然饵料的网箱养鱼，常以鲢、鳙为主，搭配少量刮食性的鱼，以清洗网箱。采用投饵的网箱养鱼，养殖草鱼的网箱，因其刮食能力差，常搭配少量的团头鲂、野鲮、鲴。…     

鲤、鲢、鳙、草鱼消化道消化酶种类和活性的比较研究

采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳方法研究了鲤、鲢、鳙、草鱼亲鱼消化道消化酶的种类；用比色法及滴定法分别测其消化酶相对活性。结果表明：鲤、鲢、鳙、草鱼4种鱼消化道的蛋白酶、淀粉酶活性与食性有明显的相关性。其中，蛋白酶活性依次为鲤〉鲢〉鳙〉草鱼；淀粉酶活性依次为草鱼〉鲤〉鳙〉鲢。脂肪酶活性与食性的关系不明显。四种鱼消化酶的表达与消化...     

静水土池塘以草鱼为主体鱼的食用鱼饲养技术和理论的研究

我国北方静水土池塘以鲢、鳙等肥水鱼为主的高效益、短周期养殖方式,已有深入研究。但是,鲢、鳙肉质差、产量低,价格仅为鲤、草鱼等优质鱼类的一半左右,因而鲤、草鱼等吞食性鱼类的养殖日意引起人们的重视。黑龙江水产研究所(1960)、周加坤等(1966)、雷慧僧(1961)、刘焕亮等研     

Protein and amino acid composition from the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris exposed to prolonged starvation

Protein and amino acid composition of the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris (Cuvier, 1797) during fasting for 27 days were determined. Average protein content of octopus mantle was of 711.19 ± 46.80 g kg^?1 DW, and it decreased with increasing fasting days. The non‐essential amino acids content was higher (486.18 ± 11.08 g kg^?1 protein) than essential amino acids (425.82 ± 9.15 g kg^?1 protein) at the start of the experiment (unstarved animals). The results suggest that the amino acid profile of the mantle where the most abundant amino acids are Arg, His, Lys, Gly, Leu and Pro could indicate a prolonged fasting condition (>20 days) or poor nutrition of O . vulgaris. This study supports the idea of using mantle for metabolic needs of starved O . vulgaris suggesting that the degradation pathway of amino acids to pyruvate and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates was favoured contrary to the degradation pathway of ketogenic amino acids. Special considerations should be taken concerning Thr, Ile, Ser, Ala, Asx (Asp, Asn), Glx (Glu, Gln) (because of their fast intake) and Lys and His (due to their stable contents) during a prolonged period of fasting.     

美人鱼发光杆菌对凡纳滨对虾非特异性 免疫功能及抗病力的影响

在基础饲料中分别添加0.1%和1%美人鱼发光杆菌灭活菌、0.1%美人鱼发光杆菌活菌配制成3种免疫实验饲料,以基础饲料为空白对照组饲料,每组设3个平行样。对个体质量为(4.83±0.36)g的凡纳滨对虾进行为期20 d的饲养实验,分别在0、5、10、15和20d进行取样,以血清中的酚氧化酶(PO)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和溶菌酶(UL)活性为免疫指标,探讨了美人鱼发光杆菌作为免疫制剂对凡纳滨对虾非特异性免疫效应的影响;在投喂免疫饲料后的第22天,按0.004 2 kg/kg体重的剂量,直接投喂对虾白斑综合征病毒(WSSV)病料,并记录累积死亡率。结果表明,美人鱼发光杆菌免疫实验组对凡纳滨对虾血清中PO、ACP、AKP、UL和SOD活性影响明显高于对照组,并且在饲料中添加美人鱼发光杆菌后,明显提高了对虾抵御WSSV感染的能力。其中0.1%美人鱼发光杆菌活菌实验组的抗病毒感染能力最强,WSSV感染14d内累计死亡率为63.3%±5.8%;而对照组为96.7%±3.3%。研究表明,美人鱼发光杆菌添加在对虾饲料中能提高凡纳滨对虾非特异性免疫水平,增强抵抗疾病的能力,将其作为对虾免疫增强剂具有良好的应用前景。     

Effects of Spirulina platensis as a feed additive on growth and coloration of blue dolphin cichlids (Cyrtocara moorii Boulunger, 1902)

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of replacing fish meal with dietary Spirulina as a feed supplement on the growth performance and coloration of blue dolphin cichlids (Cyrtocara moorii). Five isonitrogenous (47% crude protein) and isocaloric (17.36 kJ/g digestible energy) diets were for formulated to replace FM with 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20% Spirulina (designated as Control, SP5, SP10, SP15 and SP20 respectively) and fed to the fish (initial body weight, 3.15 ± 0.01 g). Fish were randomly distributed into fifteen 120 L aquariums (26.5 ± 1.00°C), 15 fish per aquarium. The diets were tested in triplicate for 12 weeks. Experimental groups were fed twice daily (09:00 and 17:00) by hand to satiation. At the end of the feeding trial, significantly (p < 0.05) higher weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR), protein efficiency ratio (PER) and lower feed conversion ratio (FCR) were observed in fish fed the SP10 diet when compared to the SP20 diet. There was no significant difference in these parameters between the other groups. The skin coloration of blue dolphin cichlid fed a diet containing Spirulina meal was enhanced. The best coloration was observed in the SP15 group. These impressions were objectively validated by chemical determinations of carotenoids extracted from fish skins and passed statistical tests of significance. The study findings show that Spirulina meal does not diminish growth rates except at very high levels.     

Dietary thiamin and pyridoxine requirements of fingerling Indian major carp,Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton)

Two experiments were conducted to quantify the dietary thiamin (experiment I) and pyridoxine (experiment II) requirements of fingerling Cirrhinus mrigala for 16 weeks. In experiment I, dietary thiamin requirement was determined by feeding seven casein–gelatin‐based diets (400 g kg^?1 CP; 18.69 kJ g^?1 GE) with graded levels of thiamin (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8 and 16 mg kg^?1 diet) to triplicate groups of fish (6.15 ± 0.37 cm; 1.89 ± 0.12 g). Fish fed diet with 2 mg kg^?1 thiamin had highest specific growth rate (SGR), protein retention (PR), RNA/DNA ratio, haemoglobin (Hb), haematocrit (Hct), RBCs and best feed conversion ratio (FCR). However, highest liver thiamin concentration was recorded in fish fed 4 mg thiamin kg^?1 diet. Broken‐line analysis of SGR, PR and liver thiamin concentrations exhibited the thiamin requirement in the range of 1.79–3.34 mg kg^?1 diet (0.096–0.179 μg thiamin kJ^?1 gross energy). In experiment II, six casein–gelatin‐based diets (400 g kg^?1 CP; 18.69 kJ g^?1 GE) containing graded levels of pyridoxine (0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 mg kg^?1 diet) were fed to triplicate groups of fish (6.35 ± 0.37 cm; 1.97 ± 0.12 g). Fish fed diet containing 6 mg kg^?1 pyridoxine showed best SGR, FCR, PR, RNA/DNA ratio, Hb, Hct and RBCs, whereas maximum liver pyridoxine concentration was recorded in fish fed 8 mg kg^?1 dietary pyridoxine. Broken‐line analysis of SGR, PR and liver pyridoxine concentrations reflected the pyridoxine requirement from 5.63 to 8.61 mg kg^?1 diet. Data generated during this study would be useful in formulating thiamin‐ and pyridoxine‐balanced feeds for the intensive culture of this fish.     

Sea bream culture in Egypt; status, constraints and potential

Marine fish farming in Egypt began in 1976 with the culture of gilthead sea bream, (Sparus aurata) as this fish was notably adaptable to brackish and marine pond conditions. Today, marine fish and shrimp farms amount to about 19,000 ha, out of which 42% is already in production while the rest, i.e., 58% is still under construction. In 1997, cultured gilthead sea bream production of 2,250 tons made up 3% of the 75,000 tons total aquaculture catch. In polyculture, usually with the grey mullet and sea bass, gilthead sea bream contributed 440 kg ha^–1 to the total yield of 1,700 kg ha^–1 (26%) over a period of 16 months. For the same period, the yield of monoculture ponds averaged 100 kg ha^–1, while in marine cages, yields ranged from 4–10 kg m³. In 1996–1997, fry of 0.25–1 g and fingerlings 1–10 g with a total of 3 million, were collected from the wild and 1 million fry were produced in the three marine hatcheries out of the four existing ones. The development of sea bream culture in Egypt is now severely inhibited by the shortage of seeds and adequate feeds. Exports of both sea bream and sea bass, during 1994–1996 averaged 1,300 tons per year.     

A Minchinia mercenariae‐like parasite infects cockles Cerastoderma edule in Galicia (NW Spain)

The cockle Cerastoderma edule fishery has traditionally been the most important shellfish species in terms of biomass in Galicia (NW Spain). In the course of a survey of the histopathological conditions affecting this species in the Ria of Arousa, a haplosporidan parasite that had not been observed in Galicia was detected in one of the most productive cockle beds of Galicia. Uni‐ and binucleate cells and multinucleate plasmodia were observed in the connective tissue mainly in the digestive area, gills and gonad. The parasite showed low prevalence, and it was not associated with abnormal cockle mortality. Molecular identification showed that this parasite was closely related to the haplosporidan Minchinia mercenariae that had been reported infecting hard clams Mercenaria mercenaria from the Atlantic coast of the United States. The molecular characterization of its SSU rDNA region allowed obtaining a fragment of 1,796 bp showing 98% homology with M. mercenariae parasite. Phylogenetic analysis supported this identification as this parasite was clustered in the same clade as M. mercenariae from the United States and other M. mercenariae‐like sequences from the UK, with bootstrap value of 99%. The occurrence of M. mercenariae‐like parasites infecting molluscs outside the United States is confirmed.     

A novel approach to denitrification processes in a zero-discharge recirculating system for small-scale urban aquaculture

This paper presents an innovative process to solve the nitrate build-up problem in recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS). The novel aspects of the process lie in a denitrification bioreactor system that uses solid cotton wool as the primary carbon source and a unique degassing chamber. In the latter, the water is physically stripped of dissolved gaseous O₂ (by means of a Venturi vacuum tube), and the subsequent denitrification becomes more efficient due to elimination of the problems of oxygen inhibition of denitrification and aerobic consumption of cotton wool. The cotton wool medium also serves as a physical barrier that traps organic particles, which, in turn, act as an additional carbon source for denitrification. Operation in the proposed system gives an extremely low C/N ratio of 0.82 g of cotton wool/g of nitrate N, which contributes to a significant reduction of biofilter volume. The additional advantage of using solid cotton wool as the carbon source is that it does not release organic residuals into the liquid to be recycled. Operation of the system over a long period consistently produced effluents with low nitrate levels (below 10 mg N/l), and there was only a very small need to replace system water. The overall treatment scheme, also incorporating an aerobic nitrification biofilter and a granular filtration device, produced water of excellent quality, i.e., with near-zero levels of nitrite and ammonia, a sufficiently high pH for aquaculture, and low turbidity. The proposed system thus provides a solution for sustainable small-scale, urban aquaculture operation with a very high recovery of water (over 99%) and minimal waste disposal.     

Fertilization by refrigerator stored sperm of the Indian major carp, Labeo calbasu (Hamilton, 1822)

This study reports on the spermatological properties, and on the development of a protocol for refrigerator storage (4°C) of Labeo calbasu (Hamilton, 1822) sperm for artificial breeding. Volume, motility, concentration and pH of the freshly collected sperm were 2.21 ± 0.53 (μL g^?1 of fish weight) (mean ± SD), 95 ± 1 (%), 1.93 ± 0.44 × 10⁹ (cells mL^?1) and 7.56 ± 0.17 respectively. Sperm activation was evaluated at different osmolalities of NaCl solution, and motility ceased completely when osmolality of the extender was ≥287 mOsmol kg^?1. Sperm retained motility for 24, 72 and 108 h, after refrigerator storage when sperm were undiluted, suspended in Alsever's solution and suspended in Alsever's solution containing 5% methanol respectively. Fertilization rate of fresh eggs with sperm stored at 4°C in Alsever's solution and Alsever's solution containing 5% methanol was 77% and 60% with a hatching rate of 60% and 43% respectively. The fertilization and hatching success of the stored sperm suggests potential to use refrigeration for transporting genetic material to hatcheries for artificial breeding of L. calbasu in Bangladesh.     

Effects of metomidate anaesthesia or transfer to pur sea water on plasma parameters in ammonia-exposed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L) in sea water

Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L) postsmolts weighing 150 ± 53 g were exposed to 14–15 mg l^–1 TA-N (total ammonia-N) in sea water in 1 m³ tanks for 24h. Blood samples were then taken A) immediately after the fish were netted from the exposure tanks and stunned by a blow to the head; B) 2–20 min after the fish were transferred to 15 l of an anaesthetic solution of metomidate in ammonia-free sea water; or C) 2–20 min after the fish were transferred to 15 l of ammonia-free sea water. Plasma TA-N level was 18% lower in the anaesthetised fish compared to in the fish sampled directly from the exposure tanks (p 0.05), and accordingly 16% lower in the fish transferred to pure sea water although this difference was not significant (p = 0.07). Plasma glucose level was higher in the fish transferred to pure sea water than in the fish receiving the two other treatments (p 0.05), but plasma urea, osmolality, Na^{+, Cl–, Ca2+ or Mg2+} levels did not vary significantly between the different treatments. Plasma TA-N level increased with time in the fish in the metomidate solution (p 0.02).