黄条鰤仔稚幼鱼消化酶活性变化研究

为了解黄条鰤(Seriola aureovittata)早期发育阶段的消化生理特性，测定了黄条鰤胚胎、仔稚幼鱼阶段脂肪酶、淀粉酶、胰蛋白酶和碱性磷酸酶活性变化。结果显示，在黄条鰤仔鱼出膜前胚胎阶段，即能检测到脂肪酶、淀粉酶和碱性磷酸酶活性；初孵仔鱼体内(1 d)初次检测出胰蛋白酶的活性。脂肪酶和碱性磷酸酶比活力在仔鱼孵化后迅速增强(P<0.05)，在4 d开口时，2种酶比活力达最高值；淀粉酶比活力在7 d时达最大值；胰蛋白酶比活力在仔鱼阶段缓慢上升，15 d时比活力最大。稚鱼阶段内脏团中脂肪酶、碱性磷酸酶和胰蛋白酶活性基本维持稳定，幼鱼阶段内脏团脂肪酶、碱性磷酸酶和胰蛋白酶活性都呈现上升趋势；稚鱼和幼鱼阶段内脏团中淀粉酶活性下降并基本稳定于较低水平。研究表明，黄条鰤仔稚幼鱼发育过程中，各种消化酶活性变化明显，且与其发育阶段和食性密切相关。在尚未摄食饵料的早期仔鱼体内已存在消化酶，认为其是母源传递而来，不是由外源性饵料所致；幼鱼阶段内脏团脂肪酶、碱性磷酸酶和胰蛋白酶比活力明显提高，这反映出随苗种生长发育，其肠道结构和消化机能逐渐完善，并且对脂肪、蛋白质的需求逐渐增强。     

黄条仔稚幼鱼消化酶活性变化研究

为了解黄条(Seriola aureovittata)早期发育阶段的消化生理特性,测定了黄条胚胎、仔稚幼鱼阶段脂肪酶、淀粉酶、胰蛋白酶和碱性磷酸酶活性变化。结果显示,在黄条仔鱼出膜前胚胎阶段,即能检测到脂肪酶、淀粉酶和碱性磷酸酶活性;初孵仔鱼体内(1 d)初次检测出胰蛋白酶的活性。脂肪酶和碱性磷酸酶比活力在仔鱼孵化后迅速增强(P<0.05),在4 d开口时,2种酶比活力达最高值;淀粉酶比活力在7 d时达最大值;胰蛋白酶比活力在仔鱼阶段缓慢上升,15 d时比活力最大。稚鱼阶段内脏团中脂肪酶、碱性磷酸酶和胰蛋白酶活性基本维持稳定,幼鱼阶段内脏团脂肪酶、碱性磷酸酶和胰蛋白酶活性都呈现上升趋势;稚鱼和幼鱼阶段内脏团中淀粉酶活性下降并基本稳定于较低水平。研究表明,黄条仔稚幼鱼发育过程中,各种消化酶活性变化明显,且与其发育阶段和食性密切相关。在尚未摄食饵料的早期仔鱼体内已存在消化酶,认为其是母源传递而来,不是由外源性饵料所致;幼鱼阶段内脏团脂肪酶、碱性磷酸酶和胰蛋白酶比活力明显提高,这反映出随苗种生长发育,其肠道结构和消化机能逐渐完善,并且对脂肪、蛋白质的需求逐渐增强。     

厚颌鲂仔稚鱼消化酶活性变化研究

测定了厚颌鲂(Megalobrama pellegrini)仔稚鱼从出膜到30日龄的生长、可溶性蛋白含量及消化酶活性。结果表明:初孵仔鱼即能检测到胰蛋白酶、淀粉酶、脂肪酶活性,2日龄检测到碱性磷酸酶活性。投喂组可溶性蛋白含量随日龄的增加显著增加(P<0.05),饥饿组可溶性蛋白含量6日龄前增加不显著,6日龄后开始下降。所测消化酶的全活力与比活力呈现出不同的变化模式。各消化酶的全活力基本是随日龄的增加而增加。投喂组胰蛋白酶比活力在10日龄达最大值,随后显著下降;饥饿组胰蛋白酶比活力在4日龄达最大值,随后显著下降。投喂组淀粉酶在5日龄达到最大值,从6日龄到12日龄维持在一个较低水平,随后增加至15日龄的(0.912±0.090)mU/mg,在试验后期均维持在一个相对较低的水平;饥饿组淀粉酶比活力的最大值出现在1日龄,从2日龄到8日龄变化不显著,8日龄后显著下降。投喂组脂肪酶比活力在18日龄达最大值,随后显著下降;饥饿组脂肪酶比活力1日龄到6日龄变化不显著,6日龄后显著下降。投喂组碱性磷酸酶比活力从2日龄到12日龄显著上升,12日龄达到最大值,随后显著下降;饥饿组碱性磷酸酶比活力从2日龄到8日龄显著上升,8日龄达到最大值,随后显著下降。     

泥鳅仔稚鱼发育期间消化酶及碱性磷酸酶比活力的变化

研究了泥鳅(Misgurnus anguillicaudatus)从孵化至30 DAH(日龄,Days after hatching)几种消化酶及碱性磷酸酶比活力的变化情况。胃蛋白酶直至30 DAH仍未检出活性。而胰蛋白酶表现出较高的比活力,其比活力在初次摄食之后显著上升,6 DAH达到最大值之后开始显著降低(P<0.05)。脂肪酶与淀粉酶的变化模式相似,在内源性营养向外源性营养转变及仔鱼向稚鱼转变这两个时间段出现两个高峰值。碱性磷酸酶比活力在2-6 DAH显著上升(P<0.05),之后开始下降并趋于平稳。研究表明,泥鳅在仔稚鱼阶段只具有结构性的胃而缺乏分泌细胞的分化。2-6 DAH是泥鳅仔鱼肠道功能迅速发育的阶段,也是向成鱼消化模式转变的一个重要过程。脂肪酶和淀粉酶比活力的持续性表明了泥鳅仔鱼对糖类和脂肪有较好的利用能力。     

瓦氏黄颡鱼仔稚鱼发育过程中消化酶活性变化研究

测定了瓦氏黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus vachelli)仔稚鱼从出膜至30日龄时的生长、可溶性蛋白含量及消化酶活性.结果表明,在仔鱼出膜后第1天,蛋白酶、淀粉酶、脂肪酶均能检测到活性,而胃蛋白酶活性在第22日龄才检测到.可溶性蛋白的含量随日龄的增加而增加.蛋白酶、淀粉酶、脂肪酶的活性随着仔稚鱼的发育而发生变化,其全活力与比活力呈现出不同的变化模式.蛋白酶比活力在仔鱼4日龄时达到最大值(4.193±0.04)U/mg protein;之后随日龄的增加比活力降低,直至15日龄达到最小值(0.452±0.07)U/mg protein.之后从15日龄到30日龄比活力逐渐增加.淀粉酶比活力从1日龄逐渐增加,至4日龄达到最大值(4.611±0.12)U/mg protein,从10日龄到18日龄维持在一较低水平,随后随日龄的增加淀粉酶比活力增加.脂肪酶比活力从1日龄到3日龄逐渐增加,到3日龄达到最大值(4.398±0.07)U/mgprotein,3日龄以后直到30日龄,脂肪酶比活力随日龄的增加而降低,并且一直处于一较低的水平.瓦氏黄颡鱼发育过程中,主要消化酶活性随生长变化显著,反映瓦氏黄颡鱼随着生长其消化功能逐渐完善.     

蓝宝石鱼仔稚鱼发育过程中各消化酶活性变化的研究

对蓝宝石鱼仔稚鱼从破膜至25日龄时的可溶性蛋白含量及各种消化酶活性进行了测定。结果表明，在仔鱼出膜后第1天，均能检测到活性，而胃蛋白酶活性在第613龄后才明显检测到，并趋于稳定。可溶性蛋白的含量随日龄的增加而增加。蛋白酶、淀粉酶、脂肪酶的活性随着仔稚鱼的发育而发生变化，其全活力与比活力呈现出不同的变化模式。蛋白酶比活力在仔鱼7日龄时达到最大值，之后随日龄的增加比活力降低，并趋于稳定。淀粉酶比活力从1日龄逐渐增加，至7日龄达到最大值，之后一直维持在一较低水平。脂肪酶的全活力与比活力呈现出完全不同的变化方式，全活力从3日龄到6日龄逐渐增加，到6层龄达到最大值，以后急剧下降；刚破膜时，比活力有较高的水平，后来始终降低．但在5～6日龄有所减缓。10日龄后脂肪酶的全活力、比活力都处于较低水平，12日龄时已经无法检出。蓝宝石鱼发育过程中，主要消化酶活性随着生长变化显著，反映蓝宝石鱼随生长其消化功能逐渐完善。     

金乌贼(Sepia esculenta)早期发育阶段相关酶活性的变化

采用生化方法测定了金乌贼(Sepia esculenta)不同发育阶段的受精卵以及0-10日龄幼体的胰蛋白酶、胃蛋白酶、碱性磷酸酶、脂肪酶和谷丙转氨酶5种酶比活力的变化.结果显示,可溶性蛋白浓度总体呈先上升后下降再上升的变化趋势,其中,在囊胚和原肠期(Ⅱ)最高,在初孵幼体(Ⅶ)中最低,含量分别为81.50 mg/g和4.24 mg/g.胰蛋白酶、胃蛋白酶和谷丙转氨酶比活力的变化趋势相近,总体呈先上升后下降再上升的变化趋势,其中,在胚胎发育阶段均能检测出这3种酶的活性,说明主要自母体获得,但活力相对较低;在初孵幼体中,这3种酶活性均显著升高,比活力分别为0.51 U/g、1.68 U/mg和37.84 U/g;5日龄幼体(Ⅷ)中,3种酶比活力均显著下降至出膜前水平;10日龄幼体(Ⅸ)中,3种酶比活力均有小幅度上升.碱性磷酸酶和脂肪酶比活力的变化趋势相近,总体呈上升趋势,其中,在胚胎发育阶段仅检测到这2种酶的极低活性,幼体孵出后2种酶的比活力才显著上升,标志着器官发育的逐步完善和消化能力的逐步增强.     

金乌贼(Sepia esculenta)早期发育阶段相关酶活性的变化

采用生化方法测定了金乌贼(Sepia esculenta)不同发育阶段的受精卵以及0–10日龄幼体的胰蛋白酶、胃蛋白酶、碱性磷酸酶、脂肪酶和谷丙转氨酶5种酶比活力的变化。结果显示,可溶性蛋白浓度总体呈先上升后下降再上升的变化趋势,其中,在囊胚和原肠期(Ⅱ)最高,在初孵幼体(Ⅶ)中最低,含量分别为81.50 mg/g和4.24 mg/g。胰蛋白酶、胃蛋白酶和谷丙转氨酶比活力的变化趋势相近,总体呈先上升后下降再上升的变化趋势,其中,在胚胎发育阶段均能检测出这3种酶的活性,说明主要自母体获得,但活力相对较低;在初孵幼体中,这3种酶活性均显著升高,比活力分别为0.51 U/g、1.68 U/mg和37.84 U/g;5日龄幼体(Ⅷ)中,3种酶比活力均显著下降至出膜前水平;10日龄幼体(Ⅸ)中,3种酶比活力均有小幅度上升。碱性磷酸酶和脂肪酶比活力的变化趋势相近,总体呈上升趋势,其中,在胚胎发育阶段仅检测到这2种酶的极低活性,幼体孵出后2种酶的比活力才显著上升,标志着器官发育的逐步完善和消化能力的逐步增强。     

延迟首次投喂对乌江中华倒刺鲃仔鱼的补偿生长、消化酶活性及饵料日转化率的影响

为探究延迟首次投喂对乌江中华倒刺鲃(Spinibarbus sinensis)仔鱼补偿生长、消化酶活性及饵料日转化率的影响,对肠道贯通后的仔鱼进行了不同饥饿天数(H0、H1、H3、H5、H7、H9、H11)后补偿投喂17 d的实验。结果显示,全长和体重的损失率随饥饿时间的延长而增加。补偿投喂后,全长补偿率在H9组以后明显下降,体重补偿率在各实验组间无明显差异。各组全长和体重的特定生长率都呈波动性变化趋势,且实验后期各实验组都大于正常组都存在显著性差异。全长、体重及特定生长率的变化表明该饥饿仔鱼补偿投喂后能完成部分补偿生长。饥饿处理中,淀粉酶、碱性磷酸酶和胰蛋白酶随饥饿时间都呈下降趋势,脂肪酶呈先上升后下降趋势,补偿投喂后,除了淀粉酶呈先上升后下降外,其余三种酶都呈上升趋势。各组在饥饿处理下消化酶活性在实验后期与正常组存在显著差异,再投喂后与正常组差异不显著。各组在再投喂后的饵料日转化率随补偿时间呈不规则上升,但都无法恢复到正常投喂水平。综上,延迟首次投喂对中华倒刺鲃仔鱼补偿生长、消化酶活性及饵料转化都存在不同程度的影响。     

六斑刺鲀仔稚鱼发育过程中消化酶和非特异性免疫因子的活性变化

为解决六斑刺鲀(Diodon holocanthus)初孵仔鱼高死亡率问题,研究了六斑刺鲀从初孵仔鱼到稚鱼(0～40 d)消化酶活性和非特异性免疫指标的变化。结果显示:六斑刺鲀仔稚鱼全长与日龄呈指数相关。初孵仔鱼体内就可检测到淀粉酶、胃蛋白酶、胰蛋白酶和脂肪酶活性。在整个实验周期内,淀粉酶和胰蛋白酶活性呈现先上升后下降再上升的变化趋势,淀粉酶活性在20 d时达到最高,胰蛋白酶活性在10 d时达到最高,两者整体酶活随日龄都有所增加且胰蛋白酶增加更为明显;脂肪酶活性呈现先下降后上升再下降的变化趋势,1～5 d时酶活性快速降低,5～10 d时又显著升高,15～20 d时又迅速降低并维持在较低水平;胃蛋白酶在1～15 d时活性逐渐上升并在15 d时达到最高,之后缓慢下降并维持低值。溶菌酶(LZM)和免疫球蛋白M(IgM)活性都呈现先上升后下降的变化趋势;IgM活性在10 d时达到最高,LZM活性在5 d时最高,之后两者都波动地缓慢下降并最终维持在较低值。以上结果表明:尚未摄食的六斑刺鲀初孵仔鱼体内已存在各种消化酶,仔稚鱼消化酶活性变化与其发育阶段和饵料种类密切相关。非特异性免疫指标在六斑刺鲀仔稚鱼由内源性营养向外源性营养转变的混合营养期显著上升,之后缓慢下降到较低水平,说明营养转变过程对仔稚鱼的免疫功能影响较大,非特异性免疫指标的升高增强了仔稚鱼的抗病能力,提高了养殖成活率。     

Vc对栉孔扇贝体内水解酶和抗氧化酶活性的影响

研究了注射不同剂量Vc对栉孔扇贝(Chlamysfarreri)体内5种参与免疫防御反应的水解酶和抗氧化酶活性的影响。结果表明,当Vc注射剂量为20μg/g和40μg/g时,在注射后12、24和48h,两实验组栉孔扇贝体内溶菌酶(LSZ)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)和碱性磷酸酶(ALP)活性都明显升高,而超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性均明显降低。同时本实验发现,Vc对40μg/g实验组中各种酶的活性刺激与20μg/g实验组相比需要更长的时间。本研究表明,Vc可有效增强栉孔扇贝的免疫活性,且因剂量不同而有差异。     

生物絮团对仿刺参幼参消化与免疫酶活性的影响

水温18.2-21.9 ℃和盐度30-32下，在室内200 L塑料水槽中添加不同的碳源（葡萄糖、蔗糖、玉米淀粉、地瓜粉等）形成生物絮团，养殖体重（0.9±0.1 ）g/只的仿刺参（Apostichopus japonicus ）幼参2个月，探讨水体中的生物絮团对其体内主要消化酶和免疫性酶活性的影响。结果表明，养殖水体中添加淀粉、蔗糖有利于提高幼参体内消化酶（淀粉酶、蛋白酶）的活性。复合碳源组（葡萄糖：果糖：蔗糖：玉米淀粉：地瓜粉=0:3:4:2:1）幼参胃蛋白酶活性（10.63 U/mg prot）显著高于其它组，复合碳源更利于提高幼参胃蛋白酶活性。复合碳源组（葡萄糖：果糖：蔗糖：玉米淀粉：地瓜粉=1:2:4:1:2），幼参体壁中ALP活性最高，为2.66 U/mg；而玉米淀粉组中，幼参体液中SOD活性（204.66 U/mg ）显著高于其他各试验组（P < 0.05）。添加碳源后制得的生物絮团可以提高幼参机体的免疫功能。     

生物絮团对仿刺参幼参生长与酶活性的影响

 以仿刺参幼参(Apostichopus japonicus)为研究对象, 采用发酵法培养生物絮团, 在室内塑料水槽中进行为期30 d的幼参培育实验。选择蔗糖作为碳源, 并设置饵料替代(0、10%、15%和20%共计4个梯度)和换水频次 (3 d/次和7 d/次两种)正交实验, 分析其对幼参生长、成活及其体内消化酶、免疫性酶活性和可溶性蛋白含量的影响, 为生物絮团培育幼参技术确定最佳投饵量和换水频次等参数提供依据。结果表明, 实验期间处理组淀粉酶(AMS)活性总体均高于对照组, 生物絮团可以提高幼参淀粉酶活性; 第15天时, 每3 d换水1次并替代15%饵料的处理组幼参体壁中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD, 32.9 U/mg prot)及碱性磷酸酶(AKP, 146.8 U/g prot)活性高于其他3组和对照组(P<0.05); 而每7 d换水1次且替代20%饵料组SOD(35.3 U/mg prot)及AKP酶活性(158.8 U/g prot)均明显高于对照组(P< 0.05)。第30天时, 每7 d换水1次且替代10%饵料组幼参淀粉酶和SOD活性均比15 d有所升高, 尤其AKP活性明显升高; 其特定生长率(4.12 %/d)与成活率(98.9%)均最高。每7 d换水1次且替代15%饵料组体壁中可溶性蛋白含量(10.9 mg/g)最高, 均明显高于对照组(P <0.05); 但与替代10%饵料组(9.3 mg/g)差异不显著。而每3 d换水1次且替代20%饵料组幼参成活率(91.8%)最低, 其可溶性蛋白含量与其他3组和对照组差异不显著(P>0.05)。适当降低换水频次和减少投饵量适于生物絮团系统中幼参的生长、存活与可溶性蛋白质积累。

     

Metabolic biochemistry of cardiac muscle in three tuna species (bigeye, Thunnus obesus ; yellowfin, T. albacares ; and skipjack, Katsuwonus pelamis ) with divergent ambient temperature and oxygen tolerances

Bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) have much greater vertical mobility than yellowfin (T. albacares) and skipjack (Katsuwonus pelamis) tunas, due to an apparent greater tolerance of the changes in ambient temperature and oxygen occurring with depth. In an attempt to identify physiological processes (e.g., effects of temperature on cardiac function) responsible for these behavioral differences, we examined enzyme activities (at 12 °C, 17 °C, and 25 °C) of cardiac muscle in all three species. Contrary to our expectations, we found few differences and no clear explanatory patterns in maximum enzyme activities (V_max) or enzyme activity ratios. For example, citrate synthase (CS) activity was the same in bigeye and skipjack tunas, but 40% lower in yellowfin tuna, whereas carnitine palmotoyltransferase (CPT) activity in skipjack tuna was approximately double that in the other two species. The ratio of CPT to pyruvate kinase (PK) activity, a measure of the tissues preference for fatty acids as metabolic substrates, was the same in bigeye and yellowfin tunas, but elevated skipjack tuna. The ratios of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) to CS activity and of PK to CS activity (anaerobic–aerobic enzyme activity ratios – taken as measures of the tissues ability to tolerate hypoxia) were both elevated in yellowfin tuna cardiac tissue relative to the other two species. We also found no differences in temperature sensitivity (Q₁₀ values) when comparing cardiac enzyme activities across species, nor effects of temperature on the substrate affinity (K_m) of LDH. In sum, our results do not suggest any clear metabolic difference in the cardiac muscle that would explain the apparent greater tolerance of bigeye tuna to acute hypoxia and ambient temperature changes or their substantially greater vertical mobility.     

东寨港翡翠贻贝、红肉河蓝蛤和光裸星虫消化酶的研究

对东寨港3种不同生长阶段几种大型底栖生物的消化酶活力进行了研究，结果表明，淀粉酶、纤维素酶、脂肪酶和胃蛋白酶活力随着个体在不同底栖生物生长阶段中呈现出不同的变化：（1）翡翠贻贝（Perna viridis Linnaeus)消化酶活力的研究结果表明，淀粉酶、纤维素酶和脂肪酶活力随着个体的生长不断增大。（2）红肉河蓝蛤（Potamocorbula rubromuscula Zhuang and Cai)的研究结果表明，淀粉酶，胃蛋白酶和脂肪酶活力随着个体的生长不断减小，纤维素酶活力随着个体的生长不断增大。（3）光裸星虫（Sipunculus nudus Linnaeus)的淀粉酶和纤维素酶的活力随着个体的增大而增大，脂肪酶活力随着个体的增大而减小。     

Comparison of high‐protein soybean meal and commercial soybean meal partly replacing fish meal on the activities of digestive enzymes and aminotransferases in juvenile Japanese seabass,Lateolabrax japonicus (Cuvier, 1828)

This study was conducted to compare the effects of fish meal (FM) replacement by two types of soybean meals (SBMs) on activities of digestive enzyme, intestinal brush border enzyme and aminotransferases of juvenile Japanese seabass (initial weight 8.3 ± 0.2 g). Nine isonitrogenous (crude protein 44%) and isoenergetic (20 kJ g^?1) experimental diets replacing 0 (the control), 15%, 30%, 45% and 60% FM protein by high‐protein SBM (HSB) or commercial SBM (CSB) were formulated. The concentrations of anti‐nutritional factors (ANFs) in HSB were relatively lower compared with CSB (P < 0.05). After 10‐week feeding experiment, activities of digestive enzymes, intestinal brush border enzymes and aminotransferases in liver decreased with increasing dietary SBM. When the substitution level was above 30% with CSB and 60% with HSB, activities of pepsin, disaccharidase in the intestinal brush border membrane and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) in liver were significantly lower than the control. However, activities of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and AST in serum were significantly higher than the control when the substitution level was above 30% with CSB and 60% with HSB. Regression analysis showed that effects of FM substitution by HSB on digestion and metabolism of juvenile seabass were relatively smaller compared with CSB.     

Effects of short‐chain fructooligosaccharides on growth performance and hepatic intermediary metabolism in turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) reared at winter and summer temperatures

The effect of short‐chain fructooligosaccharides (scFOS) incorporation on growth, feed utilization, body composition, plasmatic metabolites and selected liver enzyme activities of turbot juveniles reared at winter (15 °C) and summer (20 °C) temperatures was studied. Four comparable diets were formulated to contain circa 50 : 50 fish meal and plant ingredients as protein sources. Experimental diets included increasing levels of scFOS (0, 5, 10 and 20 g kg^?1). Final weight was higher at 20 °C, but thermal growth unit, feed efficiency, nitrogen and energy retention were better at 15 °C. scFOS supplementation did not affect fish growth performance. Fish reared at 15 °C had higher liver glycogen, visceral and hepatosomatic indices. Liver lipids, plasma triglycerides, total lipids, cholesterol HDL and LDL were higher in turbot reared at 20 °C. Malic enzyme, fatty acid synthetase, alanine aminotransferase and glutamate dehydrogenase activities were higher in fish reared at 15 °C. Malic enzyme was lower in turbot fed with 20 g kg^?1 scFOS compared to control diet; however, fatty acid synthetase presented an increasing trend as dietary scFOS increased up to 10 g kg^?1. Glutamate dehydrogenase activity was higher in fish fed the control diet. Results seem to indicate no benefits of scFOS incorporation to diets on growth performance of turbot.     

The effects of a dietary protease‐complex on performance,digestive and immune enzyme activity,and disease resistance of Litopenaeus vannamei fed high plant protein diets

The effects of a dietary protease‐complex on growth performance, body composition, digestive and immune enzyme activity of Litopenaeus vannamei and its resistance to a pathogenic Vibrio parahaemolyticus were assessed in a 9‐week trial. A high fish meal diet (HF) containing 200 g kg^?1 fish meal and a low fish meal diet (LF) containing 100 g kg^?1 fish meal were designed as a positive and negative control respectively. Three other diets (LF+125P, LF+150P, and LF+175P) were manufactured by supplementing graded level of a protease‐complex (125, 150 and 175 mg kg^?1, respectively) to the LF diet. All diets were formulated to be iso‐proteic and iso‐energetic. Most performance indices of shrimp fed the LF+175P diets were similar to the HF diet. Among the digestive enzymes, trypsin, lipase and amylase activity in hepatopancreas of shrimp fed LF+175P diets (4576 U mg^?1 protein and 16, 32 U g^?1 protein, respectively) were higher than those fed the LF diets but lower than the HF diets (P < 0.05). Total superoxide dismutase and polyphenol oxidase contents in both serum and hepatopancreas were higher and serum malondialdehyde content and the cumulative mortality during disease challenge tests were lower for the diets containing the protease‐complex than those fed the LF diets (P < 0.05) with no difference with those fed the HF diets.     

Dietary simultaneous replacement of fish meal and fish oil with blends of plant proteins and vegetable oils in yellowfin seabream (Acanthopagrus latus) fry: Growth,digestive enzymes,antioxidant status and skin mucosal immunity

A 56‐day nutritional research was performed to examine the influence of alternative vegetal protein and lipid sources on performance of yellowfin seabream fry (Acanthopagrus latus) (0.5 ± 0.0 g). In this regard, five isoproteic (Ca. 500 g/kg) and isolipidic (Ca. 150 g/kg) diets were formulated in which fish meal (FM) and fish oil (FO) were simultaneously replaced with blends of plant proteins (PP, soybean meal and corn gluten) and vegetal oils (VO, canola and soybean oils) at 20% (SR20), 40% (SR40), 60% (SR40) and 80% (SR80) levels, respectively; meanwhile, a control diet (SR0) was formulated based on FM and FO. Growth and feed utilization were not influenced by experimental diets. The fatty acid profile of fillet drastically altered by dietary treatments. Fish fed with the SR60 and SR80 feeds had higher total protease, trypsin and α‐amylase activities than other treatments. The antioxidant enzyme activities and glutathione content in liver were enhanced in fish fed with the SR40, SR60 and SR80 diets. Skin mucosal immune parameters including total protein content, alkaline phosphatase and alternative complement pathway activities in the control group were relatively lower than the vegetal treatments. According to these results, it is recommended that 410 g/kg of FM and 45 g of FO/kg can be replaced with alternative vegetal sources in diet for A. latus fry.