一种鱼道进口诱鱼结构装置的试验研究

常规鱼道的研究和设计大多侧重于其内部结构和水流条件等方面,对鱼道进口位置布置及结构优化的研究相对较少,往往存在鱼类发现并进入鱼道较为困难的情况。通过建立鱼道进口设计的生态水力学指标,提出了某项目集诱鱼进口所需要满足的流速范围为0.47～1.30 m/s,将鱼类游泳能力与鱼道进口流态指标相结合,用标准三维κ-ε模型数值模拟的方式,对以往鱼道进口位置的选择原则进行了验证,提出了一种可控流量、流速的新型诱鱼补水装置,对鱼道进口结构进行优化。该诱鱼补水装置利用局部水流落差,上游发电下泄水流进行诱鱼补水,避免采用自库区压力管道引水而产生的消能问题,降低了鱼道运行的成本;同时降低机组满发或发电流量较高时河段内的流速,可达到灵活调控诱鱼水流进而诱导鱼类进入鱼道完成洄游的效果,最终完成鱼道进口的优化,提高过鱼效果。     

浅议我国鱼道运行管理存在的问题及对策-以洣水洋塘鱼道为例

鱼道作为能够有效联通闸、坝上下游水流,为鱼类提供上溯、下行通道的有效途径,一直以来被作为水利水电工程建设鱼类保护的重要措施采用,但由于认识、经费、运行管理等多方面因素,其过鱼效果及发挥的作用难以被肯定。本文在综述国内外鱼道运行管理体制现状基础上,以洣水洋塘鱼道为例,分析总结了该鱼道兴衰历程,提出我国鱼道运行管理应提升对过鱼设施建设必要性的认知度、捋顺管理机制体制、建立生态补偿机制的对策与建议,力求能够为鱼道这项鱼类保护措施的建设与发展提供支持。     

与鱼道设计相关的鱼类游泳行为研究

在鱼类生境遭受破坏，渔业资源日益减少的今天，修建鱼道等过鱼设施已成为减缓水利工程建设所致不利影响的重要举措。纵观世界各国，早期的鱼道建设往往因为缺乏对鱼类的了解而最终成为摆设。我国的鱼道建设起步晚，其再度兴起需要更可靠的生物学信息。鱼类的游泳能力及行为关系着鱼道设计的各个方面，决定着设计的成败。文章针对鱼道设计，综述了国内外几十年来鱼类游泳行为的研究成果。鱼类的游泳速度可分为三类，即持续游泳速度，耐久游泳速度和突进游泳速度，其中与鱼道设计密切相关的是后两者。影响鱼类游泳速度的因素既有生物个体因素也有环境因素，主要包括摆尾频率、体长、疲劳时间、温度及耗氧量等。文章最后简述了鱼类行为学在鱼道设计中的应用。我国针对过鱼设施建设的鱼类行为学研究极少，总结国外的研究方法和经验成果可为我国的过鱼设施建设提供生物学基础，促进该领域的发展。     

连江西牛鱼道运行效果的初步研究

鱼道建设被认为是有效缓解水坝阻隔鱼类洄游的重要方法之一,而鱼道效果监测是评价其功能的重要环节。连江西牛鱼道是广东省第一座建立在水坝主体上的过鱼通道,为了解其运行效果,采用张网法和截堵法,２０１２年３－８月共６次对西牛鱼道的过鱼效果进行监测。研究表明,西牛鱼道共监测到鱼类３目、８科、３０属、３８种,以银鮈（Squalidus argentatus）、乐山小鳔鮈（Microphysogobio kiatingensis）、子陵吻鰕虎（Rhinogobit giurinus）等小型鱼类为优势类群。进入鱼道的鱼类呈现昼夜差异,上午集鱼效果要显著优于其他时间段;不同季节集鱼的种类和数量呈现较大差别,３－８月集鱼数量逐渐减少,集鱼种类数以５月最多。与国内外其他鱼道的过鱼效果比较,西牛鱼道能较好地发挥其功能。     

萨拉康水电站鱼道设计方案探讨

介绍了湄公河渔业资源概况及其流域下游主要的洄游鱼类,分析了萨拉康水电站阻隔对洄游鱼类造成的影响,确定了上游湄公河洄游系统的主要过鱼对象;根据萨拉康水电站枢纽布置以及所在地的地形地质特征,对可行的鱼道布置方案进行了优选论证,并对右岸方案鱼道进口、鱼道出口、鱼道结构、附属设施等进行了初步设计探讨。     

高坝鱼道工程设计案例分析

坝高１１６ｍ,最大水头６７.０ｍ,额定水头５３．５ｍ。主要过鱼季节为３－６月,兼顾过鱼季节为２月、７－１０月。综合考虑工程特性和过鱼对象生态习性,设计采用竖缝式池室结构型式鱼道,主要由进口段、槽身段、暗涵段、明渠段、过坝段、出口段、进口补水设施和观测研究室等部分组成,全长３５６６．３２５ｍ。共设置２个常用进口,２个备用进口,鱼道过鱼孔设计流速１．１ｍ／ｓ。介绍了鱼道设计技术路线及研究方法,提出了休息池、鱼道进口、补水设施和带集鱼池的观测研究室的设计思路。     

新疆某枢纽工程鱼道的设计

新疆某枢纽工程为低水头拦河建筑物,位于河流平原区,两岸地形平坦开阔。１１月－翌年３月,泄洪闸全部开启,河道基本为自然状态,鱼类可以自由通过;４－１０月,部分泄洪闸关闭,是本工程的过鱼季节。过鱼对象主要是新疆裸重唇鱼等需要短距离迁徙的裂鳆鱼类,兼顾草鱼、鲢等经济鱼类。综合考虑诱鱼能力、过鱼能力、鱼类适应程度、建造成本和运行维护等因素,其过鱼设施经过比选后选定为仿自然通道型鱼道。介绍了该工程仿自然通道型鱼道的论证与设计过程,为低水头拦河建筑物的过鱼设施设计提供借鉴。     

峡江鱼道过鱼效果初步评价

鱼道是解决拦河筑坝阻隔鱼类洄游的重要手段之一。为了满足兴建峡江水利枢纽工程后洄游鱼类上溯的要求,保护赣江水生生态环境的完整性,减缓工程对鱼类种群遗传交流的影响,针对峡江水利枢纽实际情况制定了鱼道过鱼方式。鱼道采用垂直竖缝式结构设计,由上游鱼道(出口段)、坝体过鱼孔口、下游主、副鱼道(进口段)、集鱼系统及连接段组成,设计主要过鱼季节为4—7月,流速0.7～1.2 m/s。采用仪器监测与人工观察相结合的方式对峡江鱼道过鱼效果进行了初步监测。监测结果显示:2017年监测到过鱼总数67.8万尾,其中上行占41.67%;期间共监测到22种鱼类,共计4目、7科、18属,以小型鱼类为主,如贝氏■(Hemiculter bleekeri)、三角鲂(Megalobrama terminalis)、银鲴(Xenocypris argentea)、银鮈(Squalidus argentatus);不同季节过鱼数量不同,其中以二季度最多,占总数49.17%,过鱼数量以7月最多;过鱼数量昼夜差别大,以上午10:00至下午16:00是过鱼数量最多;与国内其他鱼道相比,峡江鱼道过鱼数量较多,过鱼效果显著。     

不同位置和朝向的鱼道进口诱鱼效果

为了探明不同进口朝向的布置方式和进口位置对诱鱼效果的影响，本研究通过建立鱼道进口概化模型，设计3种环境流速工况，以马口鱼为实验对象，针对不同朝向和不同位置鱼道进口分别进行放鱼实验。结果显示，在同一鱼道进口位置时，垂直于河道水流方向上的鱼道进口其诱鱼效果明显优于顺河道水流方向的鱼道进口；当开启与电站不同相对位置不同的进口时，其诱鱼效果受河道水流速度和进口位置的影响较为显著；在所设计实验工况中，环境流速为0.3 m/s时，鱼道进口诱鱼效果最好。研究结果将对水利工程中鱼道进口布置具有重要的参考意义并指导工程实践。     

长洲水利枢纽鱼道功能的初步研究

鱼道是解决水坝阻隔鱼类上溯的重要途径之一,过鱼效果的监测是其科学运行的重要环节。２011年和2012年４－６月对试运行阶段的长洲水利枢纽鱼道进行了监测采样;共计采集到鱼类３０种,主要优势种类为银飘鱼（Pseudolaubuca sinensis）、餐（Hemiculter leucisclus）、瓦氏黄颡鱼（Pelteobagrus fulvidraco）、赤眼鳟（Spualiobarbus curriculus）、鲮（Cirrhinus molitorella）、日本鳗鲡（Anguill japonica）,青鱼（Mylopharyngodon piceus）、草鱼（Ctenopharyngodon idellus）、鲢（Hypophthalmichthys）、鳙（Aristichthys mobilis）也有出现;体长6０～870ｍｍ的个体可以通过鱼道上溯;鱼道中鲢体重达1.５ｋｇ,鲤（Cyprinus carpio）、鲶（Schilbe intermedius）体重达到2.８ｋｇ,采集到最大规格的种类为鳡（Elopichthys bambusa）,体长达870ｍｍ,体重7061ｇ。监测数据表明,长洲水利枢纽鱼道具有较好的过鱼功能,但监测中未采集到西江重要的洄游性鱼类广东鲂（Megalobrama hoffmanni）。从不同批次监测到的鱼类种类组成及规格上分析,鱼道运行效果明显受水文变化的影响,其运行及效果监测需要充分考虑水文状况及西江鱼类的生态习性。     

Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., and sea trout, Salmo trutta L., passage in a regulated northern river – fishway efficiency, fish entrance and environmental factors

The number and the size of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., using the Isohaara fishway was elevated by increasing the fishway discharge and by changing the type of the pass entrance. The fishway is intended to help fish bypass a hydroelectric station located close to the mouth of the large, regulated River Kemijoki, in northern Finland. Multi-sea-winter (MSW) salmon returned to the river mouth during peak flows in early June but did not use the fishway until 1 month later. Their number in the fishway was positively correlated with the tailwater level. One-sea winter (1-SW) salmon, which arrived approximately one month later, started to enter the fishway without corresponding delays. In autumn, a high tailwater level and a small drop at the fish entrance seemed to be needed for the successful passage of these small-sized salmon and sea trout, Salmo trutta L.     

Fishway with two entrance branches: Understanding its performance for potamodromous Mediterranean barbels

Many fish passes have been built across the world in recent years. This study analyses the performance of a modified type of pool and weir fishway with two access branches, using passive integrated transponder telemetry. A circum‐Mediterranean barbel, Luciobarbus bocagei (Steindachner, 1864), was chosen as the target species. Both hydraulic values (flow and volumetric energy dissipation) and biological parameters (attraction, entrance and passage success) were measured in the fishway, these being related to the environmental variables affecting upstream fish movement. Flow discharge, water temperature and atmospheric pressure were important for fish entering the fishway. There was no preference between path routes, even though the main discharge was concentrated in the turbine channel. This type of fishway design could be an alternative for the conservation of fish populations where multiple fish approach options are possible.     

Use of a vertical-slot fishway by galaxiids in Western Australia

Abstract –  The Goodga River Fishway is the first vertical-slot fishway in Western Australia and was opened in April 2003 with the aim of increasing the habitat available to two galaxiids; the trout minnow ( Galaxias truttaceus ), a highly restricted freshwater fish species in Western Australia, and the widespread common jollytail ( Galaxias maculatus ). The fishway was designed to function during low flows to coincide with the upstream spawning migration of G. truttaceus . Prior to the opening of the fishway, no fish were found above the Goodga River gauging station (weir), which is approximately 2 km upstream of the river's entrance to Moates Lake. Fish migrations were monitored in each season between April 2003 and February 2005. Galaxias truttaceus utilised the fishway in all sampling periods. Adult fish migrated up the fishway prior to spawning, while large numbers of new recruits (small juveniles) negotiated the fishway during November 2003 and 2004. More G. truttaceus and G. maculatus were captured on the fishway during daylight hours compared with the night; however, larger G. truttaceus were more commonly captured at night whereas G. maculatus on the fishway were larger during the day. The fact that fishway utilisation by G. maculatus was consistent during all samples and new recruits migrated during periods of low flow demonstrates the importance of understanding the migration patterns of the target species when designing fishways.     

A quantitative assessment of fish passage efficiency

In an attempt to restore the connectivity of fragmented river habitats, a variety of passage facilities have been installed at river barriers. Despite the cost of building these structures, there has been no quantitative evaluation of their overall success at restoring fish passage. We reviewed articles from 1960 to 2011, extracted data from 65 papers on fish passage efficiency, size and species of fish, and fishway characteristics to determine the best predictors of fishway efficiency. Because data were scarce for fishes other than salmonids (order Salmoniformes), we combined data for all non‐salmonids for our analysis. On average, downstream passage efficiency was 68.5%, slightly higher than upstream passage efficiency of 41.7%, and neither differed across the geographical regions of study. Salmonids were more successful than non‐salmonids in passing upstream (61.7 vs. 21.1%) and downstream (74.6 vs. 39.6%) through fish passage facilities. Passage efficiency differed significantly between types of fishways; pool and weir, pool and slot and natural fishways had the highest efficiencies, whereas Denil and fish locks/elevators had the lowest. Upstream passage efficiency decreased significantly with fishway slope, but increased with fishway length, and water velocity. An information‐theoretic analysis indicated that the best predictors of fish passage efficiency were order of fish (i.e. salmonids > non‐salmonids), type of fishway and length of fishway. Overall, the low efficiency of passage facilities indicated that most need to be improved to sufficiently mitigate habitat fragmentation for the complete fish community across a range of environmental conditions.     

Assessment of an automated fish counter in a Canadian river

Abstract. In order to assess the accuracy and reliability of automated fish counters for counting adult Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., a 'Logie' resistivity counter was installed in late June 1989 in the control dam above the fishway in Northeast River, Placentia, Newfoundland, Canada. The counter was in operation for 26 days (1–26 July). The accuracy of daily counts recorded by the counter was verified by visual counts of Atlantic salmon released from a trap located downstream of the counter and immediately above the fishway. All the fish released from the trap had to pass over the counter. A total of 517 salmon (mainly grilse) was released from the trap and the net number of upstream migrants recorded by the counter was also 517. This is the first test and use of an open-channel counter in eastern Canada. The results suggest that some counting fences and fishways may be easily adapted for installation of automated counters and that counters offer a cost-effective means of counting adult Atlantic salmon.     

流溪河水厂坝丹尼尔式鱼道运行效果初探

为检验流溪河水厂坝建立的丹尼尔式鱼道试点工程效果,在2015-2016年鱼道主要过鱼时段4-10月,利用张网法逐日监测。结果显示,鱼道取样共采集鱼类906尾,隶属于3目、8科、32属、34种,体长范围5～74cm,优势种为尼罗罗非鱼(Tilapia niloticus)(数量比51.10%)、歺又鱼(Hemiculter leucisculus)(16.23%)、唇鱼骨(Hemibarbus labeo)(8.17%)、银鮈(Squalidus argentatus)(6.73%)、东方墨头鱼(Garra orientalis)(1.55%),以定居型鱼类为主,未见河口洄游性鱼类。水温与上游水位是影响鱼类种类时间分布的主要环境因素。聚类分析表明,6月过鱼群体的种类和数量独成一类,与其他月份鱼类群体最不相似。虽然Shannon多样性指数在5月和6月分别为2.068和1.719,但总体偏低(1.451±0.535),而Margalef丰富度指数差别较小,表明不同鱼类对鱼道入口的感应存在种间差异,推测是由工程全段翻滚闸门下泄水流导致鱼道入口不易发现所致。研究表明,丹尼尔式鱼道试点工程效果较好,为该河段的绝大部分鱼类提供了上溯通道,对流溪河构建整体过鱼设施体系起到了良好的示范作用,有助于流溪河生态系统的健康与恢复。     

Biological effectiveness of an inexpensive nature‐like fishway for passage of warmwater fish in a small Ontario stream

Few studies have been conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of nature‐like fishways, particularly in low gradient warmwater streams with diverse fish communities. We evaluated a nature‐like fishway that was installed to facilitate upstream passage at a low head dam on Indian Creek near Spencerville, Ontario, Canada. A passive integrated transponder (PIT) array was used to quantify attraction and passage efficiency for 391 PIT tagged warmwater fish, represented by seven species. Attraction efficiency for the three most common species, common shiner (Luxilus cornutus), creek chub (Semotilus atromaculatus) and white sucker (Catostomus commersonii), was 63.3%, 83.7% and 65.6%, respectively, and passage efficiencies were 5.1%, 38.4% and 25%, respectively. Creek chub were able to locate the fishway in less time than white sucker and common shiner; however, took longer to successfully pass. Manipulation of creek chub release locations was used to separate issues of attraction and passage and revealed that passage efficiency was highest (76.2%) for those released within the fishway and intermediate for those released at the entrance (42.1%). This multispecies fishway improved stream connectivity, but additional work is needed to fine tune its configuration. Similar projects that engage stakeholders in nature‐like fishway construction are a promising approach for the thousands of small dams that occur on low gradient streams around the globe, but those studies should incorporate a biological evaluation to ensure that attraction and passage efficiency are optimised.     

Fish and lamprey passage in a combined Denil and vertical slot fishway

A fishway (fish pass), consisting of vertical slot and Denil sections, was constructed at the lowest dam on the River Kemijoki, northern Finland, in 1993. The river was one of the best salmon rivers in Europe until 1949, when the dam and the hydropower plant were completed close to the river mouth. From 1993 to 1995, nearly 1000 adult salmonids passed through the fishway despite heavy fishing below the dam. Of environmental variables measured, water temperature, headwater level, and discharge through the power plant in relation to season changes explained most of the variation in Baltic salmon, Salmo salar L., numbers. They had a minor effect on trout, Salmo trutta L. Migratory whitefish, Coregonus lavaretus (L.), entered the fishway but were not observed in its uppermost pool. River lamprey, Lampetra fluviatilis (L.), passed through the vertical slot section of the fishway after plastic bristles were fastened into the bottom of the slots.     

Non‐salmonids in a salmonid fishway: what do 50 years of data tell us about past and future fish passage?

Abstract  Salmonid fishways have been used in many countries for non-salmonid fishes, including Australia, but generally with poor results. Trapping the entrance and exit of a 1:9 gradient salmonid fishway on the Murray River confirmed very poor passage of native fish, with <1% of the most abundant species ascending. Fifty years of fish passage monitoring showed the numbers of three native species declining by 95–100% and non-native fish becoming dominant. Fishways are now being designed for native fish and being quantitatively assessed, but daily flow management also needs to be addressed. The ecological model for passage of potamodromous fishes has changed from passing adults of a few species to one that incorporates the whole fish community, specifically: immature fish of large-bodied species that dominate numbers migrating upstream; a diverse range of movement strategies; and small-bodied species, crustaceans and low numbers of less-mobile species.