一种鱼道进口诱鱼结构装置的试验研究

常规鱼道的研究和设计大多侧重于其内部结构和水流条件等方面,对鱼道进口位置布置及结构优化的研究相对较少,往往存在鱼类发现并进入鱼道较为困难的情况。通过建立鱼道进口设计的生态水力学指标,提出了某项目集诱鱼进口所需要满足的流速范围为0.47～1.30 m/s,将鱼类游泳能力与鱼道进口流态指标相结合,用标准三维κ-ε模型数值模拟的方式,对以往鱼道进口位置的选择原则进行了验证,提出了一种可控流量、流速的新型诱鱼补水装置,对鱼道进口结构进行优化。该诱鱼补水装置利用局部水流落差,上游发电下泄水流进行诱鱼补水,避免采用自库区压力管道引水而产生的消能问题,降低了鱼道运行的成本;同时降低机组满发或发电流量较高时河段内的流速,可达到灵活调控诱鱼水流进而诱导鱼类进入鱼道完成洄游的效果,最终完成鱼道进口的优化,提高过鱼效果。     

萨拉康水电站鱼道设计方案探讨

介绍了湄公河渔业资源概况及其流域下游主要的洄游鱼类，分析了萨拉康水电站阻隔对洄游鱼类造成的影响，确定了上游湄公河洄游系统的主要过鱼对象；根据萨拉康水电站枢纽布置以及所在地的地形地质特征，对可行的鱼道布置方案进行了优选论证，并对右岸方案鱼道进口、鱼道出口、鱼道结构、附属设施等进行了初步设计探讨。     

不同位置和朝向的鱼道进口诱鱼效果

为了探明不同进口朝向的布置方式和进口位置对诱鱼效果的影响，本研究通过建立鱼道进口概化模型，设计3种环境流速工况，以马口鱼为实验对象，针对不同朝向和不同位置鱼道进口分别进行放鱼实验。结果显示，在同一鱼道进口位置时，垂直于河道水流方向上的鱼道进口其诱鱼效果明显优于顺河道水流方向的鱼道进口；当开启与电站不同相对位置不同的进口时，其诱鱼效果受河道水流速度和进口位置的影响较为显著；在所设计实验工况中，环境流速为0.3 m/s时，鱼道进口诱鱼效果最好。研究结果将对水利工程中鱼道进口布置具有重要的参考意义并指导工程实践。     

高坝鱼道工程设计案例分析

坝高１１６ｍ，最大水头６７.０ｍ，额定水头５３．５ｍ。主要过鱼季节为３－６月，兼顾过鱼季节为２月、７－１０月。综合考虑工程特性和过鱼对象生态习性，设计采用竖缝式池室结构型式鱼道，主要由进口段、槽身段、暗涵段、明渠段、过坝段、出口段、进口补水设施和观测研究室等部分组成，全长３５６６．３２５ｍ。共设置２个常用进口，２个备用进口，鱼道过鱼孔设计流速１．１ｍ／ｓ。介绍了鱼道设计技术路线及研究方法，提出了休息池、鱼道进口、补水设施和带集鱼池的观测研究室的设计思路。     

射频识别技术(RFID)在鱼道监测中的应用

过鱼效果的监测评价及相应技术优化是鱼道成功运行的保证。通过对比射频识别技术与其他水生生物监测技术之间的优缺点,从鱼类生理伤害度、监测精度、标签遗失率以及适用鱼类个体尺寸范围和监测成本等方面,阐述了射频识别技术在鱼道监测工作中的优越性。结合射频识别技术在鱼道内部通过效果、鱼道进口吸引效果和鱼道河流连通性修复方面的应用,概括了射频识别技术应用现状及其所包含的关键技术,加强射频识别技术的研究对鱼道监测、评价、优化具有重大意义。     

峡江鱼道过鱼效果初步评价

鱼道是解决拦河筑坝阻隔鱼类洄游的重要手段之一。为了满足兴建峡江水利枢纽工程后洄游鱼类上溯的要求,保护赣江水生生态环境的完整性,减缓工程对鱼类种群遗传交流的影响,针对峡江水利枢纽实际情况制定了鱼道过鱼方式。鱼道采用垂直竖缝式结构设计,由上游鱼道(出口段)、坝体过鱼孔口、下游主、副鱼道(进口段)、集鱼系统及连接段组成,设计主要过鱼季节为4—7月,流速0.7～1.2 m/s。采用仪器监测与人工观察相结合的方式对峡江鱼道过鱼效果进行了初步监测。监测结果显示:2017年监测到过鱼总数67.8万尾,其中上行占41.67%;期间共监测到22种鱼类,共计4目、7科、18属,以小型鱼类为主,如贝氏■(Hemiculter bleekeri)、三角鲂(Megalobrama terminalis)、银鲴(Xenocypris argentea)、银鮈(Squalidus argentatus);不同季节过鱼数量不同,其中以二季度最多,占总数49.17%,过鱼数量以7月最多;过鱼数量昼夜差别大,以上午10:00至下午16:00是过鱼数量最多;与国内其他鱼道相比,峡江鱼道过鱼数量较多,过鱼效果显著。     

双侧竖缝式鱼道水力特性研究

研究分析不同水池长宽比条件下双侧竖缝式鱼道的水池流场结构及其水力学指标,为双侧竖缝式鱼道布置参数的优化选择提供技术依据。基于单侧竖缝式鱼道体型参数的研究成果,选取导板长度与水池宽度之比为0.25、竖缝宽度与水池宽度之比为0.15、导向角度为45°作为研究的基本体型;鱼道来流边界设置为压力进口,上游水深设置为2 m,出流边界设置为压力出口,下游水深设置为2 m;模型顶部设置为压力进口,进口压强为1.01×105Pa,边墙设置为固壁边界。采用三维数值模拟的方法研究分析了水池长宽比分别为4∶8、5∶8、5.5∶8、5.75∶8、6∶8、6.5∶8、7∶8、8∶8、9∶8的条件下双侧竖缝式鱼道的水池流场结构及其水力学指标。在不同水池长宽比条件下,鱼道常规水池内存在3种典型流场结构,其主流轨迹线、主流流速沿程衰减规律以及回流区分布等水力学指标均有不同,典型长宽比取值区间分别为4∶8~5.5∶8、5.75∶8~6.5∶8及7∶8~9∶8;对比发现,长宽比在5.75∶8~6.5∶8区间范围时,主流区宽度相对较大,水池空间利用较为充分,沿程流速衰减情况也较好,回流区主要分布于主流两侧且大小适中。初步认为长宽比5.75∶8~6.5∶8的水池流场结构较为合理。     

西藏狮泉河鱼道设计初探

狮泉河水电站是西藏狮泉河流域梯级开发的第一座水电站,对水域生境和鱼类资源的影响巨大。为了缓解水利工程对鱼类资源带来的不利影响,通过对狮泉河水电站参数、水电站阻隔鱼类资源的初步分析,提出了狮泉河应修建鱼道来保护鱼类的方案。作者就狮泉河鱼道的过鱼对象、类型、主要结构设计特点等作了简要介绍。     

老龙口水利枢纽工程中鱼道的设计研究

对吉林省珲春市老龙口水利枢纽工程中配套的过鱼设施——鱼道进行了研究、论证与设计。同时对老龙口水利枢纽工程及珲春河的主要洄游鱼类作了介绍;总结分析了国内外鱼道的发展现状和趋势;对比分析了几种常用鱼道的优缺点,对垂直竖缝式鱼道进行了设计计算,确定了有关参数,并就鱼道各部分的设计进行了说明。     

鱼道的生态廊道功能研究

由于水能开发和防洪抗旱的需要,河流被各种不同型式和规模的挡水建筑截断,因而破坏了河流原有的景观和生态完整性。鱼道作为水利枢纽中唯一的生态工程,由于其本身固有的沟通功能,而成为水利工程对生态环境不利影响的重要补偿措施。以原有的鱼道理论为基础,引入景观生态学中提高河流连接度的思想,在设计鱼道的过程中既考虑水工水力学和生态水力学的要求,兼顾景观生态学的原理,使最终建成的鱼道不但满足过鱼的要求,同时还应满足提高景观连接度的要求。     

Protein and amino acid composition from the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris exposed to prolonged starvation

Protein and amino acid composition of the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris (Cuvier, 1797) during fasting for 27 days were determined. Average protein content of octopus mantle was of 711.19 ± 46.80 g kg^?1 DW, and it decreased with increasing fasting days. The non‐essential amino acids content was higher (486.18 ± 11.08 g kg^?1 protein) than essential amino acids (425.82 ± 9.15 g kg^?1 protein) at the start of the experiment (unstarved animals). The results suggest that the amino acid profile of the mantle where the most abundant amino acids are Arg, His, Lys, Gly, Leu and Pro could indicate a prolonged fasting condition (>20 days) or poor nutrition of O . vulgaris. This study supports the idea of using mantle for metabolic needs of starved O . vulgaris suggesting that the degradation pathway of amino acids to pyruvate and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates was favoured contrary to the degradation pathway of ketogenic amino acids. Special considerations should be taken concerning Thr, Ile, Ser, Ala, Asx (Asp, Asn), Glx (Glu, Gln) (because of their fast intake) and Lys and His (due to their stable contents) during a prolonged period of fasting.     

美人鱼发光杆菌对凡纳滨对虾非特异性 免疫功能及抗病力的影响

在基础饲料中分别添加0.1%和1%美人鱼发光杆菌灭活菌、0.1%美人鱼发光杆菌活菌配制成3种免疫实验饲料,以基础饲料为空白对照组饲料,每组设3个平行样。对个体质量为(4.83±0.36)g的凡纳滨对虾进行为期20 d的饲养实验,分别在0、5、10、15和20d进行取样,以血清中的酚氧化酶(PO)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和溶菌酶(UL)活性为免疫指标,探讨了美人鱼发光杆菌作为免疫制剂对凡纳滨对虾非特异性免疫效应的影响;在投喂免疫饲料后的第22天,按0.004 2 kg/kg体重的剂量,直接投喂对虾白斑综合征病毒(WSSV)病料,并记录累积死亡率。结果表明,美人鱼发光杆菌免疫实验组对凡纳滨对虾血清中PO、ACP、AKP、UL和SOD活性影响明显高于对照组,并且在饲料中添加美人鱼发光杆菌后,明显提高了对虾抵御WSSV感染的能力。其中0.1%美人鱼发光杆菌活菌实验组的抗病毒感染能力最强,WSSV感染14d内累计死亡率为63.3%±5.8%;而对照组为96.7%±3.3%。研究表明,美人鱼发光杆菌添加在对虾饲料中能提高凡纳滨对虾非特异性免疫水平,增强抵抗疾病的能力,将其作为对虾免疫增强剂具有良好的应用前景。     

Effects of Spirulina platensis as a feed additive on growth and coloration of blue dolphin cichlids (Cyrtocara moorii Boulunger, 1902)

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of replacing fish meal with dietary Spirulina as a feed supplement on the growth performance and coloration of blue dolphin cichlids (Cyrtocara moorii). Five isonitrogenous (47% crude protein) and isocaloric (17.36 kJ/g digestible energy) diets were for formulated to replace FM with 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20% Spirulina (designated as Control, SP5, SP10, SP15 and SP20 respectively) and fed to the fish (initial body weight, 3.15 ± 0.01 g). Fish were randomly distributed into fifteen 120 L aquariums (26.5 ± 1.00°C), 15 fish per aquarium. The diets were tested in triplicate for 12 weeks. Experimental groups were fed twice daily (09:00 and 17:00) by hand to satiation. At the end of the feeding trial, significantly (p < 0.05) higher weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR), protein efficiency ratio (PER) and lower feed conversion ratio (FCR) were observed in fish fed the SP10 diet when compared to the SP20 diet. There was no significant difference in these parameters between the other groups. The skin coloration of blue dolphin cichlid fed a diet containing Spirulina meal was enhanced. The best coloration was observed in the SP15 group. These impressions were objectively validated by chemical determinations of carotenoids extracted from fish skins and passed statistical tests of significance. The study findings show that Spirulina meal does not diminish growth rates except at very high levels.     

A Minchinia mercenariae‐like parasite infects cockles Cerastoderma edule in Galicia (NW Spain)

The cockle Cerastoderma edule fishery has traditionally been the most important shellfish species in terms of biomass in Galicia (NW Spain). In the course of a survey of the histopathological conditions affecting this species in the Ria of Arousa, a haplosporidan parasite that had not been observed in Galicia was detected in one of the most productive cockle beds of Galicia. Uni‐ and binucleate cells and multinucleate plasmodia were observed in the connective tissue mainly in the digestive area, gills and gonad. The parasite showed low prevalence, and it was not associated with abnormal cockle mortality. Molecular identification showed that this parasite was closely related to the haplosporidan Minchinia mercenariae that had been reported infecting hard clams Mercenaria mercenaria from the Atlantic coast of the United States. The molecular characterization of its SSU rDNA region allowed obtaining a fragment of 1,796 bp showing 98% homology with M. mercenariae parasite. Phylogenetic analysis supported this identification as this parasite was clustered in the same clade as M. mercenariae from the United States and other M. mercenariae‐like sequences from the UK, with bootstrap value of 99%. The occurrence of M. mercenariae‐like parasites infecting molluscs outside the United States is confirmed.     

Sea bream culture in Egypt; status, constraints and potential

Marine fish farming in Egypt began in 1976 with the culture of gilthead sea bream, (Sparus aurata) as this fish was notably adaptable to brackish and marine pond conditions. Today, marine fish and shrimp farms amount to about 19,000 ha, out of which 42% is already in production while the rest, i.e., 58% is still under construction. In 1997, cultured gilthead sea bream production of 2,250 tons made up 3% of the 75,000 tons total aquaculture catch. In polyculture, usually with the grey mullet and sea bass, gilthead sea bream contributed 440 kg ha^–1 to the total yield of 1,700 kg ha^–1 (26%) over a period of 16 months. For the same period, the yield of monoculture ponds averaged 100 kg ha^–1, while in marine cages, yields ranged from 4–10 kg m³. In 1996–1997, fry of 0.25–1 g and fingerlings 1–10 g with a total of 3 million, were collected from the wild and 1 million fry were produced in the three marine hatcheries out of the four existing ones. The development of sea bream culture in Egypt is now severely inhibited by the shortage of seeds and adequate feeds. Exports of both sea bream and sea bass, during 1994–1996 averaged 1,300 tons per year.     

Dietary thiamin and pyridoxine requirements of fingerling Indian major carp,Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton)

Two experiments were conducted to quantify the dietary thiamin (experiment I) and pyridoxine (experiment II) requirements of fingerling Cirrhinus mrigala for 16 weeks. In experiment I, dietary thiamin requirement was determined by feeding seven casein–gelatin‐based diets (400 g kg^?1 CP; 18.69 kJ g^?1 GE) with graded levels of thiamin (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8 and 16 mg kg^?1 diet) to triplicate groups of fish (6.15 ± 0.37 cm; 1.89 ± 0.12 g). Fish fed diet with 2 mg kg^?1 thiamin had highest specific growth rate (SGR), protein retention (PR), RNA/DNA ratio, haemoglobin (Hb), haematocrit (Hct), RBCs and best feed conversion ratio (FCR). However, highest liver thiamin concentration was recorded in fish fed 4 mg thiamin kg^?1 diet. Broken‐line analysis of SGR, PR and liver thiamin concentrations exhibited the thiamin requirement in the range of 1.79–3.34 mg kg^?1 diet (0.096–0.179 μg thiamin kJ^?1 gross energy). In experiment II, six casein–gelatin‐based diets (400 g kg^?1 CP; 18.69 kJ g^?1 GE) containing graded levels of pyridoxine (0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 mg kg^?1 diet) were fed to triplicate groups of fish (6.35 ± 0.37 cm; 1.97 ± 0.12 g). Fish fed diet containing 6 mg kg^?1 pyridoxine showed best SGR, FCR, PR, RNA/DNA ratio, Hb, Hct and RBCs, whereas maximum liver pyridoxine concentration was recorded in fish fed 8 mg kg^?1 dietary pyridoxine. Broken‐line analysis of SGR, PR and liver pyridoxine concentrations reflected the pyridoxine requirement from 5.63 to 8.61 mg kg^?1 diet. Data generated during this study would be useful in formulating thiamin‐ and pyridoxine‐balanced feeds for the intensive culture of this fish.     

Fertilization by refrigerator stored sperm of the Indian major carp, Labeo calbasu (Hamilton, 1822)

This study reports on the spermatological properties, and on the development of a protocol for refrigerator storage (4°C) of Labeo calbasu (Hamilton, 1822) sperm for artificial breeding. Volume, motility, concentration and pH of the freshly collected sperm were 2.21 ± 0.53 (μL g^?1 of fish weight) (mean ± SD), 95 ± 1 (%), 1.93 ± 0.44 × 10⁹ (cells mL^?1) and 7.56 ± 0.17 respectively. Sperm activation was evaluated at different osmolalities of NaCl solution, and motility ceased completely when osmolality of the extender was ≥287 mOsmol kg^?1. Sperm retained motility for 24, 72 and 108 h, after refrigerator storage when sperm were undiluted, suspended in Alsever's solution and suspended in Alsever's solution containing 5% methanol respectively. Fertilization rate of fresh eggs with sperm stored at 4°C in Alsever's solution and Alsever's solution containing 5% methanol was 77% and 60% with a hatching rate of 60% and 43% respectively. The fertilization and hatching success of the stored sperm suggests potential to use refrigeration for transporting genetic material to hatcheries for artificial breeding of L. calbasu in Bangladesh.     

A novel approach to denitrification processes in a zero-discharge recirculating system for small-scale urban aquaculture

This paper presents an innovative process to solve the nitrate build-up problem in recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS). The novel aspects of the process lie in a denitrification bioreactor system that uses solid cotton wool as the primary carbon source and a unique degassing chamber. In the latter, the water is physically stripped of dissolved gaseous O₂ (by means of a Venturi vacuum tube), and the subsequent denitrification becomes more efficient due to elimination of the problems of oxygen inhibition of denitrification and aerobic consumption of cotton wool. The cotton wool medium also serves as a physical barrier that traps organic particles, which, in turn, act as an additional carbon source for denitrification. Operation in the proposed system gives an extremely low C/N ratio of 0.82 g of cotton wool/g of nitrate N, which contributes to a significant reduction of biofilter volume. The additional advantage of using solid cotton wool as the carbon source is that it does not release organic residuals into the liquid to be recycled. Operation of the system over a long period consistently produced effluents with low nitrate levels (below 10 mg N/l), and there was only a very small need to replace system water. The overall treatment scheme, also incorporating an aerobic nitrification biofilter and a granular filtration device, produced water of excellent quality, i.e., with near-zero levels of nitrite and ammonia, a sufficiently high pH for aquaculture, and low turbidity. The proposed system thus provides a solution for sustainable small-scale, urban aquaculture operation with a very high recovery of water (over 99%) and minimal waste disposal.     

Effects of metomidate anaesthesia or transfer to pur sea water on plasma parameters in ammonia-exposed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L) in sea water

Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L) postsmolts weighing 150 ± 53 g were exposed to 14–15 mg l^–1 TA-N (total ammonia-N) in sea water in 1 m³ tanks for 24h. Blood samples were then taken A) immediately after the fish were netted from the exposure tanks and stunned by a blow to the head; B) 2–20 min after the fish were transferred to 15 l of an anaesthetic solution of metomidate in ammonia-free sea water; or C) 2–20 min after the fish were transferred to 15 l of ammonia-free sea water. Plasma TA-N level was 18% lower in the anaesthetised fish compared to in the fish sampled directly from the exposure tanks (p 0.05), and accordingly 16% lower in the fish transferred to pure sea water although this difference was not significant (p = 0.07). Plasma glucose level was higher in the fish transferred to pure sea water than in the fish receiving the two other treatments (p 0.05), but plasma urea, osmolality, Na^{+, Cl–, Ca2+ or Mg2+} levels did not vary significantly between the different treatments. Plasma TA-N level increased with time in the fish in the metomidate solution (p 0.02).