冬季温度刺激对克氏原螯虾繁育的影响

通过加温刺激克氏原螯虾(Procambarus clarkii)雌虾在冬季抱卵,并对卵及幼体在不同水温下的发育过程进行观察。结果显示:经过38 d的加温刺激,在26℃下陆续观察到有虾抱卵,18℃以下未观察到抱卵虾,但该水温能促进雌虾性腺发育。雌虾经加温刺激后所抱卵在18℃,21℃和26℃下均能正常孵化出幼虾。18℃,21℃和26℃下孵化时间分别为(39.67±3.06)d,(28.33±2.52)d和(15.00±2.00)d,孵化所需时间随着温度的提升而减少(P<0.05)。孵化的幼虾经45 d养殖后,在18℃,21℃和26℃下体长分别为(1.90±0.25)cm,(2.73±0.38)cm和(3.78±0.70)cm,体重分别为(0.223±0.100)g,(0.688±0.331)g和(2.145±1.272)g。18℃,21℃水温下的幼虾在此生长阶段为非异速生长(b=3),26℃水温下的幼虾为异速生长(b>3)。在3种温度下,幼体生长速度随温度的升高明显加快(P<0.05)。     

菲、芘、壬基酚对黑褐新糠虾的急性毒性

通过测定菲、芘、壬基酚对黑褐新糠虾的急性毒性,探讨了这三种难降解有机物对黑褐新糠虾的24h、48 h、72 h和96 h半致死浓度(LC50 ).结果表明菲对黑褐新糠虾24 h、48 h、72 h和96 h的半致死浓度分别为530 μg/L、310 μg/L、166 μg/L和126 μg/L;壬基酚对黑褐新糠虾24 ...     

一株非PSP产毒的亚历山大藻对黑褐新糠虾的急性和慢性毒性影响

报道了一株非PSP产毒的相关亚历山大藻(Alexandrium affine,株AC-1)对甲壳类生物黑褐新糠虾(Neomysis awatschensis)的存活、生长及种群繁殖的研究结果.通过研究发现,该藻对黑褐新糠虾有急性致死作用,96 h LC50为5 000 cells·mL-1.研究该藻各组分:藻液、藻细胞重悬液、藻细胞培养过滤液、内容物对糠虾存活的影响时,发现只有藻液和藻细胞重悬液显著降低了糠虾存活率,过滤液和内容物也有影响,但不显著,表明相关亚历山大藻活体藻细胞的毒性最强.通过对糠虾63 d的慢性毒性实验研究,发现在密度为50 cells·mL-1藻液中,糠虾的繁殖就受到了不利影响.试验进行到63 d结束时,糠虾日最高产虾数、总产幼虾数、总产虾天数都明显减少,初次产虾时间推迟,繁殖中断增加.且该藻对黑褐新糠虾亲虾的存活、生长也有一定的影响,糠虾亲虾的存活率为对照的71%,而体长和体重分别为对照组的87.3%和97.8%,但差异尚不显著(P＞0.05).可见,相关亚历山大藻(AC-1)虽然不产生PSP毒素,但也能对甲壳类生物的种群数量和资源补充产生不利影响.     

杭州湾北部海域凤鲚个体繁殖力初步研究

于2020年5—8月对杭州湾北部海域凤鲚的繁殖力和生物学指标进行了调查和研究。结果表明:5—8月杭州湾凤鲚产卵群体的平均体长(L)和体质量(W)分别为(163.13±24.02) mm和(11.34±5.40) g,体质量(W)与体长(L)呈幂函数正相关,W=0.000 002L3.087 5(R²=0.925)；5—8月杭州湾凤鲚的个体绝对繁殖力平均为(11 683±5 480)粒,个体绝对繁殖力(F)、个体相对繁殖力(FL,FW)与体长(L)、体质量(W)、净体质量(W₂)均呈线性正相关；5—8月凤鲚的平均卵径为(0.707±0.085)mm,各月份之间存在极显著性差异(P＜0.01),其中6月份卵径最大,7月份卵径最小。     

盐度和漂白粉对东方新糠虾的急性胁迫影响

在水温(26.5±0.5)℃的条件下,探究了盐度和漂白粉对体长为(0.66±0.07)cm的东方新糠虾(Neomysis orientalis)的急性毒性作用。实验结果表明:东方新糠虾适宜的盐度范围较广,对低盐的耐受能力更强,其最适盐度范围为15～25。漂白粉对东方新糠虾在24、48、72 h的半致死浓度分别为2.639、1.149、0.812 mg/L,安全浓度为0.065 mg/L。     

丹江口水库太湖新银鱼不同繁殖群体的繁殖特征比较

2010年6月—2011年6月,对丹江口水库太湖新银鱼(Neosalanx taihuensis)不同繁殖群体的繁殖生物学特征进行了比较研究。结果表明:太湖新银鱼在该水库产卵时间为1—5月(春群)和9—10月(秋群);其中春季群体的体长(65.79 mm±6.05 mm)、性腺成熟指数(17.26±6.42)、繁殖力(1851粒±342粒)和成熟卵径(0.62 mm±0.05mm)均显著高于秋季群体(体长(55.04 mm±3.18 mm)、性腺成熟指数(11.72±5.01)、繁殖力(1 067粒±190粒)和成熟卵径(0.53 mm±0.04 mm))(P<0.05);但是两个群体的丰满度指数(101.43±19.71,101.87±11.85)差异并不显著(P>0.05)。春群是丹江口水库太湖新银鱼种群的主要补充者,春群管理与控制应是银鱼种群管理的重点。     

镜泊湖蒙古鲌人工繁育技术初步研究

从镜泊湖采捕野生蒙古鲌(Culter mongolicus mongolicus)32尾进行了人工繁殖试验。结果显示,注射人工合成激素可促使成熟亲鱼自然发情产卵,水温22~25℃时,催产药物的效应时间为10 h,有5尾雌鱼产卵,共获得受精卵1.5×105粒,孵出鱼苗1.25×105尾,其受精率、孵化率和畸形率为83.6%、90.3%和6.7%。镜泊湖蒙古鲌是产黏性卵的鱼类,吸水膨胀后卵径为(1.42±0.04)mm(n=30),水温23~24℃时,从卵授精到开始破膜出苗约38 h。镜泊湖蒙古鲌的鱼苗可采用土池发塘培育,饲养30 d体长达(3.24±0.29)cm,体重达(0.35±0.09)g,饲养100 d体长为(5.96±0.33)cm,体重为(2.28±0.32)g。     

黑褐新糠虾血细胞形态及其与日本新糠虾对溶藻弧菌敏感性的比较

实验采用Giemsa与Wright' s两种染色方法对黑褐新糠虾血细胞进行染色,根据血细胞大小,所含颗粒与否,颗粒多少和核质比将其分型,并对各型血细胞所占比例进行统计.结果表明,通过比较Giemsa染色与Wright's染色两种方法的染色时间和效果,Wright's染色更加适合糠虾血细胞.通过染色,将黑褐新糠虾血细胞分为3种类型,它们分别为透明细胞、半颗粒细胞和颗粒细胞.它们的胞体大小依次增大,核质比依次降低.对此3种类型血细胞比例分别统计后发现,颗粒细胞所占比例最多约( 48.38％±0.05％),其次是半颗粒细胞约为(35.22％±0.04％),最少的为透明细胞约为(16.40％±0.01％).对不同浓度溶藻弧菌的感染试验发现,日本新糠虾在较短的时间内出现死亡,即48h,而黑褐新糠虾72 h出现死亡,各浓度组中日本新糠虾死亡率均高于黑褐新糠虾.黑褐新糠虾相对日本新糠虾来说,对溶藻弧菌具有较低的敏感性,可能与其血细胞中颗粒和半颗粒比例较高有关.     

长江中游宜昌江段铜鱼的种群特征和资源量

为了解三峡水库蓄水后,长江中游宜昌江段铜鱼的种群动态变化特征,基于2003~2005年、2009~2011年和2017~2019年在宜昌江段收集的9120尾铜鱼样本的基础生物学数据,运用FISAT Ⅱ 软件对种群参数和资源量进行估算。结果显示,2003~2005年、2009~2011年和2017~2019年宜昌江段铜鱼体长分布范围分别为118~416 mm、111~409 mm、107~380 mm,平均体长(平均值±标准差)为230.7±49.8 mm、217.5±54.3 mm、267.2±34.1 mm;体重分布范围分别为10~1000 g、19~889 g、16~816 g,平均体重(平均值±标准差)为195.8±123.6 g、153.2±118.6 g、250.3±84.2 g;生长指数b值分别为3.0151、3.0319、2.9775,均属匀速生长型;由Powell-Wetherall plot法和 ELEFAN Ⅰ 法拟合渐进体长L∞分别为535 mm、530 mm、500 mm;生长系数k值为0.18、0.14、0.15,属中等速率生长型;由体长结构实际种群分析估算铜鱼年资源量分别为1144927尾、1890899尾、2103556尾。研究表明,三峡水库蓄水后,宜昌江段铜鱼为匀速生长型,资源数量增加明显,但生长速率减缓,存在小型化趋势。     

梭鱼池塘养殖密度对其生长性能的影响

为了解池塘养殖密度对梭鱼生长性能的影响,进行了为期126 d的室外池塘规模化海水养殖试验,研究了体长为(84.17±13.95)mm、体质量为(12.58±5.12)g的梭鱼在两种养殖密度(5.4、11.9尾/m²)下的生长情况和摄食行为。试验结果:梭鱼的生长与养殖密度呈正相关,低密度组梭鱼的终末体质量(243.23 g)、体质量增长率(1 833.5%)、特定生长率(2.39%/d)、肥满度(1.46)、成活率(91.1%)及饲料系数(1.86)均优于高密度组(173.88 g、1 282.2%、2.12%/d、1.39、83.2%、2.41);高密度组的单位面积产量(1.72 kg/m²)比低密度组(1.20 kg/m²)高30.2%;2个密度组梭鱼的体长与体质量呈幂函数相关(高密度组:W=5×10-5L2.781 8;低密度组:W=7×10-5L2.731 8),且为异速生长;体长、体质量与养殖天数呈线性相关(高密度组:L=1.370 9d+91.798 8,W=2.013 5d-3.602 0;低密度组:L=1.119 5d+94.134 3,W=1.303 2d+6.672 7)。结果表明,该试验条件适合于梭鱼的规模化生产,低密度组梭鱼生长情况更好,但单位面积产量要低于高密度组,生产中需要综合考虑产量与饲料利用之间的关系,平衡成本和收益。     

Effects of elevated ambient histamine level on survival, growth, sexual maturity and tissue histamine accumulation of the mysis Neomysis awatschensis and Neomysis japonica Nakazawa

In Asia, trash fish have been routinely used in aquaculture often due to their local availability and lower costs compared to formulated feed. However, stale trash fish contain high levels of biogenic amines, which have been reported to be harmful to poultry and some aquatic animals. The present study elevated the effects of histamine levels in the water on survival, growth, sexual maturity and tissue histamine accumulation of two estuarine mysis, Neomysis awatschensis and Neomysis japonica Nakazawa. Newly hatched neonates of each mysis species were cultured in brackish water containing 0 (control), 5, 10 and 15 mg/L histamine until they reached sexual maturity. The results showed that compared to the control, survival of N. awatschensis was significantly lower in both 10 and 15 mg/L histamine treatments (69.5 and 62.5% vs. 86.5%). In the case of N. japonica Nakazawa, significantly lower survival was found for the 15 mg/L treatment (53.9% vs. 72.4%) (P < 0.05). In a separate experiment, neonates of each mysis species were cultured individually (15 neonates/treatment) to assess the sub-lethal effects of histamine. It was shown that at the level of 15 mg/L, histamine had a significant impact on body weight and length of sexual matured N. japonica Nakazawa, which were only 87.7 and 78.7% of that of the control. However, no significant difference in intermolt period was detected. In the case of N. awatschensis, no significant differences in both body weight and length among treatments were detected (P > 0.05) but the intermolt period was substantially prolonged at all histamine levels tested when compared to that of the control. Meanwhile, the timings required to reach sexual maturity for both male and female of the two mysis were generally increased with increasing histamine level, and such differences were often statistically significant (P < 0.05). Compared to the control, the tissue histamine concentration of the mysis increased significantly at histamine concentrations of 10 and 15 mg/L for N. japonica Nakazawa (P < 0.05). In the case of N. awatschensis, however, no significant differences were found among all treatments. Our findings indicate that histamine had clear negative effects on both mysis species although their responses and sensitivity appeared somewhat different. Our results suggest that further research is needed to assess the effects of water borne histamine on various aquatic animals.     

Effects of ammonia and nitrite on survival, growth and moulting in juvenile tiger crab, Orithyia sinica (Linnaeus)

The effects of ammonia and nitrite on survival, growth and moulting were investigated in juvenile tiger crab, Orithyia sinica (carapace length 3.91±0.15 mm, carapace width 3.84±0.23 mm, n=440), after 30 days exposure to ammonia‐N (0, 20, 50, 100 and 150 mg L^?1) and nitrite‐N (0, 50, 100, 150, 200 and 250 mg L^?1) using a continuous flow system. Survival rates of tiger crab exposed to ammonia and nitrite decreased linearly with the exposure time and concentration. The growth rate of tiger crab exposed to 50, 100 and 150 mg L^?1 ammonia was significantly lower than that of control crabs. The growth rate of tiger crab exposed to nitrite decreased at 150, 200 and 250 mg L^?1 nitrite. During the ammonia and nitrite exposure, the intermoult period of the juveniles of tiger crab O. sinica was shortened between the first and second moult, and the number of moulting of crabs exposed to a higher concentration were significantly higher than that of control crabs.     

Growth,development and behaviour of Persian sturgeon Acipenser persicus larvae in different light regimes

The effects of five different light regimes on growth performance and behaviour of Persian Sturgeon larvae were examined. Larvae were reared under five different photoperiods (24L, 12L:12D, 16L:8D, 8L:16L and 24D), from hatching (25.8 ± 8.1 mg; 12 ± 0.6 mm) to 28 days post‐hatch (dph). Except the last week, there was no significant difference in growth parameters among the experimental groups. Growth performance significantly improved in larvae reared under a continuous light regime. The highest final length (34.5 ± 1.7 mm) was measured in 24L and the lowest one (29.5 ± 0.4 mm) in the constant darkness. Relative to other experimental groups, the continuous darkness had a retarding impact on the yolk sac absorption and swarming behaviour. Among the whole body compositions, the lowest body moisture content was measured in the continuous light group. Persian Sturgeon pre‐larvae and larvae were not completely dependent on light regimes (in 1–21 days), whereas on the basis of measured parameters (total length, wet and dry weight and digestive fullness index) a continuous light regime played a decisive role on growth performance beyond 21 dph.     

Fin damage and growth parameters relative to stocking density and feeding method in intensively cultured European perch (Perca fluviatilis L.)

We evaluated the relationship of stocking density to survival, growth performance and fin condition of European perch Perca fluviatilis with hand feeding and self-feeders. Hand-fed perch (body weight 19.1 ± 5.1 g and total length 107 ± 9 mm) were reared at 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 fish/L. Self-feeding perch (body weight 25.4 ± 3.9 g and total length 128 ± 7 mm) were reared at stocking densities of 0.6, 1.0 and 1.4 fish/L. Pond-reared perch served as a comparison group for fin damage assessment. We found no differences in survival rate among stocking densities with either feeding method. Hand-fed fish displayed the highest weight gain and SGR at stocking density of 0.5 fish/L. The self-feeding fish showed a non-linear association of weight gain with stocking density with the highest growth at 1.0 fish/L. Fin length was noticeably greater in pond-reared fish compared with RAS-reared fish regardless of feeding method. In both experiments, fin length relative to standard length showed a negative relationship with stocking density, with pectoral fins showing the greatest effect. Fin condition deteriorated with increasing stocking density, and growth was highest at 0.5 and 1.0 fish/L in hand-fed and self-feeding fish, respectively.     

Filtration and oxygen consumption rates on various growth stages of Scapharca broughtonii spat

To investigate the effects of temperature and salinity on filtration and oxygen consumption rate of Scapharca broughtonii spat with different growth stages. This study was conducted under six different water temperatures and five different salinity conditions. The spat were divided into three groups of different shell sizes and filtration rates were estimated by Neutral red. The results showed that in all of the three groups, the highest filtration rates appeared at 20 °C, and the highest one was 1.89±0.12 L g h^?1 in the group with the lowest shell length (11.8±2.1 mm). The filtration rates in every group increased with the rise of salinity in the range from 10 to 40 g L^?1, and the highest one is 2.62±0.21 L g h^?1 in the lowest shell length group. The trends of oxygen consumption rates were similar to filtration rates. The highest rates were 0.189±0.003 mg g h^?1 at 20 °C and 0.308±0.018 mg g h^?1 at a salinity of 40 g L^?1 in the group with the lowest shell length. And the results showed that the smaller the shell size, the higher the filtration and oxygen consumption rate.     

氨氮胁迫对不同规格刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)存活及非特异性免疫酶活性的影响

本实验以小[(6.05±0.44)g/头]、中[(14.68±1.76)g/头]、大[(25.64±3.27)g/头]的3种不同规格刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)为研究对象,研究了氨氮胁迫浓度为0、2、4、6、8、l0 mg/L时对刺参体腔液中溶菌酶(LSZ)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性的影响.结果显示,在氨氮浓度为8 mg/L时,第10天后,3种不同规格刺参均出现吐肠、化皮,直至死亡.氨氮浓度为10 mg/L时中规格刺参存活率最低,为86.7％.在氨氮浓度为2 mg/L和4 mg/L时,小、中、大规格刺参的3种非特异性免疫酶活性在第4天显著升高,与对照组(氨氮浓度低于0.05 mg/L)差异显著(P＜0.05);第7、10、13天时,LSZ、CAT、SOD酶活性与第4天相比,差异不显著(P＞0.05).在氨氮浓度为6、8、10 mg/L时,LSZ、CAT、SOD酶活性在第7天达到最高,与对照组差异性显著(P＜0.05).氨氮胁迫对3种不同规格刺参的非特异性免疫酶活性的影响存在差异,在同一氨氮浓度胁迫下,敏感性依次为中规格＞大规格＞小规格.研究表明,氨氮胁迫会对刺参存活与免疫产生一定影响,在刺参养殖过程中,水环境中氨氮浓度最好控制在6 mg/L以内.     

温度对皇冠沙鳅幼鱼生长的影响

为了解不同养殖温度(24、26、28和30℃)下皇冠沙鳅幼鱼的生长特性及规律,本实验选取初始体长(62.20±4.15)mm,初始体重(6.31±0.96)g的240尾健康皇冠沙鳅幼鱼进行为期240 d的生长实验。结果显示:不同温度对皇冠沙鳅幼鱼生长影响差异显著。利用线性方程L=a×d+b和指数方程W=b×ea·d分别对各温度组体长和体重生长进行拟合发现,28℃处理组体长生长系数和体重生长系数最大,分别为3.677和0.2073,24℃处理组最低,分别为0.541和0.039 5。利用二次方程分别对皇冠沙鳅幼鱼的体长增长率、体重增长率、特定增长率和日增重进行拟合并综合上述各生长指标对应的最适水温值,获得皇冠沙鳅幼鱼的最适生长水温范围为(28.01±0.30)℃。     

Should only females of giant freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii be selected in genetic improvement programmes?

Sexual dimorphism is widely observed in almost all farmed aquatic animal species but giant freshwater pawn (GFP) is unique, with males characterized by three main morphotypes (blue claw, orange claw and small males) and females by different reproduction status (ovary, berried egg and already‐spawned females). There has been reported evidence that the effect of male morphotype may have masked genetic variation in growth‐related traits, as a result the heritability for male body weight was lower than that estimated in female. A pending question has arisen whether selection should be made in female only. To answer this question, we used an 8‐year data set from a long‐term selection programme (2008–2015) for high growth in this species comprising 106,756 individuals that were offspring of 515 sires and 810 dams. The body weight data of female and male GFP or of each morphotype was treated as a separate trait and a multi‐trait approach was used to estimate genetic correlations for homologous traits between sexes and between morphotypes. Our analysis showed that there were little differences in the heritability estimates between female and male. In female, mature ovary individual displayed higher heritability than berried egg and already‐spawned females. For male, the heritability for blue claw, orange claw and small males were 0.11, 0.06 and 0.00 respectively. Between‐sex genetic correlation was moderate (0.55 ± 0.11) for body weight, suggesting that the trait expressions in female and male may be genetically different. In female, the genetic correlations for body weight among three female types were close to one (0.91–0.94). In contrast, the genetic correlations for body weight between male morphotypes especially between blue claw or orange claw and small males were low (0.15–0.25). Furthermore, we estimated genetic gain as the difference in least square means (LSM) or estimated breeding values (EBV) between the selection line and control group. The genetic gain in body weight was smaller in females than in males. It is concluded that there is no need to run separate breeding programme for female and male GFP. A combined selection using both female and male data can achieve selection response for body weight as demonstrated in the present study.     

Growth and mortality of Mediterranean mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis Lam., 1819, in relation to size on longline in Mersin Bay, Izmir (Turkey – Aegean Sea)

The growth and mortality rate of different size of mussels, Mytilus galloprovincialis, were compared in Mersin bay, Izmir. Mussel sampling was performed on a monthly basis over 1 year, together with hyrobiological parameters. Water temperature, salinity, chlorophyll a, total particulate matter (TPM) and particulate organic carbon (POC) were determined. Average chlorophyll a, TPM and POC values were 3.88±1.62 μg L⁻¹, 13.12±3.68 mg L⁻¹ and 252±121.89 μg L⁻¹ respectively. Initial mean lengths of mussels for each size group were 10 mm (9.91±0.25 mm), 20 mm (20.14±0.29 mm), 30 mm (30.66±0.21 mm), 40 mm (40.14±0.21 mm), 50 mm (50.62±0.21 mm), 60 mm (59.77±0.21 mm) and 70 mm (69.47±0.62 mm). Maximum growth in length occurred during the spring–summer months. The annual length increments of mussel size groups were 46.22, 41.42, 30.3, 28.03, 20.63, 16.34 and 12.03 mm from small to large size groups respectively. Small mussels grew faster than large mussels and reached commercial size at the same time. Mortality was <5% for all groups at the end of the experiment.