西北太平洋公海秋刀鱼渔场及CPUE值的时空分布

为了初步掌握西北太平洋公海秋刀鱼渔场的变动规律,利用"欧亚1号"渔船2014年5—11月的渔捞数据,对西北太平洋公海秋刀鱼渔场的空间分布进行了研究分析,结果表明,西北太平洋公海秋刀鱼各月作业渔场分布较广,作业区域范围在38°N~48°N、147°E~163°E之间;捕捞作业渔场西北太平洋秋刀鱼洄游路线基本一致;8月份的月平均单位捕捞努力量渔获量(CPUE)最低,仅为9.1 t/d,9—11月份CPUE平均值较高;39°N~40°N的CPUE平均值较高,为36.10 t/d,146°E~147°E的CPUE平均值较高,为52.29 t/d;捕捞作业区域的作业水温范围在9.8~16.5℃区间内,其中接近72%的作业时间处于12~14℃之间;西北太平洋公海秋刀鱼渔场时空分布具有明显的季节变化,CPUE值波动范围较大。     

西北太平洋公海秋刀鱼渔场分布与海表温度锋的相关关系

西北太平洋公海秋刀鱼渔业是我国重要的经济渔业之一，其渔场分布与海表温度及温度变化息息相关。本研究通过海表温度（SST）的遥感数据计算海表水平温度梯度（SSTG），根据2013—2015年中国（不含中国台湾省）北太平洋公海秋刀鱼渔业生产数据，分析海表温度锋与秋刀鱼资源丰度和渔场时空分布的关系。结果显示，秋刀鱼作业渔场主要分布于37°~49°N，145°~165°E；SST为10~14 ℃时，单位捕捞渔获量（CPUE）与SST呈负相关，SST为14~17 ℃时呈正相关，最适宜SST为12.5~14.5 ℃。当SSTG为0.01~0.06 ℃/km时，CPUE与SSTG呈显著线性正相关，最适宜SSTG为0.01~0.05 ℃/km。作业海域温度锋与CPUE呈显著正相关，相关系数为0.81；CPUE作业点到锋面的距离（DIST）表现出明显的季节特征，在夏季6—8月，当DIST为0~100 km范围内时，CPUE与DIST呈线性正相关，在秋季9—11月，CPUE与DIST呈对数负相关，90%以上的作业点出现在DIST为0~50 km范围内。研究表明，海表温度影响着秋刀鱼洄游渔场分布，亲潮黑潮交汇区形成冷水楔，海表温度锋集聚，进而秋刀鱼鱼群集群，形成高产渔场。     

以VIIRS-DNB数据为基础的黄海渔船夜间灯光动态

将VIIRS/DNB卫星遥感夜间灯光图像作为研究渔业船舶动态的数据来源,使用黄海海域2016年间共719幅夜间灯光影像,根据黄海海域特点确定阈值,提取夜间作业船舶的灯光点位信息,结合中韩渔业协定区及黄海海域渔场划分对提取的船舶灯光点进行分析。结果显示,黄海海域夜间渔业灯光分布季节性变化显著,四季的渔船数量呈现秋季春季夏季冬季的态势。识别的灯光点数量韩方一侧水域最多,中方一侧水域次之,中韩协定区水域最少,结合灯光点密度分布图可看出,韩方一侧水域秋季作业强度高、分布范围广,而其他季节作业强度适中,常年有高等级密集区分布在沿岸海域;中方一侧水域春、秋季节作业强度高,夏、冬季节作业强度低,整体分布范围广阔但密集程度较低。在禁渔期,中方一侧水域灯光点数下降比例高达86.9%,且密度图像中的高等级密集区分布情况与黄海传统渔场位置相吻合,因此推断,识别的灯光点多数为渔业活动船只,本研究可以为黄海海域渔业活动监测和研究提供数据支撑。     

基于最大熵模型预测西北太平洋公海鲐潜在栖息地分布

根据2015年5—10月间西北太平洋公海鲐(Scomber japonicus)灯光围网渔船作业信息及海表面温度(sea surface temperature,SST)和海表面高度(sea surface height,SSH)2种海洋环境因子,利用最大熵模型(maximum entropy model,Max Ent)分析盛渔期(5—10月)西北太平洋公海鲐的潜在栖息地分布,同时与实际作业位置相比较,分析海洋环境因子与不同月份分布差异之间的相互关系。模型计算结果显示,西北太平洋公海鲐历史作业区域变动与鱼种潜在栖息地分布区域的变化基本一致;经度方向上6—9月变动较显著,主要集中在147.5°E~152.5°E,以西–东–西方式波动;纬度方向上主要集中在40°N~42°N附近。Jackknife检验表明,SST是影响西北太平洋公海鲐栖息地分布的首要因子。SSH极大值和极小值交汇也会影响鲐的中心渔场的分布。该研究表明,SST和SSH的变化是造成西北太平洋公海鲐潜在栖息地分布及其差异的主要原因。     

北太平洋秋刀鱼生活史和资源渔场研究进展

北太平洋秋刀鱼(Cololabis saira)是中国重要的远洋渔业鱼种,被北太平洋渔业委员会列为优先管理的种类之一。本文回顾和概述了秋刀鱼生活史、种群动力、资源渔场和栖息地适宜性等方面的研究进展,分析和展望了秋刀鱼生长生物学、繁殖生物学、洄游、资源波动和栖息地适宜性等研究现状和未来的发展趋势。主要建议包括:基于耳石微化学信息和最适环境参数的时空分布变动,探索秋刀鱼潜在的洄游路径和模式;建立繁殖栖息地适应性指数模型,分析海洋–气候对秋刀鱼补充群体潜在栖息地的影响;建立秋刀鱼集群栖息地适宜性指数模型,开发秋刀鱼渔场渔情速报系统。本文的概述和分析旨在为秋刀鱼渔业资源等相关研究提供参考。     

基于SNPP/VIIRS夜光遥感数据的东、黄海渔船时空分布及其变化特点

基于SNPP (Suomi national polar-orbiting partnership)卫星的VIIRS (visible infrared imaging radiometer suite)传感器获取的2013年1月至2017年12月夜光遥感渔船数据,对东、黄海渔船时空分布及其变化特点进行了研究。结果表明:(1)遥感获取的渔船数据基本能够反映中国东、黄海捕捞活动和渔业资源时空分布变化的特点,如2月受天气和中国春节的影响,南、北渔场渔船分布范围大幅减少, 8月南渔场和10月北渔场受当年生渔业资源补充及近海索饵群体集聚的影响,渔船分布范围及数量均达到最大值;同时,渔船时空分布及重心变化也反映了黄海暖流、台湾暖流、沿岸流及长江冲淡水等对渔业资源时空分布的影响。(2)渔业政策实施的效果在夜光遥感渔船数据中有很好的体现,在禁渔期间,船次数有明显减少,但捕捞活动并没有完全消失,仍可能存在违法捕捞行为。(3)南渔场年船次总数呈下降趋势,南、北渔场渔船空间分布重心均呈西移趋势,可能与渔业资源量及空间分布变动等因素有关。受天气等因素影响,遥感数据可能存在一定问题,但研究结果表明, SNPP/VIIRS夜光遥感数据仍可为中国近海灯光诱捕作业的监测提供有效的数据支持。     

西北太平洋秋刀鱼资源及其渔场

秋刀鱼渔业是西北太平洋的重要渔业之一，现在开展这一渔业的有四个国家和地区。秋刀鱼渔获量有着十分剧烈的年间变化，渔场位置也随着环境状况的变化而变化，对渔场变动影响较大的环境因素主要有温度分布、浮游生物的分布、黑潮各分支的强弱配置状况和亲潮的强弱配置状况等。     

西北太平洋公海7~9月秋刀鱼渔场分布及其与水温的关系

根据2003~2005年7~9月西北太平洋公海秋刀鱼生产数据和水温遥感数据,对西北太平洋公海秋刀鱼作业渔场分布及其与表温和上层水温结构的关系进行了分析。结果认为,随着时间的推移,7~9月西北太平洋公海秋刀鱼渔场重心有从西南向东北变动的趋势;各月产量重心处水温结构有较大差异,9月混合层深度较7月和8月有所加深,渔场也较后者向北移动;各月高产渔区0~15m温度梯度都在0.25℃/m以下,0~40m温度梯度在0.1℃/m左右,40~60m温度梯度在0.25~0.42℃/m之间。灰色关联度分析表明,渔区月产量受到众多因素的影响,其中捕捞努力量、渔区平均日产量和表温是其主要影响因子,对渔区平均日产量影响较大的有表温、0~15m温度梯度、0~40m温度梯度和月份,其关联度都在0.80以上。     

基于GAM的北太平洋公海围网主要渔获种类渔场重心与环境因子的关系分析

北太平洋公海灯光围网渔业是近年来我国新兴的远洋渔业项目,其中日本鲭(Scomber japonicus)、远东拟沙丁鱼(Sardinops sagax)、巴特柔鱼(Ommastrephes bartrami)和秋刀鱼(Cololabis saira)是主要渔获组成,厘清关键鱼种的渔场重心与环境因子的关系对研究渔场的形成机制及指导渔业生产具有重要意义。该研究利用2016—2017年北太平洋灯光围网渔业渔获数据及海表温(Sea surface temperature, SST)、叶绿素(Chl-a)等环境因子,通过广义可加模型等分析渔获量的季节性变化及其与环境的关系。结果表明,北太平洋渔场重心整体上在渔汛初期向东北方向偏移,8—9月后期往西南折返。研究发现日本鲭渔场集中在148°E—154°E、40°N—42°N,远东拟沙丁鱼渔场集中在149°E—153°E、40°N—42°N,巴特柔鱼渔场集中在150°E—154°E、40°N—42°N,秋刀鱼渔场集中在150°E—153°E、41°N—42°N;2016—2017年北太平洋公海日本鲭的单位捕捞努力量渔获量(Catch per unit effort, CPUE)最适SST介于13～20.18℃,最适Chl-a介于0.1～0.8 mg·m~(-3);远东拟沙丁鱼CPUE最适SST介于12～19.1℃,最适Chl-a介于0.3～0.88 mg·m~(-3);巴特柔鱼CPUE最适SST介于14～22℃,最适Chl-a介于0.2～1.1 mg·m~(-3);秋刀鱼CPUE最适SST介于14～21℃,最适Chl-a介于0.24～0.98 mg·m~(-3)。     

中西太平洋长鳍金枪鱼(Thunnus alalunga)延绳钓渔场分布的时空变化

为提高中西太平洋金枪鱼延绳钓渔业作业效率和应对多变的渔业政策等提供参考,本研究根据2011年2月-2012年1月间中水集团远洋渔业股份有限公司的10艘延绳钓渔船的作业数据,结合海洋表层水温(SST)等环境因子,统计分析了单位努力量渔获量(CPUE)、渔获量和SST之间的关系并利用频度累加法分析了该海域长鳍金枪鱼渔场分布的时空变化。结果显示,中西太平洋海域,深度为200 m和150 m的水温全年基本维持不变,但SST变动较大并对渔场分布和CPUE有较大影响。渔场的周年变动是由14°S左右向26°S转移再回归14°S的一个往复过程;20°S以北的渔场全年连续存在,高渔获量和高产CPUE主要分布于SST为28-29℃的水域;23°S以南的渔场,因为受到复杂天气状况的限制,只有5-8月适合生产作业,高渔获量和高产CPUE主要分布于SST为22-24℃的水域,被调查船只在南部渔场,在此期间,被调查作业船只以全年14.4%的作业天数,捕获了占全年总渔获量27.6%的长鳍金枪鱼渔获物。若加强作业船只和渔具的抗风浪性,则可以在25°S以南的海域探索新的全年稳定存在的长鳍金枪鱼渔场。     

Locations of early fishing grounds of saury in the northwestern Pacific

In the north-western Pacific, we found that locations of early fishing grounds of Pacific saury, Cololabis saira, are affected by two factors, the size composition and the meridional shift of the offshore Oyashio Front (OOF). Early fishing grounds are formed nearshore from the central Kuril Islands to Hokkaido in northward OOF years. In southward OOF years, they are far from the coasts. There also exists a tendency that early fishing grounds are formed south-westward (north-eastward) in years when a large (medium or small) size class of saury is dominant and when the OOF shifts north (south). These results support the hypothesis that saury migration is considerably influenced by oceanographic conditions, and that a large size class of saury leads to migration that can reach the vicinity of Japan early in the fishing season.     

Interdecadal decrease in potential fishing areas for Pacific saury off the southeastern coast of Hokkaido,Japan

We examined interdecadal variations in potential fishing grounds for the Pacific saury, Cololabis saira, off the southeastern coast of Hokkaido, Japan, for the early fishing season of August–September. We applied linear trend analysis to a time series of several oceanographic variables for 1993–2014. Trends in the appearance frequency of sea surface temperatures (SST) of 12–18 °C during August–September indicated an interdecadal reduction in the potential fishing area off the Hokkaido coast. There were localized significant increases of both SST and the sea level anomaly along the Kuril–Kamchatka Trench off the Hokkaido coast. The localized trends coincided with decadal decreases of satellite‐based chlorophyll concentrations after 2002. Analysis of mesoscale eddies revealed that the localized trends were related to clockwise (counterclockwise) eddies that appeared more frequently (less frequently) near the trench in recent years. Moreover, the Oyashio transport on the slope between the coast and the trench decreased significantly and completely disappeared in some recent summers. Interactions between the Oyashio and mesoscale eddies resulted in an interdecadal shift in the cold‐water intrusion along the main stream of the Oyashio from the along‐slope direction to the offshore direction in the upstream region of the Hokkaido coast, and large areas of favorable potential fishing grounds near the Hokkaido coast have disappeared in recent years.     

Oceanographic factors affecting interannual recruitment variability of Pacific saury (Cololabis saira) in the central and western North Pacific

Pacific saury (Cololabis saira) has a short life span of 2 years and tends to exhibit marked population fluctuations. To examine the importance of sea surface temperature (SST) and mixed layer depth (MLD) as oceanographic factors for interannual variability of saury recruitment in early life history, we analyzed the relationship between abundance index (survey CPUE (catch per unit of effort)) of age‐1 fish and the oceanographic factors in the spawning and nursery grounds of the previous year when they were born, for the period of 1979–2006, in the central and western North Pacific. Applying the mixture of two linear regression models, the variability in the survey CPUE was positively correlated with previous year's winter SST in the Kuroshio Recirculation region (KR) throughout the survey period except 1994–2002. In contrast, the survey CPUE was positively correlated with the previous year's spring MLD (a proxy of spring chlorophyll a (Chl‐a) concentration) in the Kuroshio‐Oyashio Transition and Kuroshio Extension (TKE) during 1994–2002. This period is characterized by unusually deep spring MLD during 1994–1997 and anomalous climate conditions during 1998–2002. We suggest that saury recruitment variability was generally driven by the winter SST in the KR (winter spawning/nursery ground), or by the spring Chl‐a concentration (a proxy of prey for saury larvae) in the TKE (spring spawning/nursery ground). These oceanographic factors could be potentially useful to predict abundance trends of age‐1 saury in the future if the conditions leading to the switch between SST and MLD as the key input variable are elucidated further.     

Modelling the impacts of environmental variation on habitat suitability for Pacific saury in the Northwestern Pacific Ocean

We developed habitat suitability index (HSI) models for two size classes of Pacific saury Cololabis saira in the Northwestern Pacific Ocean. Environmental data, including sea surface temperature, sea surface height, salinity, and net primary production, and catch and effort data from Taiwanese distant‐water stick‐held dip net fisheries during the main fishing season (August–October) during 2002–2015 were used. Habitat preferences and suitable habitat area differed between size classes. The suitable habitat was located between 40–47.5°N and 145–165°E for large‐sized Pacific saury but encompassed a greater area (35–47°N and 140–165°E) for medium‐sized Pacific saury. Both size classes were affected by substantial interannual variation in the environmental variables, which in turn can be important in determining the potential fishing grounds. We found a significant negative relationship between the suitable habitat area and the Niño3.4 indices with a time‐lag of 6 months for the large‐sized (r = ?0.68) and medium‐sized (r = ?0.42) Pacific saury, respectively, as well as the total landings of Pacific saury by all fishing fleets (r = ?0.46). As remotely‐sensed environmental data become increasingly available, HSI models may prove useful for evaluation of possible changes in habitat suitability resulting from climate change or other environmental phenomena and in formulating scientific advice for management.     

Comparison of biomass estimates from multiple stratification approaches in a swept area method for Pacific saury Cololabis saira in the western North Pacific

Fishery-independent surveys using sea surface trawl nets for Pacific saury Cololabis saira in the western North Pacific since 2003 have enabled the investigation of their annual distribution patterns and total biomass during June and July, prior to the main fishing season in Japan. We compared biomass estimates and their associated variances derived based on five different post-stratification approaches in a swept area method, and then observed that these approaches have little effect on biomass estimates and their precision, owing to well-organized survey designs and homogeneously allocated sampling stations. We were able to utilize decreasing biomass estimates for 15 years as an essential abundance index in the ongoing stock assessment. Notably, examination based on stratification along with longitudinal survey lines indicated that the estimated biomass had decreased in the western survey area, resulting in an eastward shift in the gravity center of Pacific saury distribution after 2010. We recommend biomass estimation in an east–west direction based on longitudinal stratification as an effective measure to develop population dynamics models which reflect westward migration into the fishing grounds around Japanese coastal waters, and to forecast the expected catch during the subsequent fishing period.

     

Estimation of seasonal spawning ground locations and ambient sea surface temperatures for eggs and larvae of Pacific saury (Cololabis saira) in the western North Pacific

Since there have been practically no surveys of the eggs of Pacific saury (Cololabis saira) in the western North Pacific (WNP), its spawning ground (SG) distribution has been poorly resolved, based mainly on the larval distribution. This means of estimating SG distribution is imprecise because saury eggs drift for more than a week before they hatch, in a region with intense western boundary currents and their extensions. To improve our understanding of the immature saury, a large number of larvae (body length <25 mm) collected in the WNP during 1993–96 were numerically backtracked to take into account the advection by geostrophic and wind‐forced Ekman currents, and the SG locations and ambient sea surface temperatures (SSTs) for the eggs and larvae on the backtracking trajectories were estimated. The resulting seasonal distributions of SGs indicated that both the locations and the intensities of spawning change from season to season. Moreover, the ambient SSTs for eggs just after fertilization ranged from a high of around 21.5°C in early autumn (September to October) to a low of around 15.0°C in late spring (May to June) with an intermediate of around 20.0°C in winter (January to February). The ambient SSTs showed seasonally different gradients while the individuals developed from eggs to early larvae: the SSTs decreased throughout the autumn (September to December), stayed rather constant in winter (January to February), and increased throughout the spring (March to June). The ambient SSTs for the early larvae were at around 19.0°C in autumn and winter (September to February) and around 16.5°C throughout the spring (March to June).     

Migration route of Pacific saury Cololabis saira inferred from the otolith hyaline zone

In order to establish the migration route of Pacific saury Cololabis saira, we measured the radius of otolith annual rings (ROA) in fish collected from areas off the Japanese coast up to 165°W in June and July (pre-fishing season) and from fishing grounds in August?CNovember (fishing season). The average ROA for six sea areas that each spanned 10° of longitude sampled during the pre-fishing season were compared with data obtained during each month of the fishing season. The average ROA decreased from west to east and also decreased monthly from August to November. The average ROA of fish caught after October at the peak of the fishing season was equivalent to that of the fish caught in the areas east of 160°E or 170°E. We conclude that Pacific saury caught by Japanese fishing vessels during the peak of the fishing season migrate from an area east of 160°E.     

Direct estimation of stock abundance of Pacific saury <Emphasis Type="Italic">Cololabis saira</Emphasis> in the northwestern Pacific Ocean using a mid-water trawl

Drifting gill-nets were for a long time the main research gear for investigating the distribution of Pacific saury Cololabis saira. However, it has proven to be difficult to estimate the absolute abundance of saury using drifting gill-nets due to a lack of knowledge on the survey areas swept by these gill-nets. A mid-water trawl stock abundance estimation has the advantage of being able to estimate the absolute stock abundance before the commercial fishing season begins, whereas the conventional stock abundance estimation based on catch per unit efforts of commercial fisheries must be done after the commercial fishing season has ended. To confirm the practicality of a mid-water trawl to estimate the stock abundance of saury, we conducted a comparative survey in the northwestern Pacific Ocean using both a mid-water trawl and drifting gill-nets. We found that the geographic distribution pattern of catch per unit effort for both the mid-water trawl and driftnets was similar. Using the area-swept method and data on the fishing efficiency of the mid-water trawl obtained in a previous study, we were able to estimate the stock abundance plus confidence limits within the research areas. Our results suggest that the size composition of saury sampled by the mid-water trawl can be considered to approximate the actual size composition of saury.