人工养殖条件下真蛸的生物学特性及胚胎发育

对人工养殖条件下真蛸(Octopus vulgaris)的生物学特性和胚胎发育进行了初步研究.结果表明,真蛸喜栖息于阴暗的场所,隐居,主要捕食一些活体甲壳类和贝类,也能很好的适应死鱼、蟹和贝类等饵料,夜间或傍晚摄食较为活跃.繁殖季节,雌、雄个体间存在交配行为,临产时亲蛸(♀)藏入巢穴,受精卵分批产出,呈穗状悬挂于巢穴顶部或四壁,亲蛸(♀)具有护卵行为.人工养殖条件下亲蛸不能全部产出其所怀的卵,产卵量为7×104～20×104粒,单位体重产卵量为42～71粒·g-1.受精卵为盘状卵裂,经过肉眼可见的红珠期、黑珠期、胚胎的逆转,水温18.2～22.1℃时,真蛸幼体经过35～42 d孵化出膜;22.3～26.9℃时,真蛸幼体经过24～37 d孵化出膜;24.6～28.3℃时,真蛸幼体经过23～33 d孵化出膜.     

大鲵人工繁殖技术初步研究

利用长200m、宽5．2m、高4．5m的山洞，在6m^2和0．48m^2的养殖池中用石板材和鹅卵石搭设人工洞穴，以人工养殖的Ⅴ-Ⅶ龄的子二代大鲵作为亲体开展人工繁殖研究。亲鲵培育水温19．0～20．5℃，pH7．2—7．3，DO5．8～7．4mg／L，光照〈300Lux；催产选择在7月上旬进行。激素选用LRH-A2＋HCG，剂量LRH—A2 10-20ug／kg＋HCG1000～2000IU／kg，雌雄同剂量。一次性腹腔注射；受精卵孵化温度18～18．5℃，pH7．2～7．3，DO6．0—8．0mg／L，光照〈100Lux。2010年7月催产雌鲵26尾，雄鲵24尾，催产后第4d，4尾雌鲵产卵3800粒，获受精卵962粒，受精率25．32％。受精卵经35—38d的孵化，共孵出稚鲵172尾，孵化率为17．88％。     

南方糙海参的人工催产与育苗初步试验

糙海参（Holothuria scbra）是中国南方优质的热带海参经济品种，试验首次成功在国内综合运用升温等多种刺激方法人工诱导糙海参产卵，并进行了批量人工育苗。2010年4—6月，共进行人工催产试验10次，催产亲参243头，5次试验产卵，催产成功率50％，共获得受精卵1652．72×10^4粒，孵出糙海参幼体1226．74×10^4头，总体孵化率74．23％；在水温27．5～30．0℃条件下，受精卯完成胚胎发育需要32．5h；利用其中部分幼体开展后期人工育苗，经过21d培育，获得糙海参早期稚参（0．1cm）19．43×10^4头，苗种培育成活率16．7％；经过32d培育获得大规格后期稚参苗（0．3～0．5cm）2，46×10^4头，培育成活率2．12％。试验的成功对下一步开展北部湾海域糙海参的天然种群恢复和在华南地区进行糙海参的人工养殖与开发具有重要意义。     

施氏鲟全人工繁殖研究初报

自7－8龄后备施氏鲟（Acipenser schrencki)亲鱼群体中选出成熟较好的亲鱼进行人工催熟培育,其中1尾雌鲟,5尾雄鲟效果较好,经催产,手术取卵,干法授精和孵化,获受精卵19095粒,孵出健康鲟苗8714尾,受精率30．12％,孵化率45．63％,受试鲟术后20d左右开始摄食,伤口完全愈合,孵出的鱼苗经9d暂养,卵黄吸收完毕,开始摄食,发育正常。     

方斑东风螺人工育苗技术

本文报道了方斑东风螺人工育苗试验．方斑东风螺亲螺日摄食率5—8％，亲螺夜间产卵，具卵囊，每个卵囊含卵约1千粒，以卵囊柄粘附于池底，呈悬浮状态。在水温28．0—29．0℃，盐度29的条件下，受精卵孵出卵囊的时间5—7d。浮游幼虫投喂角毛藻，孵化第13d开始出现变态的稚螺。浮游期壳长日均生长67．5um。池底铺沙培育稚螺，变态15d的稚螺，壳长可达3mm。     

短蛸繁殖行为及胚胎发育过程

采用光学显微镜观察的方法,对短蛸(Octopusocellatus)的胚胎发育过程进行观察。在人工养殖环境下,选用成体短蛸培养1个月后(五月份)即产卵。观察发现,雌蛸一直对其卵子进行看护,直到幼体孵化出膜,随后两周之内雌蛸相继死亡;受精卵卵裂方式为盘状卵裂。根据Naef的划分标准,短蛸胚胎发育过程划分为20期,期间胚胎经历2次翻转,受精卵的孵化水温为16～21℃时,第1次翻转发生在第15天,胚胎原基由动物极转向植物极;第2次翻转发生在第40天,胚胎由卵柄端转向卵柄相对端;从受精卵到幼体孵化出膜共经历41d;刚孵化出的幼体为浮游型,浮游期12d左右,之后营底栖生活。本文系统地描述了短蛸的繁殖行为和胚胎发育各个阶段的形态变化,旨在丰富短蛸繁殖生物学和胚胎发育生物学的基础理论研究,并为开展大规模开展短蛸人工育苗、养殖以及人工增殖放流提供科学依据。     

澳洲线纹尖塘鳢人工繁殖技术初报

澳洲线纹尖塘鳢为多次产卵型鱼类，具筑巢产卵习性，人工繁殖需设置人工鱼巢。培育二冬龄鱼作亲鱼，进入繁殖期时平均性腺成熟系数4．02％，相对怀卵量451粒／g。2003年4～5月进行繁殖试验，共计获卵2365万粒；受精率95．4％，获受精卵225．6万粒；经3～5d孵化，孵出鱼化199．7万尾，平均孵化率88．5％。实现了澳洲线纹尖塘鳢鱼苗规模化繁殖。     

细鳞鱼发眼卵孵化及仔、稚鱼培育

采用人工催产和全人工授精技术对细鳞鱼进行繁殖，对受精卵进行流水孵化，孵化水温6℃～9℃，积温达到t40．150度日受精卵发眼率为90％。积温达到180～213度日发眼卵开始破膜孵出仔鱼，孵化率为84％～96％，仔鱼经10～12d的发育开始上浮平游成为稚鱼，采用生物饵料（水蚤）对仔鱼进行开口，转口期采用水蚯蚓＋饲料糜团进行驯化，稚鱼期利用全人工饲料进行培育。     

日本沼虾（Macrobrachium nipponensis）规模化育苗试验

从湖泊日本沼虾渔获物中挑选受精卵呈灰黄色或胚体出现眼点的抱卵虾作为繁殖用亲虾，常温充气运至孵化池。挑选173千克抱卵虾用池塘(0．6公顷)孵化育苗，经1月育成1．3—2．5厘米幼虾1087．25万尾，平均120．81万尾／667米^2。挑选141千克抱卵虾用水泥池(240米^2)孵化育苗，经20天育成0．7—1．6厘米幼虾约959．55万尾，平均4万尾／米^2。育苗关键为调控水质和施肥、投饵。     

真蛸亲体培育、产卵及孵化试验

2005~2007年春、夏期间,在浙江南麂岛开展了真蛸亲体培育、产卵及孵化的试验研究。结果表明:亲蛸培育成活率为77.5%~95.5%,平均产卵率为68.0%~83.3%。不搭配雄体产卵率为65.0%,搭配一定比例的雄体后产卵率达92.5%,最高达100%。不同附卵器附卵效果以方形鲍鱼箱为最好,圆形鲍鱼皮桶次之,扇贝笼最差。在南麂海域暂养在网箱中的真蛸当水温上升到13.5℃以上时就开始有少量产卵,多数开始产卵在16.0℃左右,主要产卵期在4~6月。不同个体真蛸的产卵量变化很大,少者只有22 632粒,多者达170 684粒,平均102 665粒,平均每颗卵粒重量在1.670~2.207 mg之间,大小为长2.8~3.1 mm、宽0.915~0.950 mm。在水温13.5~28.0℃范围内,真蛸卵可以正常孵化,孵化率达60.0%~80.0%,超过28℃时孵化率明显下降。真蛸卵的孵化时间较长,至少需要20 d以上。孵化时间长短与水温关系密切,水温越高,孵化时间越短。孵化期间平均水温16.5℃,整个孵化时间长达47 d。当孵化期间平均水温为21.6℃时,从产卵到稚蛸出膜大致需要25 d左右。此外,还发现亲蛸护卵可以减少疾病,提高孵化率,本文也论述了有关其对疾病防治方面的探索。     

广东池塘培育四指马鲅亲鱼初次性成熟和苗种规模化繁育技术研究

于2015年6月~9月在广东珠海对人工孵化和培育的2龄四指马鲅(Eleutheronema tetradactylum)亲鱼的初次性成熟和产卵情况以及苗种规模化全人工繁育技术进行了系统的观察和研究。结果显示,实验期间培育亲鱼2 000余尾,成熟率93%以上。成熟亲鱼的体质量雌雄之间差异较大,雌鱼性腺指数(GSI)为1.03%~6.05%,雄鱼GSI为0.26%~1.76%。雌鱼产卵类型为一年产卵1次,分批成熟、分批产卵,初次性成熟的产卵期从2015年6月13日~9月30日。共计产卵75.0×106粒,受精率为72%~95%,胚胎发育在盐度27~28.8、温度29~31℃、p H 8.1~8.3条件下历时13 h 52 min,孵化率为58%~95%。仔鱼在室内培育,投喂小球藻和轮虫,5~7 d后转移到室外土池进行培育,7 d后投喂小球藻、轮虫、枝角类和桡足类幼体。第25天起投喂卤虫无节幼体,第30天起投喂粉状配合饲料并逐渐过渡到投喂人工颗粒饲料。从2015年7月23日开始至9月30日累计培育出子二代苗15.0×106尾,平均成活率为25.0%。综合亲鱼产卵和幼苗育成情况,认为该鱼全人工繁育的技术关键在于如何培育优质的亲鱼以及育苗过程中水质的控制和适口饵料选择及其适时更换。     

The effect of dietary coconut oil on reproductive traits and egg fatty acid composition in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

Two hundred and twenty rainbow trouts (IBW: 700 g) were randomly allotted to four tanks, with a male/female ratio of 0.56. Fish were fed for 168 d with four experimental diets containing herring oil, cod liver oil and coconut oil with the following inclusion rates: diet A: 12-1-0% respectively; diet B: 6-1-6%; diet C: 0-1-12%; diet D: 0-0-13%. Irrespective of the dietary treatment, weight gains of broodstocks were high (> 3 g/d) and FCR below 2. No significant difference was observed concerning the total amount of eggs spawn, egg average weight (82.5 mg/egg) and lipid content (5.4 mg/egg). However, the fatty acid profile of eggs was significantly affected by the dietary treatments. The content of unsaturated fatty acids, particularly the n-3 fatty acid series (EPA and DHA) significantly decreased with increasing levels of coconut oil in the diet.     

金头鲷全人工育苗技术研究

利用金头鲷亲鱼202尾，获受精卵39900万粒，选取产卵盛期受精卵583万粒，孵化初孵仔鱼462万尾，平均孵化率78．2％，培育出3—4cm的幼鱼34．2万尾，平均成活率7．4％，最高达18．4％。     

Minimally invasive surgical technique for egg collection from the Persian sturgeon, Acipenser persicus

A minimally invasive surgical technique (MIST) for the removal of ovulated eggs from Persian sturgeon Acipenser persicus was tested on broodstocks caught from the wild to determine whether it affected fecundity or hatching rates compared with the traditional stripping method of killing and removing the eggs (commonly used in hatchery). Morphological parameters of females, germinal vesicle (GV) position, weight of obtained egg, number of eggs/gram, fertilization rate, and percentage of hatching during incubation were not significantly different between the MIST and traditional stripping methods. Obtained ova were 4.8 ± 0.4 kg female⁻¹ in the MIST and 4.6 ± 0.5 kg female⁻¹ in traditional stripped groups, respectively; the fertilization rate was 83.4 ± 11.2% and 80.0 ± 7.2% in groups, respectively. The results of this study showed that the minimally invasive surgical technique approach is efficient, practical, and less stressful to Persian sturgeon broodstocks during artificial propagation than other reported egg collection procedures.     

镜泊湖蒙古鲌人工繁育技术初步研究

从镜泊湖采捕野生蒙古鲌(Culter mongolicus mongolicus)32尾进行了人工繁殖试验。结果显示,注射人工合成激素可促使成熟亲鱼自然发情产卵,水温22~25℃时,催产药物的效应时间为10 h,有5尾雌鱼产卵,共获得受精卵1.5×105粒,孵出鱼苗1.25×105尾,其受精率、孵化率和畸形率为83.6%、90.3%和6.7%。镜泊湖蒙古鲌是产黏性卵的鱼类,吸水膨胀后卵径为(1.42±0.04)mm(n=30),水温23~24℃时,从卵授精到开始破膜出苗约38 h。镜泊湖蒙古鲌的鱼苗可采用土池发塘培育,饲养30 d体长达(3.24±0.29)cm,体重达(0.35±0.09)g,饲养100 d体长为(5.96±0.33)cm,体重为(2.28±0.32)g。     

Disinfection of striped trumpeter (Latris lineata) eggs with glutaraldehyde

This study assessed the effect of immersing striped trumpeter eggs in 0 (control), 200, 400, 800, 1600 or 3200 ppm glutaraldehyde for 10 minutes, two days before hatching. High concentrations of glutaraldehyde (1600 and 3200 ppm) resulted in no eggs hatching and only 1% of eggs hatched after treatment with 800 ppm glutaraldehyde. Hatching success of eggs treated with 0, 200 or 400 ppm glutaraldehyde did not differ (77 ± 6%, n = 3). However, only 2% of larvae from the control treatment survived to day 5 post-hatching, compared to 45 and 69%, respectively of the larvae from the 200 and 400 ppm glutaraldehyde treatment. By day 9 post-hatching, larvae from the 400 ppm glutaraldehyde treatment had significantly higher survival (59%) than larvae from the 200 ppm glutaraldehyde treatment (28%). Thiosulphate citrate bile salt sucrose agar (TCBS) medium confirmed the presence of bacteria within the seawater medium, on all control eggs and on 83% of eggs disinfected with 200 ppm glutaraldehyde, but no bacterial colonies formed on eggs treated with 400, 800, 1600 or 3200 ppm glutaraldehyde. This study found highest survival of striped trumpeter larvae from eggs disinfected with 400 ppm glutaraldehyde and suggests that increased survival was a result of reduced bacterial loading.     

不同培育方式对赤点石斑鱼成熟、产卵和孵化的影响

在深水网箱、传统小网箱和室内水泥池三种培育方式下,采用埋植外源激素的方法诱导赤点石斑鱼提前完成性转化,获得功能性雄鱼,并用所得雄鱼和人工驯化培育而成的雌鱼进行了亲鱼培育、产卵和孵化试验研究。结果表明:雌鱼性腺成熟以深水网箱培育为最好,室内水泥池培育次之,传统小网箱培育最差;转性效果深水网箱与室内水泥池培育相差无几,转性率分别为97.0%和94.6%,传统小网箱较差,转性率仅65.9%;自然雄鱼以深水网箱为最多。其中,2004年共获得亲鱼246 ind,施行转性手术100 ind,转性率达87.9%,先后获受精卵230.5×104粒,平均受精率22.4%,孵出仔鱼80×104ind,平均孵化率34.7%。     

Incubation of European Squid (Loligo vulgaris Lamarck, 1798) eggs at different salinities

Loligo vulgaris is a commercially important squid throughout the Mediterranean region and is a candidate species in biomedical and aquaculture research. Some loligo species (L. opalescens, L. forbesi, Sepiteuthis lessoniana) have now been cultured through some successive generations in closed, recirculating seawater systems. The effects of salinity on hatching European Squid (L. vulgaris Lamarck, 1798) eggs were investigated during November 2004. The egg capsules were incubated directly in salinity of 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42 and 37 g L^?1 (control group) at 19.8°C (SD 1.2°C), and a photoperiodicity of 12 h light:12 h dark for 16–23 days before hatching. In all treatments, the eggs were developed and hatched normally after 16–22 days at 32 g L^?1, 17–22 days at 34, 18–21 days at 42 g L^?1, 18–22 days at 36 and 40 g L^?1, 19–22 days at 37 g L^?1 and 19–23 h at 38 g L^?1. In the experiments, the highest hatching rate and hatching success (HS) of the eggs were obtained at 38 g L^?1 (hatching rate: 100% (SD 0%) and HS: 96.7% (SD 3.5%)) and the lowest hatching rate at 42 g L^?1 (hatching rate: 3% (SD 6%) and HS: 0%). Dorsal mantle lengths (DML) of new hatchlings ranged from 2.08 to 2.80 mm. The present study showed that salinity affects the hatching rate and HS of eggs and first hatching time and DML of paralarvae in L. vulgaris. The squid eggs at stage 11 (I) can tolerate 5 g L^?1 reduction and 3 g L^?1 increase in salinity.