杂交鳢仔鱼饥饿试验及不可逆点的确定

利用人工孵化的杂交鳢初孵仔鱼,在水温(26±1)℃条件下进行其饥饿试验并确定仔鱼的初次摄食不可逆点(PNR)。结果表明,杂交鳢仔鱼孵化后第2天开始摄食,进入混合营养期,此时卵黄囊缩小至原来的1/2,与油球一同继续被仔鱼吸收;孵化后第7天卵黄囊和油球被完全吸收,混合营养期为5d。杂交鳢仔鱼最高初次摄食率出现在孵化后第6天,此时卵黄囊已吸收完全,油球有残留。当初次摄食率降至最高初次摄食率的50%时,仔鱼进入不可逆期,不可逆点出现在仔鱼孵出后的第7～8天。     

Morphological development of post hatch larval goldlined seabream Rhabdosargus sarba (Forskål, 1775)

Ultrastructural changes in Rhabdosargus sarba larva in early life history were investigated. At hatching, the digestive system was histologically undifferentiated. The digestive tract was a straight tube attached to the dorsal end of the yolk‐sac and was not connected to either the mouth or the anus. The layer of gut epithelium at some regions of the luminal surface was straight and microvilli were not present. These straight borders were not observed at 1 day post hatching (DPH) onwards as microvilli increased in number on the luminal surface and became more regular. At 2 DPH, the digestive system was well differentiated and the separation of the mid‐ and hindgut by the intestino‐rectal valve became more advanced. At 0 DPH, the eye was spherical and the retina had a zonation with undifferentiated cells. The eye also lacked differentiated photoreceptors (PR). The retinal PRs increased in length and in number as the yolk‐sac was absorbed. By 2 DPH, the eye was fully pigmented, suggesting that the larval vision system was functional. The larvae had a pure cone retina at the onset of exogenous feeding. Morphological and functional differentiation of the digestive tract and the eye of the larvae preceded the completion of yolk and oil globule absorption. The oil globule was exhausted at 4 DPH and at 2 DPH, the yolk‐sac was completely absorbed. Food particles were observed at 3 DPH. Food particle ingestion and absorption of the yolk‐sac were observed as vision became fully functional.     

Effects of delayed first feeding on the survival and growth of tiger grouper,Epinephelus fuscoguttatus (Forsskål, 1775), larvae

The effects of delayed first feeding on the survival and growth of tiger grouper, Epinephelus fuscoguttatus (Forsskål 1775), larvae were examined under controlled conditions. The total length, yolk sac volume, oil globule volume, yolk sac absorption time and nutritional transition period (NTP) of the larvae fed at different first times (0, 6, 12, 18 and 24 h after the mouth opening stage; h AMO) were compared. Larval first feed intake was observed at 54 h after hatching (h AH) at 27.5 ± 0.5 °C. The yolk sac was consumed more rapidly with an increase in delayed first feeding and was significantly different among treatments (P<0.05). Larvae first fed at 0 h AMO had the longest yolk sac absorption (72 h AH) and NTP (20 h) times and had the highest survival and growth rates at the end of the experimental period (360 h AH), being significantly higher (P<0.05) than the other treatments. First mortality was observed at 69 h AH, approximately 2 h after point of no return (PNR) occurred. This study suggests that first feeding of tiger grouper larvae should commence at 0 h AMO for enhancement of larval survival and growth.     

Yolk utilization and growth during the early larval life of the Silver Perch,Bidyanus bidyanus (Mitchell, 1838)

The aim of this research was to investigate the yolk sac and oil globule utilization by silver perch (Bidyanus bidyanus) larvae produced from domesticated broodfish. The larvae were kept unfed in the holding tank, sampled, and investigated by image analysis software to determine various characteristics, such as the diameters of ova, water-hardened eggs, yolk-sac, oil globules, and the total length of larvae. The research illustrated that, with the exception of oil globule diameter, all other morphometric parameters were significantly lower (P < 0.05) when compared to the larvae from the wild broodfish. The yolk sac was completely absorbed at 96 h post-hatching (hph) and the oil globule was visible until 240 hph. The larvae exhibited predatory movements and tried to catch rotifer at 4 days post hatching (dph). However, the onset of feeding took place at 5 dph, while 100% of feeding occurred at 6 dph. During the first 96 h (h), larvae grew significantly faster than the next 144 h. Larvae encountered low mortalities (<10%) during the first 96 hph, before increasing significantly in the next 24 h and no unfed larvae survived post 240 h. The results also suggested that the exogenous feed should be available at 96 hph, which is well after the yolk sac is completely depleted. In addition, although most of eggs and larval performance from domesticated broodfish were inferior compared to the wild one, it has larger oil globule that could make longer of its mixed feeding period and therefore could have better in viability.     

Ontogenetic development during changeover from an endogenous to exogenous nutritional source in Laotian cyprinid <Emphasis Type="Italic">Cirrhinus microlepis</Emphasis> larvae

The nutritional transition process from endogenous to exogenous feeding in larvae of the Laotian indigenous cyprinid Cirrhinus microlepis was investigated approximately 200 h after hatching. Although 17 characters were observed, emphasis was given to those associated with the onset of feeding and subsequent development of feeding ability. Growth of larvae was divided into two phases, rapid growth (to 71.5 h) and slower growth (from 71.5 h). The yolk absorption pattern was divided into four phases, the rapid yolk consumption (to 21 h), slow yolk consumption (to 71.5 h), complete yolk consumption (to 118.5 h) and post-yolksac phases. Onset of feeding was observed at the end of the slow yolk consumption phase (71.5 h after hatching), and notochord flexion, appearance of caudal fin supports/rays and gut coiling were observed at the same time. Comparisons of developmental characters relevant to the onset of feeding between C. microlepis and sympatric species, including Trichogaster pectoralis, Anabas testudineus and Pangasianodon hypophthalmus, revealed that morphological features related to the nutritional changeover were most likely linked to the habitat environment and survival strategy of early larvae.     

The first spontaneous spawning of European hake Merluccius merluccius L.: characteristics of eggs and early larval stages

For the first time, a spontaneous spawning of hake was recorded in Spain in April 2009. The spawn was obtained from broodstock kept in captivity for two years at the facilities of the Spanish Institute of Oceanography in Vigo (NW Spain). Eggs were transparent, spherical and had an average diameter of 1.067 ± 0.024 mm; yolk occupied the majority of egg volume. The oil droplet had a diameter of 0.27 ± 0.03 mm. The incubation period of the eggs lasted for 4 days at 14°C and the duration from hatching to the total absorption of the yolk sac was between 5–7 days after hatching, at the same temperature. Newly hatched larvae had an average total length of 3.20 ± 0.13 mm and began feeding 6 days after hatching; a daily growth rate of 0.158 mm day‐1 was observed from hatching to yolk sac consumption. This paper describes the daily evolution of biometric and morphological characteristics of the different stages of embryos and larvae of European hake up to the age of 19 days.     

Influence of temperature on yolk resorption in common snook Centropomus undecimalis (Bloch, 1792) larvae

To determine the optimal rearing temperature for Centropomus undecimalis larvae during the yolk resorption period, changes in larval development were measured at four different temperatures (23, 25, 28 and 31°C). Yolk and oil‐globule volume was recorded for 25 larvae at four different times. This involved an initial measurement at hatch and at 24, 48 and 72 h posthatch (hph). Additional morphological measurements included standard length, body height and eye diameter. On average, at the end of the three trials, larvae reared at 25°C had a longer mean standard length than larvae reared at 23, 28 and 31°C. Larvae reared at 25°C also had more yolk and oil globule reserves than larvae raised at 28 and 31°C. The body height:length residuals were also the highest at 25°C (i.e. larvae had deeper or stockier bodies). The yolk sac was present up to 72 hph at 23 and 25°C, while it was entirely consumed after 48 hph in larvae held at 28 and 31°C. Larvae showed the fastest growth during the first 24 hph in all temperature treatments; this period corresponded to the highest energy consumption as determined by the decrease in yolk sac and oil‐globule volume. Eye diameter did not vary significantly with time during yolk‐resorption. We conclude that a temperature near 25°C is optimal for raising snook larvae during the yolk‐resorption period.     

Microbially matured water: a technique for selection of a non-opportunistic bacterial flora in water that may improve performance of marine larvae

Before transfer to larval incubators, water was membrane filtered to remove >95% of the bacteria and then transiently maintained in a biofilter that promoted recolonization of the water by non-opportunistic bacteria. The process is termed microbial maturation of the water. Hypothetically the bacterial flora in the matured water should protect the marine larvae from colonization and proliferation by opportunistic bacteria. Testing of the hypothesis demonstrated 76% higher survival of yolk sac larvae of Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus) in matured than in membrane filtered water. Proliferation of opportunistic bacteria was observed in the rearing water after hatching of turbot eggs (Scophthalmus maximus), but to a less extent in the microbially matured water. In the early phase of first feeding of turbot larvae, the matured water induced qualitative differences in the gut microflora. Significantly higher initial growth rate of the turbot larvae in the matured water affected 51% higher average weight of 13 days old larvae than in membrane filtered water. Algal addition to the matured water enhanced the larval growth further. The experiments conducted supported the proposed hypothesis that microbial maturation selects for non-opportunistic bacteria, which protects the marine larvae from proliferation of detrimental opportunistic bacteria.     

大菱鲆胚胎和仔稚鱼的热刺激耐受能力

以培育大菱鲆Scophthalmus maximus耐高温品系为目的,研究了胚胎和仔稚鱼对热刺激的耐受力差别,为通过高温刺激选育大菱鲆耐高温品系提供指导和基础数据。实验分别对大菱鲆胚胎期(孵化前期)、卵黄囊期(初孵仔鱼,0dph)、前弯曲期(10dph)和弯曲期(25dph)的仔鱼、稚鱼(50dph)使用22～33℃范围内不同梯度的高温海水,进行突变热刺激,2h后转入原水体中培育,记录之后60～84h的死亡率、仔鱼孵化率、畸形率等数据。结果表明,上述5个发育期大菱鲆经受2h热刺激的亚致死温度为24、23、<22、28、28℃,半致死温度为26、28、22、29、29℃,致死温度为30、29、27、30、30℃。根据热刺激后24和48h死亡率,耐热能力由弱到强依次为10dph<胚胎<0dph<25dph<50dph,总体上呈现随生长发育逐渐增强的趋势。10dph左右可能为大菱鲆热刺激耐受力低谷,此时也是开鳔期,对外界环境反应灵敏,受到不良环境刺激易导致死亡。     

Effects of salinity, aeration and light intensity on oil globule absorption, feeding incidence, growth and survival of early-stage grouper Epinephelus coioides larvae

ABSTRACT: A series of experiments were conducted to examine the effects of salinity, aeration and light intensity on oil globule absorption, feeding incidence, and growth and survival of early-stage Epinephelus coioides larvae. Newly hatched larvae were transferred to 40-L aquaria at a density of 1500 individuals/aquarium. Larvae were exposed to different levels of aeration (0 mL/min per L, 0.62 mL/min per L, 1.25 mL/min per L, 2.50 mL/min per L, or 3.75 mL/min per L); salinity (8 ppt, 16 ppt, 24 ppt, 32 ppt, or 40 ppt); and light intensity (0 lx, 120 lx, 230 lx, 500 lx, or 700 lx) for 4–6 days. Twenty larvae were sampled daily at 11:00 hours to measure for total length (TL), oil globule volume, and feeding incidence. Survival rates were determined by counting the total number of larvae remaining in each aquarium at the end of the experiment. Significantly higher survival rates ( P   <  0.05) were observed at aeration levels of 0.62 mL/min per L and 1.25 mL/min per L, at salinity levels of 16 ppt and 24 ppt, and at light intensities of 500 lx and 700 lx. The influence of aeration level, salinity and light intensity on oil globule absorption, feeding incidence, and growth and survival of early-stage grouper larvae are discussed.     

大泷六线鱼仔鱼摄食及生长的研究↑（*）

本文以大泷六线鱼(Hexagrammosotakii)人工孵化所得的卵黄囊期仔鱼为材料,对仔鱼早期阶段的摄食及生长情况作了实验研究。结果表明:在13.5～14℃条件下,大泷六线鱼仔鱼6日龄开始摄食,约8日龄卵黄囊耗尽,10日龄饥饿仔鱼进入PNR期,混合营养期为2d;饥饿仔鱼的开口率(初次摄食率)开始较低,此后上升,到卵黄囊耗尽时达高峰(63%),以后又下降。仔鱼前期的生长率平均为0.254mm/d,饥饿仔鱼生长几乎停止,同期喂食仔鱼的生长率亦下降为0.102mm/d;摄食仔鱼在孵化后20d内的全长(L)和日龄(d)的相关式为L=0.085d 7.04。仔鱼存在昼夜摄食节律,在1昼夜中有2个摄食高峰,分别出现在14:00和20:00。     

丁Gui胚胎发育和卵黄囊仔鱼摄食研究

对丁Gui的胚胎发育进行了连续观察，并对其卵黄囊仔鱼在开口摄食之前的发育、生长以及不可逆点作了实验研究。结果表明：（1）丁Gui受精卵在水温21.5℃时，胚胎发育时间约为52h；（2）仔鱼在孵出后第7天开始摄食，初次摄食率第9天达100%，第12天降到50%，进入不可逆点；（3）仔鱼对卵黄囊的日净消耗量的最大值出现在出膜后第1天，体长最大增长率出现的在出膜后的第2天；（4）仔全出膜后第8天，卵黄囊全部吸收，同时，饥饿期仔鱼开始出现负生长。     

The effect of hatching time on the bioenergetics of northern pike (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Esox lucius</Emphasis>) larvae from a single egg batch during the endogenous feeding period

Size, caloric value and chemical composition were measured separately in the progeny of two northern pike (Esox lucius) females at 3-day intervals during the endogenous feeding period from hatching to final yolk resorption. Tissue, yolk and entire larvae were analysed separately in three groups of larvae that hatched at different times (between 88 and 106 degree-days post-fertilization). An integrated approach with the Gompertz model was used to compute the yolk conversion efficiency and time to maximum tissue size in early, mid and late hatched larvae. At hatching, unresorbed yolk of early hatched larvae contained more energy (39.20 J) and more protein (0.99 mg) compared to the yolk of larvae that hatched later (38.13 J and 0.92 mg protein for late hatched larvae, p < 0.05). In contrast, a significant reduction in tissue weight (?0.7 mg DW) and protein content (?0.5 mg) was found in early hatched larvae compared to those which hatched later (p < 0.05). Between days 9 and 12 post-hatching (108 and 144 degree-days post-hatching), close to the final yolk resorption, late hatched larvae stopped growing and their tissue began to be resorbed. This tissue resorption time was delayed in early hatched larvae which presented at the end of the experiment a greater tissue weight than late hatched ones. Yolk conversion efficiency in term of energy from hatching to complete yolk resorption stage was significantly higher for early and mid hatched larvae (51 %) compared to late hatched ones (44 %) (p = 0.004). Furthermore, the time to maximum tissue size was found to be negatively related to hatching time which implies that early hatched larvae take longer time to switch from one developmental stage to the next. The maximum tissue dry weight and energy content were found to be reached at approximately the same age post-fertilization for both early hatched and late hatched larvae, suggesting that the principal steps in a fish’s lifespan are better correlated with time of fertilization than hatching time.     

饥饿对白甲鱼(Onychostoma sima)仔鱼摄食、生长的影响

在实验室条件下,采用观察、测量记录外部形态特征等方法研究了饥饿胁迫下白甲鱼(Onychostoma sima)仔鱼的摄食、生长、形态和存活的变化。结果显示:在水温(20±1.5)℃时,饥饿组和投喂组白甲鱼仔鱼在孵化后第4天开始摄食,初次摄食率为48%,第6天初次摄食比率达到100%。饥饿组仔鱼抵达饥饿不可逆点(PNR)的时间为13.5 d,50%累计死亡率出现时间基本上与PNR出现时间相同(13.5 d),表明第13.5天为白甲鱼早期发育中较为敏感的阶段。试验期间,饥饿仔鱼体重、体长、眼间距和体高分别在第6、7、11和12天后均显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。试验结束(16 d)时饥饿组仔鱼体重、体长和眼径的瞬时增长率均显著低于摄食组(P<0.05),而头长、体高和眼间距差异不显著(P>0.05)。结果表明饥饿对仔鱼生长发育起延迟作用,混合营养期延迟投喂,仔鱼生长发育水平明显低于正常投喂仔鱼。     

Is batch variability in hatching time related to size heterogeneity and cannibalism in pikeperch (Sander lucioperca)?

Larval size heterogeneity is known to induce cannibalism, and procedures to avoid larval size differences are consequently implemented already during egg incubation and hatching. We investigated the relation between larval development variability, size heterogeneity and cannibalism in pikeperch. Larvae were sorted into five groups according to the time of hatching during a 65‐h period. The larvae with different times of hatch were then reared separately or together during an 18‐day period. Late hatched larvae were longer (P=0.003) and had less yolk remaining (P<0.001) than early hatched individuals at the time of hatching. However, on 11 days post fertilization, the late‐hatching larvae tended to have larger yolk reserves than earlier hatched individuals (P=0.07). Furthermore, the next day, a lower proportion in the late fraction had switched to exogenous feeding (P=0.024). That larvae with a late hatching time developed slower suggests a positive relationship between the hatching time and the embryonic developmental rate. However, differences in the length and available yolk reserves at hatching between larval fractions with different hatching times suggest that hatching is not strictly associated with a specific developmental stage, and that factors other than the development rate of the embryo are involved in the timing of hatching.     

延迟投饵对泥鳅仔鱼摄食、生长和存活的影响

试验分延迟0d、1d、2d、3d、4d、5d、6d、7d投饵和完全饥饿9个试验组,研究了延迟投饵对泥鳅仔鱼摄食、生长和存活的影响。结果显示：水温27℃±1℃时,泥鳅仔鱼3日龄开口,混合营养期2d,4日龄卵黄囊消失。开口当日初次摄食率为36%,最高初次摄食率出现在5日龄,达98%,饥饿不可逆点（PNR）在8～9日龄。延迟0d（正常投饵）和1d投饵组仔鱼体长一直呈增长趋势,至11日龄,两组仔鱼体长没有显著差异（P>0.05）;随延迟投饵天数的增加,仔鱼体长生长速度明显降低;完全饥饿组仔鱼3～5日龄呈正增长,随后转为负增长。延迟0d和1d投饵组,11日龄时仔鱼存活率分别为82.67%和89.33%,且两者无显著差异（P>0.05）;随延迟投饵天数的增加,11日龄时仔鱼存活率明显降低;完全饥饿组,11日龄时仔鱼全部死亡。     

The effect of light intensity on early life development of common dentex Dentex dentex (L. 1758) larvae

The effects of different levels of illumination on common dentex Dentex dentex (L.) larvae have been examined. Illumination affected the relationships between total length and digestive tube length, total length and oil globule volume, and total length and yolk sac. The relationship between total length development and yolk sac utilization in dark and light conditions was found to be significant (P<0.05). However, it was determined that the relationship between digestive tube development and oil globule absorption was not significant (P>0.05). Besides, there is no effect of different light intensities on absorption of yolk sac and oil globule and digestive tube development (P>0.05). In addition, total length development was not significant (P>0.05). Survival rate was found to be not significantly different in dark conditions (P>0.05).     

Light intensity affects the survival and growth of matrinxã larvae,Brycon amazonicus (Spix & Agassiz, 1829)

We evaluated the effect of light intensity on survival rate and zootechnical performance in matrinxã larvae (Brycon amazonicus) that is an important species for fish farming in the Amazon region. For this, the larvae were submitted to three experimental stages : Stage I—10–72 hr after hatching (HAH), Stage II—72–168 HAH and Stage III—168–288 HAH. The animals were submitted to three treatments of different light intensities: low (±20 lx), intermediate (±200 lx) and high (±2,000 lx). The low light intensity increased the survival rate in 24, 48, 72, 120, 168 and 288 HAH. The size of the animals was homogeneous in 72 and 168 HAH in the low and intermediate treatments. The high light intensity increased the zootechnical parameters in 288 HAH. We suggest the use of low light intensity in the initial periods of observation (24 and 48 HAH) to reduce aggressiveness and increase the survival and homogeneity of the animals. On the other hand, it is possible to suggest an increase in the light intensity in the final period of observation (288 HAH), as the increase in intensity stimulated growth and affected the survival rate of the matrinxã larvae.     

Natural spawning, early development and first feeding of the semicircle angelfish [Pomacanthus semicirculatus (Cuvier, 1831)] in captivity

Successful natural spawning of Pomacanthus semicirculatus in captivity from 11 September to 18 October, 2006 is described for the first time. Each female laid an average of 230 000 eggs during the spawning period. Fertilized eggs were spherical, transparent and buoyant and had a mean diameter of 0.61 ± 0.03 mm (mean ± SD). Embryonic development lasted 18–21 h at 28.5 °C. Newly hatched larvae were 1.35 ± 0.02 mm in total length (TL) with 27 (12+15) myomeres and had an oil globule in the ventroposterior area of the yolk sac. Larvae completed yolk absorption within 3 days post hatching at 2.37 ± 0.05 mm TL. Larvae were fed either 100% microalgae ( Nannochloropsis sp.), 100% s-type rotifers ( Brachionus rotundiformis ), 100% dinoflagellates ( Gonyaulax sp.) or different combinations of the three (50%:50%:0%, 30%:35%:35%) to determine the effect of live feed on the survival rate. The survival was significantly ( P <0.001) better in larvae fed a combination of diets (30%: 35%: 35%) than others. These results indicate that P. semicirculatus is a potential species for captive-breeding programmes and the use of a combination of diets (microalgae plus s-type rotifers and dinoflagellates) may be a suitable first food for fish larvae.     

Effect of incubation temperature on the embryonic development and yolk‐sac larvae of the Pacific red snapper Lutjanus peru (Nichols & Murphy, 1922)

The effect of incubation temperature on embryonic development and yolk‐sac larva of the Pacific red snapper Lutjanus peru were evaluated by testing the effect of 26, 28 and 30°C, as this is the natural thermal interval reported during the spawning season of Pacific red snapper in the Gulf of California, Mexico. Sixteen developmental stages were observed. The incubation temperature affected the rate of development and time to hatching, being shorter at 30 than at 26°C, but no significant effect (P < 0.05) on larval length at hatching was registered. The depletion rate of yolk sac and oil globule was affected by incubation temperature particularly during the first 12 h post hatching (hph). At the end of the experiment (48 hph), significantly (P < 0.05) larger larvae were recorded at 26°C (TL = 3.22 ± 0.01 mm) than at 28° (TL = 3.01 ± 0.02 mm) and 30°C (TL = 2.97 ± 0.05 mm). Incubation of newly fertilized eggs at 26°C produces larger larvae, which may help to improve feeding efficiency and survival during first feeding.