大型藻类在综合海水养殖系统中的生物修复作用

减少水产养殖自身对环境的负面影响是维持水产业持续健康发展的关键所在。大型藻类生物滤器可以有效地吸收、利用养殖环境中多余的营养物质，从而减轻养殖废水对环境的影响，并提高养殖系统的经济输出，被广泛应用于鱼、虾和贝类等的综合养殖系统中，是控制水体富营养化、增进食品安全和对污染水体进行生物修复的有效措施之一。本研究概述了大型藻类生物滤器用于养殖废水生物修复和环境控制的原理、依据、研究现状、修复效果以及应用大型藻类生物滤器产生的效益和存在的问题。     

河蟹池塘中青苔的危害及防治

<正>河蟹养殖池塘单一藻类的过分生长给河蟹养殖带来了一定的危害,尤其以丝状藻类青苔危害比较严重,有的池塘因此而亏损。笔者根据近几年的技术服务实践,就河蟹池塘中青苔主要包含的种类、对河蟹养殖的危害和相应的防治措施进行阐述,供大家参考,不足之处请指正。     

水中丝状藻类有害藻华的形成与对策

文章通过对常见丝状藻类及其形成藻华形态的描述,综述丝状藻藻华的形成条件及危害,说明各种水体中控制丝状藻藻华的必要性和紧迫性,概述了常见控制藻类药物和药物的致毒机理,为丝状藻类及其藻华的控制提供参考。     

乳山帮养殖户解决春季生产难题

针对当地海参池塘繁生大型藻类从而造成海参发病的情况，乳山水产技术推广站于近日组织骨干技术指导员和重点示范户到昌邑取经，因为昌邑盛产蜾赢蜚，而蜾赢蜚主要以海底或海水中悬浮的藻类、有机碎屑为食。利用其食性进行生态防治藻类的过量繁殖，既可对养殖环境进行生物自净处理，为海参创造适宜的生活空间，又可优化养殖结构，     

近海栖息地卫星遥感监测与生境变化对生态影响的研究进展

回顾了卫星遥感监测近海栖息地的总体发展趋势,归纳了影响生物栖息的近海地理环境要素、生物环境要素和理化环境要素,并结合当前运行的卫星遥感传感器性能特征,介绍了生境各要素的卫星遥感监测方法。同时,本文还回顾了大型漂浮性藻类、赤潮、游泳生物个体以及生物多样性等大尺度生物现象的综合遥感监测方法,并从生物环境适应性出发,围绕生境要素变化对生态的影响,赤潮与大型藻类的发生与分布,以及珊瑚礁、红树林分布与健康状况等监测应用,介绍了近期典型案例,以供相关领域的学者借鉴。     

池塘养殖刺参大型藻类生态防控技术

正大型藻类过度繁殖是刺参池塘养殖的主要危害之一,其防治方法主要包括药物杀灭、人工捞取和生态防控三种。药物杀灭对刺参和水环境有一定毒副作用,人工捞取需耗费大量人力物力,且很难捞净,生态防控能从源头上防控大型藻类过度繁殖,还能改善池塘环境,提高刺参质量安全水平。在全社会对水产品质量安全和养殖环境生态安全日益关注的今天,健康环保地防控大型藻类,已成为刺参池塘养殖的重要内容。     

甲壳类常见体表寄生生物的鉴别与防治方法

在河蟹、青虾的体表常见寄生生物中,除固着类纤毛虫外,还常可见到丝状藻类和水霉,这三类体表寄生生物病外观共同症状均为绒毛状,因而在虾蟹养殖生产中,养殖户常因不能将这三类寄生生物正确区分,而     

蟹池中青苔的危害与防控

青苔亦称青泥苔,是水绵、双星藻、转板藻等几种丝状绿藻的通称,是水体中藻类过度繁殖的产物,是河蟹养殖中危害较为严重的一种敌害生物,能对河蟹颊部、额部、基关节及鳃上附着丝状藻类,使虾蟹活动困难,阻碍进食,严重的堵塞进出水孔,导致窒息,其产生的原因是水质中性偏酸、较肥且含氮量高.在养殖生产中,若能及时采取行之有效的防控措施,对河蟹成活率、规格、产量和效益的提高极为有利.金湖县渔业科技入户专家组根据当地养蟹实践,将相关技术介绍如下,供养蟹示范户参考.     

浙江石臼漾生态湿地公园周丛生物工程化利用

周丛生物"Periphyton"是一类附着于湖泊中天然基质上的以大型丝状藻为主要种类的生物类群,在长江中下游地区浅水型富营养化湖泊中常能形成较大的生物量。作为水体中接触面积巨大的生物膜系统,周丛生物群落结构复杂,能够迅速对水环境的变化做出响应,在去除水体中的有机和无机成份以及净化水质等方面表现出很大潜力。目前,关于周丛藻类处理     

养殖海藻的三大优势

海藻或大型藻类都统称为大型多细胞海洋藻类，包括有棕色的、绿色的和红色的。超过20种具经济价值的海藻品种，使得大型藻类养殖仅次于鱼类，作为第二大养殖量最多的水生生物，其中来自于海水养殖的产量超过92%。大部分大型藻类会直接或间接被人类所用。     

双齿围沙蚕对围塘养殖沉积物氮磷含量的影响

通过在单养鱼系统和鱼藻混养系统中投放不同密度梯度的底栖动物双齿围沙蚕,考察沙蚕对系统养殖环境的修复作用及适宜的沙蚕放养密度。结果显示,加入沙蚕对系统底部沉积物POM(氮、磷污染物)的去除效果显著,相比于单养鱼处理沉积物中氮、磷分别降低了9.59%～10.47%、7.11%～8.18%。此外,沙蚕不同的放养密度对于系统沉积物的修复效果及养殖效益具有显著影响。同样,沙蚕的加入促进了养殖主要经济品种黑鲷品质的提升,鱼体体长、体重以及成活率方面均显著高于单养鱼系统(F),最终产量达到了单养鱼(F)系统的128.33%～156.08%。放养密度为22.5 kg/hm²和30 kg/hm²的沙蚕所产生的环境与资源效益要显著优于放养密度为15 kg/hm²的处理,而在放养密度为22.5 kg/hm²和30 kg/hm²之间差异不大。综合两处理的修复效果及养殖效益,22.5 kg/hm²的放养密度既可有效修复系统的沉积物环境,又能促进养殖效益的提升。     

Ecological and eco‐social models for the introduction of the abalone Haliotis discus hannai into benthic systems of north‐central Chile: sustainability assessment

• 1. Loop models of ecological and socio‐economic systems were developed to analyse and predict the impact of a possible accidental introduction (escapes) of the abalone Haliotis discus hannai into a benthic community of north‐central Chile.
• 2. Although the ‘new’ ecological system resulting from a successful invasion of abalone would be locally stable, the establishment of a self‐enhanced dynamic of recruits would transform this into an unstable system.
• 3. The harvest of the kelp, Lessonia trabeculata and other macroalgae is not recommended because this destabilizes the system. The harvest of abalone adults is only sustainable if they do not exert a negative effect upon other native invertebrates.
• 4. The eco‐social model showed three important results: (1) if the variables ‘Price’ and ‘Farming’ are in expansion and stationary dynamics, then the models were found unstable; (2) a self‐enhanced dynamic of abalone recruits tends toward instability; and (3) the harvest of the kelp L. trabeculata and other macroalgae would be non‐sustainable.
• 5. Based on our results, the sustainable development of extensive farming of H. discus hannai in the sea would be not reached. If it is done, an intensive monitoring of the community after introduction into the system is strongly recommended. Likewise, the farming of macroalgal species (source of food for abalone) should be promoted in order to avoid harvesting of macroalgae from natural systems.

Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

威海双岛海域人工鱼礁区大型海藻夏季群落结构变化

2013年6月和8月,采用潜水采样和录像的方法调查了威海双岛海域人工鱼礁区内礁石上附着的大型海藻,并分析了海藻群落组成与环境因子的关系.2次调查共采集到大型海藻9种,其中红藻门5种、褐藻门和绿藻门各2种.夏末和夏初的海藻群落相似度为20.35％,对相似性贡献最大的5种海藻分别为金膜藻(Chrysymenia wrightii)、日本异管藻(Hterosiphonia japonica)、扁江蓠(Gracilaria textorii)、海黍子(Sargassum muticum)和孔石莼(Ulvapertusa).夏末的海藻生物量密度(243.83 g/m2)高于夏初(164.99 g/m2),但覆盖率由64.53％～91.20％降至52.53％～72.53％(威海圣鲲礁区除外),绝对优势种由夏初的日本异管藻演替为夏末的金膜藻.根据主成分分析(PCA)和冗余分析(RDA)结果,影响海藻群落变化的环境因子中,前3位分别为水温、盐度和水底照度;夏末,由于水体透明度较低(＜2.0 m),光照条件可能成为海藻分布的限制因子.另外,夏末污损生物的大量出现在一定程度上影响了海藻的覆盖率.     

枸杞岛贻贝养殖筏架附着海藻的群落结构

为了解贝类筏式养殖区的大型海藻种类组成和分布格局及季节变动等群落水平的特征,实验于2018年春季(5月)、夏季(8月)、秋季(11月)和2019年冬季(2月)对枸杞岛贻贝养殖筏架上的附着海藻进行采样和分析。结果显示,全年共采集到49种附着海藻,隶属11目20科33属。在物种数季节变化上,秋季最高(29种),春季最低(20种),平均有23种;平均生物量季节变化上,夏季最高(5 529.40 g/m~2),秋季最低(2 340.45g/m~2),年平均值为(3 455.06±1 480.40) g/m~2;平均物种数和平均生物量在水平分布上均呈现从养殖区内侧至外侧逐渐减少的特点;附着海藻多样性指数(H')最高为秋季(2.30),最低为夏季(1.87),年平均值为2.07±0.18;全年共采集到优势海藻13种,最高是秋季(8种),夏季最低(5种),平均有6种,其中宽角叉珊藻和密毛沙菜是养殖筏架上的全年优势种;优势海藻的生态位宽度最大值与最小值均出现在秋季,分别为密毛沙菜(2.21)和铜藻(0.74);生态位重叠最大值与最小值均出现在秋季,分别是扁江蓠-铜藻(0.86)和带形蜈蚣藻-铜藻(0)。研究表明,大规模筏式养殖的存在,延长了舌状蜈蚣藻、密毛沙菜等红藻的生长期,拓宽了铜藻等褐藻的栖息范围,从而改变了养殖区内大型海藻的群落结构,有利于所在海区维持更高的全年初级生产力水平和海藻碎屑产生量,为海洋牧场建设过程中海藻场的营造提供科学依据。     

Qualitative modelling of the kelp forest of Lessonia nigrescens Bory (Laminariales: Phaeophyta) in eulittoral marine ecosystems of the south–east Pacific: an approach to management plan assessment

This contribution aims at the assessment of the sustainability of a management plan for Lessonia nigrescens in Chilean coastal ecosystems, specially when the harvest pressure could be increased due to that this macroalgae is considered as a food source for the abalon (Haliotis discus hannoi) farming along the Chilean coast. Three qualitative conceptual models were developed and compared; the first and second ones assuming homogeneous and heterogeneous environmental conditions, respectively, and the third expanded one considering eco-social components under the assumption of environmental heterogeneity. For all these models, the factors described by Vásquez [Bot. Mar. 38 (1995) 251] were included in the management plan for the harvesting of brown macroalgae. Based on Levins's Loop Analysis, the system will have a just weakly unstable moving equilibrium if the harvesting activities do not negatively affect the macrophyta's reproduction and recruitment processes. Therefore, coincidence of reproduction and/or recruitment with harvesting must be avoided in a putative management plan. Regarding the qualitative predictions of the system's behaviour after negatively affecting reproduction and recruitment, only an ecological model assuming a heterogeneous environment shows realistic responses in comparison to experimental studies on the same species. This contribution is the first approach considering the dynamical behaviour of L. nigrescens and its surroundings. Nevertheless, further models, based on the same modelling theory, may integrate more variables from social and economical fields in order to improve the scope of this complex system. Further comparative studies should focus on the assessment of the significance of the structural functions of L. nigrescens and other macroalgae for the conservation of this benthic system.     

黄斑篮子鱼(Siganus oramin)对北方养殖网箱网衣附着藻类的生物清除作用

高温季节网衣附着藻类的大量附着是北方网箱养殖产业面临的主要问题之一,生物清除策略是解决这一问题的有效手段.本研究利用黄斑篮子鱼(Siganus oramin)作为网衣附着藻类生物清除的工具种,于2015年6-11月,采用室内实验和现场观测相结合的方法,系统研究了桑沟湾楮岛海域网箱养殖区不同水层网衣附着藻类生物量的月际变化、黄斑篮子鱼对优势藻类的摄食能力及对网衣藻类的清除效果.结果显示,同一月份不同深度附着藻类生物量的日均增长量有一定差异,且不同水层在8月7日-9月14日时间段内的藻类附着日均增长量均显著高于其他月份(P＜0.01),各个月份海头红(Plocamium telfairiae)均为该区域的优势种类.构建了适温条件下黄斑篮子鱼对海头红的碳收支方程:100摄入碳=11.69生长碳+10.82粪便碳+6.06排泄碳+71.43代谢碳.初始体重为(1.44±0.61)g的黄斑篮子鱼经过152 d的养殖,平均体重达到(45.38±4.22)g,日均增重0.26 g.海区网箱内有无黄斑篮子鱼的对比实验显示,其对不同月份网衣附着藻类的清除率在80.28％-90.15％之间.研究表明,黄斑篮子鱼对网衣附着藻类有较高的清除效率,可以作为清除网衣附着生物的工具种.     

The efficiency and condition of oysters and macroalgae used as biological filters of shrimp pond effluent

Current shrimp pond management practices generally result in elevated concentrations of nutrients, suspended solids, bacteria and phytoplankton compared with the influent water. Concerns about adverse environmental impacts caused by discharging pond effluent directly into adjacent waterways have prompted the search for cost‐effective methods of effluent treatment. One potential method of effluent treatment is the use of ponds or raceways stocked with plants or animals that act as natural biofilters by removing waste nutrients. In addition to improving effluent water quality prior to discharge, the use of natural biofilters provides a method for capturing otherwise wasted nutrients. This study examined the potential of the native oyster, Saccostrea commercialis (Iredale and Roughley) and macroalgae, Gracilaria edulis (Gmelin) Silva to improve effluent water quality from a commercial Penaeus japonicus (Bate) shrimp farm. A system of raceways was constructed to permit recirculation of the effluent through the oysters to maximize the filtration of bacteria, phytoplankton and total suspended solids. A series of experiments was conducted to test the ability of oysters and macroalgae to improve effluent water quality in a flow‐through system compared with a recirculating system. In the flow‐through system, oysters reduced the concentration of bacteria to 35% of the initial concentration, chlorophyll a to 39%, total particulates (2.28–35.2 µm) to 29%, total nitrogen to 66% and total phosphorus to 56%. Under the recirculating flow regime, the ability of the oysters to improve water quality was significantly enhanced. After four circuits, total bacterial numbers were reduced to 12%, chlorophyll a to 4%, and total suspended solids to 16%. Efforts to increase biofiltration by adding additional layers of oyster trays and macroalgae‐filled mesh bags resulted in fouling of the lower layers causing the death of oysters and senescence of macroalgae. Supplementary laboratory experiments were designed to examine the effects of high effluent concentrations of suspended particulates on the growth and condition of oysters and macroalgae. The results demonstrated that high concentrations of particulates inhibited growth and reduced the condition of oysters and macroalgae. Allowing the effluent to settle before biofiltration improved growth and reduced signs of stress in the oysters and macroalgae. A settling time of 6 h reduced particulates to a level that prevented fouling of the oysters and macroalgae.     

Organic matter derived from kelp supports a large proportion of biomass in temperate rocky reef fish communities: Implications for ecosystem‐based management

1. The relative availability of alternative organic matter sources directly influences trophic interactions within ecological communities. As differences in trophic ecology can alter the productivity of communities, understanding spatial variability in trophic structure, and the drivers of variability, is vital for implementing effective ecosystem‐based management.
2. Bulk stable isotope analysis (δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N) and mass balance calculations were used to examine patterns in the contribution of organic matter derived from macroalgae to food webs supporting temperate reef fish communities in two contrasting coastal waterways on the South Island of New Zealand: Fiordland and the Marlborough Sounds. Ten fish species common to both regions were compared, with up to 40% less organic matter from macroalgae supporting omnivorous species in the Marlborough Sounds. The largest differences in trophic position were found in those species exploited by fisheries.
3. Furthermore, stratified surveys of abundance and species biomass combined with trophic position data were used to calculate regional differences in the contribution of macroalgae to whole fish communities in terms of density of biomass. In Fiordland, over 77% of the biomass of exploited reef fishes was supported by macroalgae, compared with 31% in the Marlborough Sounds.
4. Surveys of macroalgal density and species composition in the two regions indicated that regional differences in trophodynamics may be explained by a lack of macroalgal inputs to the food web in the Marlborough Sounds.
5. The findings demonstrate large regional differences in the incorporation of benthic and pelagic sources of organic matter to food webs supporting reef fish communities, highlighting the need for ecosystem‐based approaches to management to recognize spatial variability in primary production supporting coastal food webs.

     

Assessment of the ecological status of north‐eastern Adriatic coastal waters (Istria,Croatia) using macroalgal assemblages for the European Union Water Framework Directive

• 1. Based on the inclusion of macroalgae in the European Union Water Framework Directive as quality elements for the evaluation of the ecological status of coastal waters, the suitability of one (Ecological Evaluation Index, EEI) of several previously proposed evaluation methods in the particular ecological conditions of the northern Adriatic Sea was tested.
• 2. The EEI was assessed for 10 locations (polluted and putatively pristine) scattered along 60 km of the western Istrian coast. The sampling was performed seasonally at 1 and 3 m depth by destructive (determination of species cover and biomass) and non‐destructive (determination of species coverage using digital photography) methods.
• 3. When assessed at 1 m depth the spatial scale weighted EEI for the west Istrian coast was 8.1, corresponding to an ecological status class (ESC) value of high. However, data for 3 m depth gave a spatial EEI of 6.72 which corresponds to an ESC value of good. Regressions of the ratio of ecological state group I (ESG I, i.e. thick leathery, calcareous and crustose species) over total algal abundance with the pollution gradient (obtained using principal components analysis (PCA) ordination of environmental variables) were significant at 3 m but not at 1 m depth. This was due to the high abundance of ESG I macroalgae Corallina elongata and Cystoseira compressa at 1 m depth at polluted stations. Similar regressions were obtained using cover, biomass and coverage.
• 4. It is concluded that the EEI method may be suitable for the classification of coastal waters in the northern Adriatic only in certain cases. A better assessment of ecological status using this method would require more realistic estimations based on the inclusion of data from several sampling depths. As all three abundance measures (cover, biomass, coverage) gave similar results, coverage (using digital photography) is suggested as being a preferred measure owing to the rapidity of sampling at several depths and less time‐consuming laboratory work.

Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The potential for utilizing fouling macroalgae as feed for abalone Haliotis discus hannai

In order to assess the potential of utilizing fouling macroalgae as feed for abalone Haliotis discus hannai, the species, biomass and total stock of fouling macroalgae attached on the aquaculture facility‐lines were investigated and assessed at Sungo Bay, China, in August 2007. The nutritional value of four fouling macroalgae (Codium fragile, Sargassum muticum, Ulva pertusa and Laminaria japonica) and one cultured macroalgae (Gracilaria lemaneiformis) as the diet of abalone was assessed by analysis of the chemical composition of the macroalgae and by measuring bioavailability and digestibility to abalone H. discus hannai under laboratory conditions in August 2007. The results showed that the biomass of fouling macroalgae at the two sites was 243.61 ± 26.23 and 1078.15 ± 50.28 g m^?1 respectively. The contents of protein of G. lemaneiformis and C. fragile were 18.30% and 17.60%, respectively, which were significantly higher than the others. The five macroalgae were accepted by the abalone, and growth energies (P) and growth efficiency (%) were positive. However, significant differences were found among the different macroalgae. The growth efficiencies of abalone show a negative relationship with the levels of dietary lipid and a positive relationship with the protein contents. These results suggest that fouling macroalgae have a great potential to be used as diets of abalone.