脉红螺繁殖生物学的研究

本文研究了脉红螺繁殖方式,繁殖季节,繁殖力,孵化,幼虫发育及变态和稚,幼螺发育过程,阐明了脉红螺在山东沿海每年只有一个繁殖期。繁殖期内亲螺有多次交尾现象,平均每年雌螺产卵２．１次,产卵袋６５５．９个,每个卵袋平均含有受精卵１１４９粒,个体繁殖力７５．４万粒。     

不同温度、底质和饵料对管角螺孵化和稚、幼螺生长的影响

通过单因子试验,研究了不同温度、底质和饵料对管角螺Hemifusus tuba孵化和稚、幼螺生长的影响.温度试验结果表明,29℃组卵囊平均出稚螺数为15.07 ind ·卵囊-1,显著高于23℃组(13.3 ind ·卵囊-1)和26℃组(12.87 ind ·卵囊-1);29℃组孵化时间为30 d,26℃组为40 d,23℃组为35 d;23℃组最后存活率达到66.7%,29℃组只有36.37%;26℃组初孵稚螺的壳高为6.33±0.34 mm,显著高于23℃和29℃组,但经培养后,23℃和26℃组的幼螺壳高无显著差异,分别为17.59±2.22和16.66±1.80 mm,综合考虑23℃为较适孵化温度.底质试验结果表明,初孵稚螺无底质培养比泥底质培养佳,幼螺沙底质培养比无底质培养佳;饵料试验结果表明,投喂鲜活饵料优于配合饲料.     

管角螺的生物学特性及养殖

试验结果表明,在水温24~30℃的室内人工饲养条件下,管角螺受精卵经30 d发育变态为稚螺,孵化率98%。幼螺适宜温度为23~35℃、盐度为13.0~39.0。饵料以双壳贝类为主。经过50 d培育,共育出壳高8~32 mm的幼螺11.81万个,成活率92%。幼螺经12个月培养,壳高约10 cm。     

纵肋织纹螺人工育苗试验

为探索纵肋织纹螺苗种繁育技术,2016年利用25kg亲螺进行了纵肋织纹螺人工育苗试验,并对纵肋织纹螺的繁殖习性、生态习性进行了观察。结果显示,纵肋织纹螺为雌雄同体,受精卵产于卵囊内,卵囊黏附于固着物表面。纵肋织纹螺的卵囊呈圆片形状,直径2～4mm,每个卵囊内有受精卵8～40粒,在水温20～25℃条件下,受精卵约经6～8d发育成为面盘幼虫。面盘幼虫经18～24d培育,变态成稚螺。试验共培育出平均壳高4.6mm的纵肋织纹螺苗种1 060万粒。     

方斑东风螺人工育苗技术

本文报道了方斑东风螺人工育苗试验．方斑东风螺亲螺日摄食率5—8％，亲螺夜间产卵，具卵囊，每个卵囊含卵约1千粒，以卵囊柄粘附于池底，呈悬浮状态。在水温28．0—29．0℃，盐度29的条件下，受精卵孵出卵囊的时间5—7d。浮游幼虫投喂角毛藻，孵化第13d开始出现变态的稚螺。浮游期壳长日均生长67．5um。池底铺沙培育稚螺，变态15d的稚螺，壳长可达3mm。     

石磺繁殖生物学的实验研究

用实验室小型试验、贝类育苗场生产性试验和自然群体实地观察的方法，结合养殖池塘内石磺（Onchidium sp.）繁殖习性跟踪观察，2年内研究了沪浙地区石磺的繁殖季节，繁殖方式，繁殖力，受精卵的发育孵化，水温和盐度对胚胎发育的影响，胚胎停止发育现象，幼虫发育及变态前形态变化，对石磺繁殖生物学作了比较系统的实验研究。结果显示石磺雌雄同体，雄性先熟，异体交配，体长5 cm体重10 g以上的个体为繁殖的主要群体，其生物学最小型为体长3.1 cm和体重3.5 g；交配期多在气温22 ℃以上的5月中下旬至9月下旬，6～8月为繁殖盛期。产卵前经过5～10 h的求爱和1～5 h的交配过程，交配后15 d左右产出受精卵，多在大潮日至小潮日期间3～5 d内的晚间产卵；繁殖期具有6个明显的产卵高峰。卵群表面积15～30 cm²，每平方厘米卵群含卵子2 650±300个，每个卵群含卵子4.4～8.0万粒。水里与潮湿环境中卵群孵化率没有明显差异；26～35 ℃的水温下，卵群孵化时间10～14 d，水温23 ℃以下石磺胚胎出现停止发育的现象。适合卵群孵化的海水盐度为6～20，孵化出膜2～3 d后的面盘幼虫开始摄食单胞藻。自由生活面盘幼虫经23 d培育后出现明显的革质膜；变态后的幼体可能存在不断蜕去革质膜的过程，面盘幼虫的变态过程和变态条件仍有待研究。     

泥东风螺(Babylonia lutosa)规模化人工育苗技术和早期发育观察

2012年06月—2014年09月期间,收集野生泥东风螺(Babylonia lutosa)5 775粒,经培育成活5 246粒,存活率90.8%。亲螺的繁殖期为6—9月,水温在26℃~30℃时为产卵高峰;卵囊呈梯形、马鞍状、透明,单个卵囊卵粒数量309~472粒,平均381粒。在日常饵料中补充金藻、角毛藻等高不饱和脂肪酸(High unsaturated fatty acid,HUFA)含量较高的单胞藻,可提高存活率。3年来浮游幼体的变态率逐年提高,并培育出壳高3.08~15.91 mm的泥东风螺苗1 733.85×104粒,同时对泥东风螺从受精卵到变态为稚螺的整个发育过程进行显微观察,共分16期。     

优质蛋白质饲料——缅越螺

缅越螺系从国外引进，该螺适应性强，个体大，生长快，产量高，繁殖力强，而且营养价值高，因此适于作为鸭、乌龟、甲鱼、河蟹、虾、黄鳝、水貂等的饵料。 　　1.繁殖快：该螺的繁殖能力很强，每交配一次，母螺可连续产卵多次，每次间隔 3～ 4天， 1只母螺 1个月可产卵 1000～ 2000粒，如果温度控制得当，保持 15～ 30℃的水温，可持续产卵。每只螺年可产 6000粒卵以上。 　　2.生长快：幼螺在水温 5～ 30℃时，饲料充足，饲料营养搭配合理，经 45天的饲养，即可达 35～ 50克 /个左右，经 90天的饲养，平均可达 150克左右。 　　3.食性杂：…     

囊螺繁殖习性与胚胎发育的观察

以水族箱中生长的囊螺为材料,通过连续观察的方法,对囊螺的繁殖习性和胚胎发育过程进行了观察.试验结果表明,囊螺为雌雄同体、异体受精的种类,但也可以自体受精.囊螺膜内胚胎发育经受精卵、卵裂、囊胚、原肠胚、担轮幼虫、面盘幼虫和匍匐幼虫等7个阶段,孵化后变成稚螺.     

优质饲料蛋白质——缅越螺养殖技术

缅越螺系从国外引进，该螺适应性强，个体大，生长快，产量高，繁殖力强，而且营养价值高，因此适于作为鸭、乌龟、甲鱼、河蟹、虾、黄鳝、水貂等的饵料。一、特征1.繁殖快。该螺的繁殖能力很强，每交配一次，母螺可连续产卵多次，每次间隔3～4天，1只母螺1个月可产卵1000～2000粒，如果温度控制得当，保持15℃～30℃的水温，可持续产卵。每只螺年可产6000粒卵以上。2.生长快。幼螺在水温5℃～30℃时，饲料充足，饲料营养搭配合理，经45天的饲料，即可达35～35克／个左右，经90天的饲养，平均可达150克左右。3.食性杂。它是以植物性饲料为主…     

Association between the interannual variation in the oceanic environment and catch rates of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the Atlantic Ocean

The environmental processes associated with variability in the catch rates of bigeye tuna in the Atlantic Ocean are largely unexplored. This study used generalized additive models (GAMs) fitted to Taiwanese longline fishery data from 1990 to 2009 and investigated the association between environmental variables and catch rates to identify the processes influencing bigeye tuna distribution in the Atlantic Ocean. The present findings reveal that the year (temporal factor), latitude and longitude (spatial factors), and major regular longline target species of albacore catches are significant for the standardization of bigeye tuna catch rates in the Atlantic Ocean. The standardized catch rates and distribution of bigeye tuna were found to be related to environmental and climatic variation. The model selection processes showed that the selected GAMs explained 70% of the cumulative deviance in the entire Atlantic Ocean. Regarding environmental factors, the depth of the 20 degree isotherm (D20) substantially contributed to the explained deviance; other important factors were sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height deviation (SSHD). The potential fishing grounds were observed with SSTs of 22–28°C, a D20 shallower than 150 m and negative SSHDs in the Atlantic Ocean. The higher predicted catch rates were increased in the positive northern tropical Atlantic and negative North Atlantic Oscillation events with a higher SST and shallow D20, suggesting that climatic oscillations affect the population abundance and distribution of bigeye tuna.     

Growth performance,digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass,Lateolabrax japonicus fed with fructooligosaccharide

In this experiment, a feeding trial was performed to determine the effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus juveniles (initial weight 38.3 ± 0.5 g), and the fish were examined following feeding with six levels of FOS (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 g/kg) for 28 days. Significant enhancement of weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) was found in fish fed 1 g/kg FOS incorporated diets (p < .05), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the 1, 2 g/kg FOS groups reduced significantly compared with the control (p < .05). Besides, the crude lipid in the 4, 6 g/kg FOS groups increased significantly compared with the control (p < .05). On the other hand, the erepsin and lipase activities significantly elevated in intestine of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS (p < .05) and the lysozyme activity in serum of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than that in the control (p < .05). Moreover, the alkaline phosphatase activities in serum of fish fed 0.5, 1, 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than in control (p < .05). Regression analysis showed that the relationships between dietary FOS levels and either SGR, FCR, erepsin or lysozyme activities were best expressed by regression equations, and the optimal inclusion levels are 1.37, 1.80, 3.06, 3.11, 1.93 and 1.80 g/kg for SGR, FCR, erepsin, lipase, lysozyme and total superoxide dismutase activities, respectively. Overall, this study revealed that FOS incorporated diets could beneficial for L. japonicus culture in terms of increasing the growth, digestion and immune activities. Under the present experimental condition, the optimal supplementary level of FOS in the diet of L. japonicus is 1–3 g/kg.     

Involvement of gonadal steroids in final oocyte maturation of white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops): in vivo and in vitro studies

Plasma estradiol-17 (E₂), testosterone (T), 17,20-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (DHP) and 17,20,21-tri-hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (20-S) levels were measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) in white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops) that were induced to undergo final oocyte maturation (FOM) with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Plasma DHP levels increased in females of both species in association with oocyte germinal vesicle migration (GVM) and germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) and decreased thereafter. Plasma 20-S levels also increased with oocyte GVM in white bass, but were several-fold lower than DHP levels. Circulating E₂ and T levels were greatest during GVM and GVBD in both species and decreased to low levels during oocyte hydration and ovulation. Follicles from white perch and white bass which received a priming injection of hCG in vivo, produced both DHP and 20-S in vitro after exposure to hCG and their oocytes underwent GVBD. Ovarian incubates from unprimed fish of either species produced only E₂ and T and their oocytes did not complete GVBD. Oocytes from unprimed bass, but not perch, matured when follicles were exposed to hCG in vitro. Both trilostane and cycloheximide blocked in vitro production of DHP and 20-S and oocyte GVBD by white perch follices. DHP and 20-S were equipotent inducers of FOM in the GVBD bioassay. None of several other structurally-related steroids tested were effective within a physiological range of concentrations. These results indicate a role for DHP and 20-S in the control of FOM in white perch and white bass.     

Cardiac,ventilatory and metabolic responses of two ecologically dissimilar species of fish to waterborne cyanide

Changes in heart rate, ventilatory activity and oxygen consumption were determined in trout (Salmo gairdneri) and brown bullhead catfish (Ictalurus nebulosus) during exposure to a steadily increasing concentration of waterborne cyanide selected to produce death in 8–9 hours for each species. The lethal cyanide concentration for the bullheads was an order of magnitude higher than for trout. Trout developed an immediate and gradually increasing bradycardia throughout the exposure period. Cyanide produced tachycardia in the bullhead followed by a gradual onset of bradycardia as the concentration of cyanide was raised. Pericardial injection of atropine (a muscarinic cholinergic antagonist) indicated that bradycardia in the trout was due initially to increased vagal tone but later due to the direct effect of cyanide on the heart. Hyperventilation in the trout persisted throughout the exposure period, although the rate and amplitude fluctuated and was variable between individual fish. During the last hour of exposure (highest cyanide concentration), ventilation was characterized by rapid, shallow breaths followed by a sudden respiratory arrest. The bullheads exhibited hyperventilation during the first 3 hours of exposure followed by a gradual, linear drop in ventilation rate and amplitude until death occurred. Cardiac and ventilatory responses in both species were attributed to stimulation of central and peripheral chemoreceptors by cyanide. Evidence is presented which suggests the initial response in the bullheads was due, at least in part, to gustatory stimulation by the cyanide. Oxygen consumption of the trout remained above pre-exposure levels for the majority of the test period. Oxygen consumption in the bullhead paralleled the changes in heart and ventilatory rates. Whole-body lactate levels of fingerlings of both species during cyanide exposure were measured to estimate the extent of anaerobiosis. Whole-body lactate levels were much greater in the bullheads than the trout, indicating a higher capacity for anaerobiosis, possibly due to a greater fuel supply. Overall, the trout responded to cyanide in a manner similar to that produced by environmental hypoxia whereas the bullheads experienced a gustatory stimulus which masked the hypoxia-like response.     

An overview of stress physiology of fish transport: changes in water quality as a function of transport duration

This study brings an integrated analysis about the relationship between water deterioration and its physiological consequences in live fish transport. The analysis was focused on the transport water and its deterioration, and physiological challenges imposed on the fish. Usual commercial handling procedures employed to mitigate fish stress during transport were discussed. Future topics of research for the establishment of safer fish transport protocols were proposed. Transport was classified into short (≤8 h) or long transport (>8 h). The main issue in short transports should be the prevention of water pH reduction, while in long transports it is the increase in ammonia. Plasma cortisol is the most employed marker for stress and is acutely elevated upon short episodes of transport, but remains elevated even in long‐transport events. Plasma glucose is perhaps a better marker for handling stress. Plasma lactate, pH, osmolality CO₂ and ions should be more often evaluated. Plasma Na⁺ and Cl^‐ are very useful markers of acidosis, due to their respective exchange for H⁺ and , for acid–base regulation. The establishment of species‐specific transport protocols should be preceded by such combined analyses of water and physiological parameters.     

Are hatchery‐reared abalone naïve of predators? Comparing the behaviours of wild and hatchery‐reared northern abalone,Haliotis kamtschatkana (Jonas, 1845)

Abalone populations have declined worldwide, generating interest in enhancement using hatchery‐reared individuals. In many cases, such restoration efforts have met with limited success due to high predator‐induced mortality rates. Furthermore, the mortality rates of outplanted hatchery abalone are often considerably higher than for wild individuals. This study uses northern abalone (Haliotis kamtschatkana) as a case study to determine whether hatchery‐reared abalone behave differently than their wild counterparts. In the field, outplanted hatchery‐reared abalone were significantly less responsive than wild abalone, in terms of number of abalone responding and intensity of response, to nearby movement and to physical contact with an inert probe. Also, when encountering a cue to which all abalone responded (a seastar predator), hatchery‐reared individuals remained subdued. Anti‐predator behavioural deficits in hatchery‐reared abalone were more pronounced in 4‐year‐old individuals than in 1‐year‐old individuals, suggesting an influence of either age or amount of time spent in the hatchery environment. These behavioural differences are expected to increase the vulnerability of hatchery‐reared abalone to predators, and are likely a major cause of their elevated predator‐induced mortality when outplanted.     

Effects of cadmium on the kinetics of calcium uptake in developing tilapia larvae, Oreochromis mossambicus

The toxic effects of Cd²⁺ on Ca²⁺ influx kinetics in developing tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) larvae were evaluated. Addition of 20 µg l^-1 of Cd²⁺ to the environment of 0 and 3 day-old larvae competitively inhibited the Ca²⁺ uptake within 4h resulting in a great increase in K_m values for Ca²⁺ influx (19.3 and 17.4 fold, respectively) as compared with their respective controls. Consequently, the actual Ca²⁺ influx of larvae in solutions of 0.2 mM Ca²⁺ are suppressed by 32–45%. Also, 3 day-old larvae were more sensitive to internally accumulated Cd²⁺ than 0 day-old larvae. Although the Ca²⁺ influx in 0 and 3 day-old larvae may be restored to the levels of their respective controls with 24h of being transferred to a 20 µg l^-1 Cd²⁺ solution, total body Ca²⁺ content was significantly reduced in 3 day-old larvae. Increased Ca²⁺ uptake efficiency ensures sufficient Ca²⁺ for normal growth. However, rapid increase in Ca²⁺ influx after hatching also leads to higher Cd²⁺ uptake. Exposure to Cd²⁺ will lead to a drop in body Ca²⁺ content resulting in retardation of larval growth. Therefore, we conclude that if Ca²⁺ uptake is interfered with at this critical stage of development, larvae will not be able to maintain normal levels of body Ca²⁺ and will show signs of Cd²⁺ poisoning.     

Migratory dynamics of stream-spawning longnose gar (Lepisosteus osseus)

Abstract– Literature evidence suggests that lake-dwelling longnose gar (Lepisosteus osseus) enter tributary streams to spawn, Until the present study, the dynamics of this breeding migration had never been investigated quantitatively. During the summers of 1991 and 1992, longnose gar were captured as they entered Weaubleau Creek, Missouri, a tributary of Harry S. Truman Reservoir. The in-stream spawning migration began in early April and ended in late May, and was positively correlated with stream flow and water level, and negatively correlated with water temperature. In-stream residence times ranged from 15 to 94 days, with males exhibiting longer residence times than females. Once in-stream, longnose gar travelled as far as 10 km upstream and occupied certain pools at greater relative frequencies. Although the reason for this preferential utilization is not completely understood, it may relate to pool depth and riffle proximity. Longnose gar disperse from the spawning stream great distances, with gar captured in Weaubleau Creek being recaptured up to 48 km away. This information should provide fisheries biologists the means to consider the reproductive ecology of this species in their conservation and management decisions.     

Nutritional regulation of hepatocyte fatty acid desaturation and polyunsaturated fatty acid composition in zebrafish (Danio rerio) and tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

The desaturation and elongation of [1-¹⁴C]18:3n-3 was investigated in hepatocytes of the tropical warm freshwater species, zebrafish (Danio rerio) and Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). The hepatocyte fatty acid desaturation/elongation pathway was assayed before and after the fish were fed two experimental diets, a control diet containing fish oil (FO) and a diet containing vegetable oil (VO; a blend of olive, linseed and high oleic acid sunflower oils) for 10 weeks. The VO diet was formulated to provide 1% each of 18:2n-6 and 18:3n-3, and so satisfy the possible EFA requirements of zebrafish and tilapia. At the end of the dietary trial, the lipid and fatty acid composition was determined in whole zebrafish, and liver, white muscle and brain of tilapia. Both zebrafish and tilapia expressed a hepatocyte fatty acid desaturation/elongation pattern consistent with them being freshwater and planktonivorous fish. The data also showed that hepatic fatty acid desaturation/elongation was nutritionally regulated with the activities being higher in fish fed the VO diet compared to fish fed the FO diet. In zebrafish, the main effect of the VO diet was increased fatty acid Δ6 desaturase activity resulting in the production of significantly more 18:4n-3 compared to fish fed the FO diet. In tilapia, all activities in the pathway were greater in fish fed the VO diet resulting in increased amounts of all fatty acids in the pathway, but primarily eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6n-3). However, the fatty acid compositional data indicated that despite increased activity, desaturation of 18:3n-3 was insufficient to maintain tissue proportions of EPA and DHA in fish fed the VO diet at the same level as in fish fed the FO diet. Practically, these results indicate that manipulation of tilapia diets in commercial culture in response to the declining global fish oil market would have important consequences for fish fatty acid composition and the health of consumers. Scientifically, zebrafish and tilapia, both the subject of active genome mapping projects, could be useful models for studies of lipid and fatty acid metabolism at a molecular biological and genetic level. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Production of diatom–bacteria biofilm isolated from Seriola lalandi cultures for aquaculture application

Controlled incorporation of selected microalgae and bacteria in aquaculture systems can be beneficial because they can act as microbiological control. That is why the characteristics of biofilm generated naturally in Seriola lalandi culture cages were analysed, their potential benefit to the growth of larvae was studied, and their controlled use for improving the larval viability and as a vector to improve incorporation of previously studied probiotic bacteria was tested. According to biodiversity results, these biofilms are composed of a diatom–bacteria mix showing a decrease in biodiversity in laboratory culture conditions being dominated by Navicula phyllepta and bacteria of the family Rhodobacteraceae. This can be produced on mesh substrates incorporated in bioreactors with rapid growth rate and adhesiveness. Preliminary results from the addition of substrates with this specific biofilm in larvae culture systems showed that it is consumed by the larvae without negative effects, while positive effects on the viability of larvae in combination with probiotics were observed. Considering preliminary results, the addition of these specific substrates with diatom–bacteria biofilms could be a good improvement for aquaculture systems and together with the use of probiotics can contribute to maintaining a stable and controlled system improving the viability of the larval fish culture in its early stages.