九孔鲍育苗池附着基上底栖微藻群落及其多样性

2006年9月14至10月26日对福建省漳浦县下蔡九孔鲍(Haliotis diversicolor supertexta)育苗池进行定点采样。检测结果共鉴定底栖微藻24属62种,其中硅藻21属59种,绿藻、蓝藻和褐藻各1种。附着基上底栖微藻的优势种有12种,全部为硅藻,如盾卵形藻微小变种(Cocconeis scutellum var.parva)、小形舟形藻(Navicula parva)、咖啡双眉藻(Amphora coffeaeformis)、琴式菱形藻(Nitzschia panduriformis)等。优势种的优势度突出。常见种有25种,少见种有27种。优势种和常见种多是能够适应底栖环境的种类。附着基上底栖微藻种类及多样性指数育苗早期波动大,后期逐渐稳定,底栖微藻多样性指数平均为0.980～1.959,结果表明,底栖微藻群落结构的演变与鲍幼体摄食活动有很大的相关性。     

单细胞藻类饲养青蛤稚贝的研究

本试验以几种单细胞藻类为饵料,研究青蛤稚贝的生长和成活率。经21天饲养证明,小球藻、扁藻、三角褐指藻、底栖硅藻都是青蛤稚贝的适宜饵料,其成活率均达90％以上,其中又以投喂底栖硅藻生长最快。     

菲律宾蛤仔稚贝食料和食性的研究

本文叙述了在室内控制条件下，摄食底栖硅藻和几种浮游单细胞藻的菲律宾蛤仔稚贝的生长速度和存活率。结果表明，稚贝不论是摄食底栖硅藻还是摄食浮游单细胞藻都能正常生长，只是摄食不同种类的饵料生长速度不同而已，其中以摄食底栖硅藻和角毛藻、湛江叉鞭藻和角毛藻的混合投喂效果最佳。稚贝摄食这些饵料，不但生长快(分别为33．7微米／日和29．2微米／日)，而且存活率高(80％左右)。除要注意选择适宜的饵料种类外，饵料的投放密度也不可勿视。在稚贝的培养中，所投饵料的适宜密度应控制在2．5—5万个，毫升(混合饵料各一半)。本文还论述了底栖硅藻和冷冻扁藻混合投喂也能获得较满意结果，但比上述最佳的混合饵料的效果差。     

底栖硅藻大面积培养技术

底栖硅藻是从鲍上足分化匍匐幼体附着变态到长至壳长达3-5mm的稚鲍所必需的饵料。底栖硅藻质量的优劣，直接影响到鲍苗培育的成活率。因此培养足量的优质底栖硅藻是鲍人工育苗生产中最为重要的环节。本文重点围绕高密度、优质底栖硅藻规模化培养技术进行探讨，总结了一套底栖硅藻大面积培养技术，     

硅藻对鲍幼体着底和生长的影响

硅藻对鲍幼体着底和生长的影响日本水产大学大贝政治、广岛县水试若野真、兵库县水试长井敏研究表明，皱纹盘鲍幼体从浮游转着底时，因附着板上硅藻优势种不同，而出现着底数差别很大，且其后生长也有很大差异。附着硅藻为单一培养的卵形藻、聚生舟形藻、新月菱形藻。对照...     

底栖硅藻种类组成对皱纹盘鲍匍匐幼体和稚鲍生长、存活的影响

为验证由生产培养获得的不同质量的底栖硅藻培养皱纹盘鲍不同生长阶段幼体的效果,采用经不同培养措施获得的两类底栖硅藻群落(饵料A和饵料B)培养皱纹盘鲍前期匍訇幼体和稚鲍.试验结果表明,饵料A培养前期匍匐幼体的存活率[(43.47±13.53)%]显著高于饵料B[(6.94±5.17)%],但生长指标差异不显著.两类饵料培养的稚鲍存活率差异不显著,但饵料B的生长速度和特定生长率[(0.151±0.025)mm/d和(4.706±0.492)%/d)]显著高于饵料A[(0.103±0.022)mm/d和(3.625±0.374)%/d)].说明皱纹盘鲍幼体在不同生长阶段适应底栖硅藻的种类不同.匍匐幼体期对底栖硅藻质量要求较高,稚鲍期由于食量增加和食性转化,对饵料数量的要求表现得更为明显.     

皱纹盘鲍工厂化育苗技术

利用坑道培育和海捕的皱纹盘鲍亲体，进行人工催产、授精；以高密度集中培育浮游幼虫；用以舟形藻、卵形藻和菱形藻为主的底栖硅藻作为开口饵料，进行稚鲍前期培育；以幼鲍专用饲料作稚鲍后期饵料，进行稚鲍后期流水平面培育。1996年在8m2的采苗水面培育出壳长1．0～1．2cm的稚鲍2．4万个；1997年在50m2的采苗水面培育出壳长1．0～1．7cm的幼鲍16万个。     

鲍采苗板上底栖硅藻种类变化的观察

底栖硅藻作为鲍幼体的前期饵料,其种类与质量对鲍人工育苗的成败起着至关重要的作用,其种类适宜且数量充足可以延长鲍幼体的附着变态率,延长在板时间,实现剥离大规格苗种,达到提高成活率的目的。据报道在底栖硅藻自然种群中,以小型的卵形藻(Cocconesp.)和舟形藻(Naviculasp.)的     

2种底栖硅藻饲养杂色鲍幼体和稚贝的饵料效果

用羽纹藻（Pinnularia sp．）、简单双眉藻（Amprhoraexigua）、羽纹藻和简单双眉藻混合（混合组）作为饵料，以自然海区采集的硅藻作对照，研究其对杂色鲍（Haliotisdiversicolor）幼体和稚贝成活和生长的影响，确定人工分离的2种硅藻的饵料效果。结果表明，2种底栖硅藻在杂色鲍育苗中具有一定的饵料价值。饵料种类对不同规格杂色鲍的成活率和生长影响显著，并且2个观测指标的结果相同。幼体羽纹藻组、简单双眉藻、混合组3组间的成活率、生长无显著差异，但都明显比对照组低；稚贝简单双眉藻、混合组和对照组无显著差异，羽纹藻组显著比对照组低。     

固定化培养底栖硅藻研究

海产底栖硅藻是匍匐型贝类鲍、蝾螺和埋栖型贝类缢蛏、泥蚶以及底栖动物海参、海胆等名贵水产动物苗种的重要饵料。在鲍鱼育苗中,体长5mm以下的稚鲍以及海参育苗中,体长2mm以下的稚参都以底栖硅藻为主要饵料。底栖硅藻培养的成败与否,直接影响到这些水产动物的苗种生产的成败。在底栖硅藻的大量培养中,光照、温度、盐度、酸碱度等环境因素和N、P、Fe、Si等营养元素及许多植物激素都能影响底栖硅藻的生长。而且底栖硅藻营底栖生活,不像浮游微藻那样能立体地利用水体,不像浮游微藻那样在悬浮状态可以高效率利用营养物质,他们的生长受到了营…     

患病九孔鲍苗中异养菌产胞外酶的分析

为探寻南方九孔鲍(Haliotis diversicolor supersicolor supertexta)苗大规模掉板死亡病因,从鲍鱼场患病掉板九孔鲍苗中分离到28株异养菌,并对其分泌胞外酶的能力进行分析.结果表明,分离得到的异养菌中有46.4%能分泌(酪)蛋白酶,60.7%能分泌明胶酶,3.57%分泌卵磷脂酶,17.86%分泌溶血素,但均不能分泌脂肪酶和淀粉酶.推测胞外蛋白酶为鲍苗患病的主要致病因子之一.综合考虑每一种胞外酶的潜在致病作用,以及菌株分泌多种胞外酶的能力,初步确认有5株异养菌为鲍苗掉板的潜在致病菌.     

杂色鲍与九孔鲍种质资源研究进展

杂色鲍和九孔鲍是我国南方鲍养殖业的主要对象,九孔鲍与杂色鲍的分类关系,学术界一直存在着不同看法。文章综述了我国杂色鲍和九孔鲍在形态学、染色体核型、生化遗传学及分子遗传学方面种质研究的主要进展,得出二者间差异属于种群差异,台湾的九孔鲍和大陆的杂色鲍的种质差异达不到亚种水平的结论。提出了自己的观点,并提出了合理引种及保护原种的建议。     

Culture of benthic diatoms and effect of dissolved organic carbon on metamorphosis of the ‘white sea urchin Lytechinus pictus (Verrill)’

The effect of biofilms of the benthic diatom Navicula incerta and of the dissolved organic carbon (DOC) they produce was evaluated on the growth and survival of Lytechinus pictus postlarvae during metamorphosis. In each container, 300 postlarvae were exposed to biofilms beginning on days 1, 3 and 6 of metamorphosis, using three replicates and a blank containing only filtered water. The experiments were run for 15 and 18 days in 500‐mL containers with daily water changes. We measured 30 postlarvae from each container and counted all organisms on days 1, 3, 9 and 15; DOC was quantified on days 3, 6 and 9. A second experiment was conducted to evaluate whether the presence of diatoms or the DOC they produced improved postlarval development. Five assays were performed in triplicate: a positive control with biofilms, a negative control with filtered water and three treatments with DOC‐enriched water from a N. incerta culture supplied on days 1, 4 and 8. In both experiments, postlarvae attained the largest size and highest survival in the treatments with the biofilm. The results indicate that the increase in postlarval size and survival was due to the DOC produced by the diatoms and not by their presence alone.     

九孔鲍人工育苗试验

报告了我国北方沿海地区利用电厂冷却海水进行九孔鲍人工育苗的试验。试验结果表明;九孔鲍在繁殖匀性及其育苗技术工艺条件等方面与我国以往的皱纹盘鲍常规育苗方法有较明显的差别,必须采取与之相应的技术手段。利用余热水在大连地区进行九孔鲍人工繁殖是可行的。     

Performance of a new artificial abalone hatchery culture system in terms of settlement of larvae and growth and survival of postlarval Haliotis discus discus (Reeve)

ABSTRACT:   A new abalone postlarval culture system, Stott's abalone postlarval production system (SAPPS), is being developed as an alternative method for settling larvae and on-growing postlarval abalone. SAPPS was tested in trial 1 using two commercially available artificial diets, Adam and Amos (Adam; supplied by Adam and Amos, Mt Barker, SA, Australia) and Cosmo (Cos; supplied by Cosmo, Matsuyama, Japan), against the diatom biofilm method (Diatom). In trial 2, SAPPS was tested against the previous production system (PPS, used by Stott et al. 2002). Larvae were induced to metamorphose and the resulting postlarvae were on-grown in 10-L flow-through tanks for 28 days in their respective treatments. The final survival of postlarvae was significantly higher ( P  < 0.05) in the SAPPS-Cos group (56.7 ± 11.15%) than in the Diatom (9.4 ± 2.7%) and SAPPS-Adam groups (8.5 ± 1.1%). The final length of postlarvae in SAPPS-Cos (1065 ± 73 µm) was significantly higher ( P  < 0.05) than those in the other two treatments (average of 841–883 µm). In trial 2 the metamorphosis rate was improved by using Spirulina platensis. The final length of postlarvae in SAPPS (1449–1471 µm) was significantly higher ( P  < 0.05) than PPS (1065–1075 µm) and Diatom (993 µm). There is potential for SAPPS to be used as an alternative to the current diatom method in the culture of postlarval abalone.     

Growth of Red Abalone,Haliotis rufescens,Fed Cold‐stored Benthic Diatoms

We measured the proximal composition of four benthic diatoms that were stored for 24 mo in the dark at low temperature (4 C by refrigeration) and examined their potential as feed for abalone, Haliotis rufescens, postlarvae. The proximal composition of the four diatoms was modified by species‐specific responses as a function of time in storage. The cultures of all stored diatoms contained low or undetectable concentrations of Vibrio‐like bacteria (<0.01 VLB/mL). As feed for abalone postlarvae, the four diatoms promoted growth under all experimental conditions. Greater shell lengths were measured on Day 14 when Navicula sp. and Navicula incerta were used as feed. Postlarvae that were fed N. incerta and Navicula sp. had higher growth rates. In contrast, lower growth rates were observed on Day 7 with fresh and stored Nitzschia thermalis as food. Survival was high in postlarvae that were fed the four stored diatoms (100%). This report demonstrates that cultures of benthic diatoms that have been stored by refrigeration for 24 mo can be used to feed abalone postlarvae and have an effect on improving growth and survival.     

Using micro particle diets to replace diatoms for feeding postlarval abalone Haliotis discus discus (Reeve.)

Feeding artificial micro diets instead of diatoms may allow a more constant and controlled form of nutrition, and thus results in lower mortality rate and increased growth. A 4-week trial was conducted to determine the growth and survival of postlarval Haliotis discus discus (Reeve.) postlarvae fed three experimental micro particle diets, and naturally occurring diatoms. A completely randomized design was adopted with each diet being replicated three times. All diets varied in terms of particle size and gross composition. Survival rate was significantly lower ( P  < 0.05) in the diatom diet (19.5 ± 2.1%) when compared with the K-1 diet (38.8 ± 8.9%), the K-2 diet (43.7 ± 5.6%) and the MD-Q diet (44.2 ± 14.8%). The size of postlarvae fed the four diets was not significantly different ( P  > 0.05). There was also little difference in the daily growth rate. Based on the results of this work for the preliminary implementation of artificial food as a replacement diet for diatoms, it seems that postlarval H . discus discus readily consumes artificial micro particle diets and has a superior survival rate when compared to that of diatoms.     

Settling and raising postlarval abalone Haliotis diversicolor supertexta (Lischke) on microparticulate diets embedded in a layer of alginate

Two 21 day experiments were conducted to determine whether microparticulate diets could be used to substitute for diatoms for raising (Experiment 1) as well as settling and on‐growing (Experiment 2) Haliotis diversicolor supertexta postlarvae. The experiments were conducted in 10 L flow‐through tanks and each diet had three replicate tanks. In experiment 1, three experimental microparticulate diets supplied by a commercial feed company, labelled SF‐15, SF‐15 (T) and JFY‐13–1, were used, and in experiment 2, SF‐15 and SF‐15 (T). Artificial diets were compared to diatoms in terms of supporting growth and survival. The survival rate for experiment 1 was lowest for JFY‐13–1 (0%) and highest for diatoms (12.9±0.8%). The final size of postlarvae fed SF‐15 and SF‐15 (T) was significantly greater than that of postlarvae fed diatoms, 973±193 μm and 996±220 μm compared to 786±141 μm. In experiment 2, a total number of 501 larvae settled onto plates covered with SF‐15, 254 on SF‐15 (T) and 1085 on diatoms. The highest survival rate was 33.1±6.9% for SF‐15 and the lowest was 17.3±5.0% for diatoms. However, the final length of postlarvae fed diatoms was significantly greater than SF‐15 and SF‐15 (T); 1018±379 μm compared to 728±89 μm and 717±90 μm. The artificial micro diets used in this study were comparable to diatoms in terms of grow and survival of postlarval H. diversicolor supertexta.     

盐度对九孔鲍摄食_生长及存活的影响

九孔鲍摄食人工饲料的盐度范围为２０￣３８，其中较适宜的盐度范围为２５￣３５，在此盐度范围内，小规格鲍（平均壳长１．３０ｃｍ，平均体重０．３７ｇ）的壳长日增长为９１．５￣１０２．３μｍ，日增重为８．６０￣１２．５５ｍｇ；大规格鲍（平均壳长２．７ｃｍ，平均体重２．３ｇ）的壳长日增长为５６．３０￣８１．８０μｍ，日增重为１２．６８￣２２．４８ｍｇ，其最适生长的盐度为３０￣３５，存活率为９７％￣１００％。