不同光质及胁迫处理对鼠尾藻及附生藻类光合生理的影响

利用鼠尾藻(Sargassun thumbergii)、菱形藻(Nitzschia)、石莼(Ulue pertusa)和绢丝藻(Callithamnion corymbosum)作为研究对象，通过白光、蓝光、红光照射，1%硝酸铵、1%柠檬酸、3%硫酸铵处理不同时间，淡水浸泡不同时间3种杂藻清除方法，系统研究光质、药物和淡水处理对鼠尾藻及杂藻光合生理的影响。结果显示，对于相对生长速率(RGR)、表观光合速率(Pn)及表观光合速率与呼吸耗氧速率(R)的比(Pn/R)，鼠尾藻幼孢子体在蓝光下均明显大于在白光和红光下，而菱形藻则在红光下较大，且鼠尾藻幼孢子体与菱形藻在蓝光下的Pn比明显大于其在白光和红光下的Pn比。结果显示，鼠尾藻幼孢子体若与菱形藻进行竞争，在蓝光下相对于在白光和红光下更有优势。硝酸铵、硫酸铵、柠檬酸药物处理对鼠尾藻幼孢子体的生理状态有一定的影响，且这种伤害具有不可逆性；对鼠尾藻嫩芽的伤害较小，且可恢复正常；对石莼的清除效果不明显，对绢丝藻有伤害。淡水处理对鼠尾藻幼孢子体有伤害，对鼠尾藻嫩芽伤害较小，对石莼影响不大，对绢丝藻有伤害。研究表明，在鼠尾藻幼苗早期培育过程中，可增大蓝光的照射或减少红光的照射，在一定程度上能促进鼠尾藻的生长且抑制菱形藻的生长；在鼠尾藻早期幼苗的杂藻清除中，应避免使用1%硝酸铵、1%柠檬酸和3%硫酸铵处理，会对鼠尾藻幼孢子体产生伤害；鼠尾藻育苗早期不宜使用淡水浸泡除去杂藻，鼠尾藻嫩芽每次淡水浸泡30 min，可清除杂藻，且对藻体无伤害。     

不同光质LED光源对坛紫菜自由丝状体生长和生理特性的影响

以野生型坛紫菜自由丝状体为培养材料,研究不同光质(绿光510~550 nm、蓝光455~475 nm、红光580~630 nm、白光400~760 nm)的发光二极管(LED)对无性增殖过程中自由丝状体生长及生理特性的影响。结果显示,蓝光能提高自由丝状体的生长速率,蓝光下藻体增重分别是白光、绿光、红光下藻体增重的1.10倍、1.82倍和2.17倍。蓝光处理有助于叶绿素a和类胡萝卜素的积累,二者含量分别较白光、绿光和红光处理提高13.77%、47.69%、63.42%和8.87%、87.07%、97.73%。蓝光和白光均有利于藻红蛋白合成,而绿光和红光降低藻红蛋白合成,但4种光质的LED光源对藻蓝蛋白合成的影响无显著性差异。蓝光能显著提高碳酸酐酶(CA)活性,较白光下CA活性增加11.36%。蓝光和绿光显著提高1,5-二磷酸核酮糖羧化酶/加氧酶(Rubis CO)活性,分别较白光下Rubis CO活性增加28.17%和61.21%。红光和绿光下藻体在培养后期的色泽暗淡,星状色素体少,部分藻体细胞内容物溢出,呈中空状态;而蓝光和白光下藻体健康正常,色泽鲜红。研究表明,在今后的坛紫菜自由丝状体无性扩繁过程中可以适当增加LED光源的蓝光组分,减少红光和绿光组分。     

Cu2+对鼠尾藻幼孢子体生长的影响

以鼠尾藻Sargassumthunbergii幼孢子体为材料,研究了Cu2+对不同生长时期的鼠尾藻幼孢子体生长的影响。不同生长时期的鼠尾藻幼孢子体对微量Cu2+都是敏感的。对于早期的鼠尾藻幼孢子体,5μg/L以上浓度的Cu2+对其正常生长不利;当Cu2+浓度达到或超过250μg/L时,该时期幼孢子体基本停止生长。对于后期的鼠尾藻幼孢子体,10μg/L以上浓度的Cu2+对其正常生长不利;1μg/L浓度的Cu2+对其生长有促进作用;当Cu2+浓度达到或超过50μg/L时,该时期幼孢子体增长缓慢或基本停止生长。鼠尾藻幼孢子体的假根由于结构和功能特性,对Cu2+的敏感程度不大,Cu2+处理初期依然表现出快速增长。     

铜藻的受精卵发生与幼孢子体发育

通过室内培养, 观察了铜藻受精卵的发生与幼孢子体发育, 研究了幼孢子体的适宜培养条件, 为全人工育苗奠定理论基础。结果表明, 铜藻雌性生殖托的基部和中部首先集中排卵, 卵子粘附于生殖托表面完成受精和早期发生。刚释放的卵子具有8个核, 受精后, 8个核迅速融合成1个大核, 开始细胞分裂。前二次的细胞分裂均为横裂, 在萌发体的一端产生一个很小的“假根原细胞”, 后者最终发育成假根, 萌发体的其它细胞发育成苗体。受精后约48 h, 受精卵发育成具有假根芽的幼孢子体, 开始脱落附着; 培养15 d, 发育成具有2个叶片、体长超过3 mm的幼孢子体。在幼苗的早期培育阶段, 较高的温度和长光照时有利于幼苗的生长和叶片增加, 适宜培养条件为温度21~24 ℃, 光密度40 μmol photons/(m2?s), 光周期14 L∶10 D。     

鼠尾藻有性繁殖和幼孢子体发育的形态学观察

野外跟踪观测烟台芦洋湾地区鼠尾藻的成熟繁殖状况,采集临近成熟的鼠尾藻至实验室培养,跟踪观测其卵子的排放、卵子和受精卵的发育、假根的生长以及幼孢子体的前期发育。试验结果表明,本地区鼠尾藻繁殖期集中在6—8月,鼠尾藻的卵子发育属8核1卵型,卵子受精后约20 h开始脱离生殖托,受精卵先连续进行2次的横分裂,而后再由一端的1个细胞发育成假根,另外2个发育成体细胞。幼孢子体在约2 mm时开始形成分枝突起。     

GeO2对海带幼孢子体培育过程中硅藻污染的抑制效应

采用叶绿素荧光技术,以光系统Ⅱ最大荧光产量(Fv/Fm)为指标,结合形态显微观察,研究了GeO2在海带幼孢子体培育过程中菱形藻污染的抑制效应。结果表明,1)对于菱形藻,当GeO2浓度在5mg/L以上时,对其Fv/Fm值有显著影响,达到或超过15mg/L时菱形藻趋于死亡。2)对于海带幼孢子体,GeO2浓度在20mg/L以上时,对其Fv/Fm值有显著影响,达到或超过30mg/L时其趋于死亡。3)对于受到菱形藻污染的海带幼孢子体,GeO2浓度在15mg/L以上时对其Fv/Fm值有显著影响,达到或超过20mg/L时其趋于死亡。综合来看,当GeO2浓度为5～15mg/L时,菱形藻光合作用受到较强的抑制,而对海带幼孢子体影响不大。     

温度和时间对海带(Saccharina japonica)孢子囊孢子放散及后期生长发育的影响

为了能够节约制冷成本,合理延长种海带在海上的预留时间,系统研究了不同温度(20、21、22、23、24℃)和培养时间(4、8、12、16d)对两个海带品系(“205”和“C033”)孢子放散能力及胚孢子萌发率、受精率、雌配子体发育和幼孢子体生长的影响.结果显示,当海水温度达到24℃时,孢子囊几乎丧失了放散能力,20-23℃的游孢子放散量差别不显著.在相同温度下,孢子囊培养时间为12、16d的胚孢子萌发率大于4、8d;同时,孢子囊培养16d的雌配子体和幼孢子体具有最小值.在相同培养时间下,23℃(或24℃)的雌配子体和幼孢子体远远小于20-22℃的.相关性分析表明,海带雌配子体大小与幼孢子体大小具有显著正相关性(P＜0.01).结果显示,当温度达到23℃或培养时间达到16d时,海带孢子囊受到了胁迫,不利于雌配子体的发育和幼孢子体的生长.温度对孢子囊的作用更迅速,而时间对孢子囊的作用较为缓慢,可能是一种累积效应.     

温度和时间对海带(Saccharina japonica)孢子囊孢子放散及后期生长发育的影响

为了能够节约制冷成本,合理延长种海带在海上的预留时间,系统研究了不同温度(20、21、22、23、24℃)和培养时间(4、8、12、16 d)对两个海带品系("205"和"C033")孢子放散能力及胚孢子萌发率、受精率、雌配子体发育和幼孢子体生长的影响。结果显示,当海水温度达到24℃时,孢子囊几乎丧失了放散能力,20–23℃的游孢子放散量差别不显著。在相同温度下,孢子囊培养时间为12、16 d的胚孢子萌发率大于4、8 d;同时,孢子囊培养16 d的雌配子体和幼孢子体具有最小值。在相同培养时间下,23℃(或24℃)的雌配子体和幼孢子体远远小于20–22℃的。相关性分析表明,海带雌配子体大小与幼孢子体大小具有显著正相关性(P0.01)。结果显示,当温度达到23℃或培养时间达到16 d时,海带孢子囊受到了胁迫,不利于雌配子体的发育和幼孢子体的生长。温度对孢子囊的作用更迅速,而时间对孢子囊的作用较为缓慢,可能是一种累积效应。     

羊栖菜养殖技术

羊栖菜(sargassum,fusiforme Harv setch)为北太平洋西部特有种类,分布于朝鲜、日本和我国沿岸。有较高的药疗和经济价值。 一、羊栖菜的生物学特征 羊栖菜隶属褐藻门,圆子纲,墨角藻目,马尾藻科,马尾藻属。藻体呈黄褐色,株高一般为30—50cm,高的可达200cm左右。采用生殖细胞人工育苗经养殖后高的可达330cm。藻体分为假根、茎、叶片和气囊4部份。藻体外形由于南北地理环境的不同,出现较大的差异,北方种群株技密集,叶、气囊扁宽多锯齿,南方株枝稀长,叶、气囊线形或棒状。 羊栖菜的生长方式是由顶端细胞进行立体型分裂。随着藻体生长,叶片由下向上逐渐脱落。 羊栖菜的生活史中只有孢子体阶段,而无明显的     

鼠尾藻幼孢子体培育条件探究

为探究鼠尾藻Sargassum thunbergii幼孢子体早期生长发育适宜的培养条件,设置了光照度、温度、盐度3个影响因素3个水平的正交实验,以及氮磷营养盐水平实验。研究表明,温度对鼠尾藻幼孢子体的生长影响最显著（P〈0．05）,25℃时幼孢子体比生长速率（sGR）获得最大值,为10．78％,随着温度的降低sGR逐渐降低;盐度对幼孢子体的SGR影响显著（P〈0．05）,盐度30时幼孢子体生长较快,盐度降低SGR也降低;光照度2000～8000lx对幼孢子体的生长影响不显著,SOR极差接近误差水平。氮磷营养盐水平对鼠尾藻幼孢子体的生长影响较大,实验用自然海水中氮素基本可以满足幼孢子体的需求,而磷元素相对缺乏。氮素加富条件下,氮磷比大于15：1时不利于幼孢子体的生长,适宜的氮磷比为10：1～2：1。结果表明,温度25℃、盐度30、光照度20001x是鼠尾藻幼孢子体早期生长发育适宜的条件。培养液氮素含量保持在0．45～1mg/L,磷含量保持在0．3mg/L左右有利于幼孢子体快速生长。     

Effects of light quality on the reproduction and morphology of sporophytes of Laminaria japonica (Phaeophyceae)

Responses of the sporophytes of Laminaria japonica to blue, red and white lights were investigated using segments, discs and whole plants. The relative growth rate with regard to the blade's length and width showed no difference among the light conditions during 2 weeks of culturing. On the contrary, the elongation rates of the stipe and the holdfast were 1.7–2.5 times higher under red light than that under white light as a control. Callus formation in the segments was also promoted more under red light conditions than under white or blue light. Blue light irradiation resulted in a 48% and 12% decrease in the relative growth rate of the stipe and the holdfast, respectively, in comparison with the control. When sporophyte discs were cultured for 10 weeks, all discs formed zoosporangial sori 2–3 weeks earlier under blue light than under white light. However, red light inhibited the formation of zoosporangia. Indoleacetic acid (IAA) oxidase activity was about two‐fold higher under blue light than under red light, suggesting that the difference in response between the blue and red light conditions is related to the internal IAA level of the tissues. The developmental, reproductive and morphological effects of blue and red lights will be useful for the artificial control of the life cycle of Laminaria plants and for the development of more efficient cultivation techniques.     

Effects of LED light quality on the growth,survival and metamorphosis of Haliotis discus hannai Ino larvae

Light is a key environmental factor influencing the growth, development and survival of aquatic organisms. We examined the effects of different light qualities (red, orange, white, blue, green or no light) and developmental stage at initial lighting [fertilized egg (FE), trochophore larva (TL), or eye‐spot larva (EL)] on the growth, development, and survival of larvae of the Pacific abalone Haliotis discus hannai Ino. Larva‐hatching success was significantly higher under blue, green, or no light compared with red, orange or white light (P < 0.05). Larval abnormalities were significantly increased under red, orange or white light compared with all other light qualities (P < 0.05). The incidence of metamorphosis in larvae illuminated from the TL stage was significantly higher under blue compared with other light qualities. Irrespective of the stage at initial illumination, the incidence of metamorphosis was lower in larvae cultured under red, orange or no light compared with other light qualities, but the differences were not significant (P > 0.05). Juvenile survival was significantly higher under blue or green compared with other light qualities (P < 0.05), with no significant effect of stage at initial illumination (P > 0.05). Larval size at completion of the shell was unaffected by stage at initial illumination, but was greater under blue or green light, while size at metamorphosis was greatest following illumination with blue or green light since the TL or EL stage (P < 0.05). Metamorphosis time was shortest with blue or green light and in cultures illuminated from the FE or TL stage (P < 0.05). Larval development from the FE to formation of the fourth tubule on the cephalic tentacles was fastest in larvae exposed since the FE or TL stage to blue or green light, compared with other light qualities (P < 0.05). However, there was no difference in terms of the rate of development from the FE to the TL stage between cultures lit or unlit since the FE egg stage (P > 0.05). These results suggest that a blue or green light source applied from the TL stage can increase the hatching and yield of H. discus hannai Ino, with important implications for the development of the aquaculture industry.     

The plasticity of vision and body development of turbot Scophthalmus maximus larvae Under different light spectra

This study was aimed to find out the effect of five light spectra (white, LDW; blue, LDB; green, LDG; red, LDR and yellow, LDY) on the visual development and growth performance of turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) larvae. The number (per 100 μm) of cone cells, outer nuclear cells, ganglion cells, the ratio of outer nuclear to cone and ganglion cells, lens diameter and the minimum separable angle were determined. Variations in growth performance in total length, body mass and body colour were also examined. The results showed that the LDB group underwent metamorphosis faster than did the other groups and attained the greatest total length, body mass and light sensitivity. The LDB group also completed the body colour variation prior to the other groups. The LDG group exhibited a high mortality rate since 25 dph (days post‐hatching). We arrived at the conclusions that the spectra could affect the vision and body development of turbot larvae specifically and the blue light had the enhancing efficiency during this process, followed by the white and yellow light. The red light imposed an inhibiting effect on these variations. Our study highlighted the significance of light condition and provided the reference for the farming.     

Promotion of callus propagation by 5‐aminolevulinic acid in a Laminaria japonica sporophyte

The effects of 5‐aminolevulinic acid (ALA) on the induction and growth of callus‐like cells in Laminaria japonica were investigated in explants obtained from basal, middle and apical portions along the sporophyte. 5‐Aminolevulinic acid treatment promoted the induction of callus‐like cells in explants obtained from all portions, and the induction rate was higher when a concentration of 50–500 mg L^?1 of ALA was used. The promotion was especially remarkable in apical explants, and the induction was 10–14 times higher in the 100–500 mg L^?1 range than that in the 0 mg L^?1. The cell division rate of callus‐like cells showed the highest value in the explants cultured with 500 mg L^?1 of ALA for 14 days. The promotion of the cell division rate by culturing with 500 mg L^?1 ALA was also observed under white, blue and red lights. The callus‐like cells, which were cultured in 500 mg L^?1 of ALA for 2 months, had many clear chloroplasts. After 3 months, young thalli occurred. These results suggest that the ALA treatment is effective for stable propagation of callus‐like cells in L. japonica.     

Analysis of light absorption and photosynthetic activity by Isochrysis galbana under different light qualities

The effect of light qualities, for example white light (WL), blue light (BL), red light (RL) and green light (GL), respectively, provided by the LEDs on the growth, pigment content, light absorption and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of Isochrysis galbana strain IOAC724S was measured. The growth rate of algae exposed to GL was not significantly different from that of WL, but was significantly higher than that of blue light (BL) or red light (RL). These four light colours were all efficiently absorbed by algal cells, with an absorption rate up to 92%–93%. The light absorbed by pigments contributes only part of the light absorbed by cells, ranging from 8.3% (at RL) to 59.7% (at BL). Among the monochromatic light, the highest light absorption was obtained in cells cultivated at BL, but the photochemical reaction was lowered. No positive effect of monochromatic RL was found. Cells cultivated at BL and RL were, respectively, restricted by down‐regulated photosynthetic efficiency and sufficient light absorption; meanwhile, GL showed a dramatic increase in photosynthetic efficiency, associated with a light absorption close to that for cells exposed to WL (both at 30.6%), suggesting that GL promotes the photosynthesis of I. galbana by balancing the light absorption and utilization.     

半滑舌鳎血液指标分析

以20尾半滑舌鳎为材料，测定了红细胞教、白细胞总教、血红蛋白值、白细胞分类计数、红细胞脆性与红细胞及其核大小等正常血液指标，并统计了性别与血液指标的关系，结果如下：红细胞数为（207.88±56.25）×10^4个／mm^3；白细胞数为（9.39±5.54）×10^4个／mm^3；红细胞脆性（0.25±0.02）／g％；血红蛋白含量为（12.36±0.10）g／100mL；白细胞分类记教中单核细胞占1.51‰，中性粒细胞占（98.85±2.51）％，而淋巴细胞、嗜碱性白细胞以及嗜酸性白细胞观测到的数目很少；红细胞大小（长径×短径）为：（7.524±0.58）μm×（6.29±0.72）μm，红细胞核大小（长径×短径）为：（3.14±O.68）μm×（2.54±0.59）μm。红细胞长径、红细胞核长径、短径在雌、雄中有极显著差异，红细胞短径在雌、雄性别中有显著差异，其他的血液指标在雌、雄中则无显著差异。     

Mineral composition in the holdfast of three brown algae of the genus Laminaria

SUMMARY: The mineral (Na, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn and Zn) contents in the holdfast of three brown algae of the genus Laminaria were determined to compare with those in frond and stipe. The wild and cultivated kelps of Laminaria japonica , L. ochotensis , and L. diabolica were used as samples. The K content was markedly high (11.76–14.91 g/100 g dry weight) in the holdfast of cultivated L. japonica; the K/Na ratio (3.88–5.18) of the holdfast was greater than those of frond and stipe as well as the reported values of frond (1.0–2.2). The content of Ca in the holdfasts of these three species was also higher than those in frond and stipe. The content of Mn showed the same tendency. This is the first report showing that the holdfast of L. japonica and L. diabolica is rich in minerals, especially K.