农业部公布15种重要经济鱼类最小可捕标准及幼鱼比例

正本刊讯为切实保护幼鱼资源,促进海洋渔业资源恢复和可持续利用,根据《中华人民共和国渔业法》有关规定和《中国水生生物资源养护行动纲要》要求,2月11日,农业部发布通告,决定自2018年起实施带鱼等15种重要经济鱼类最小可捕标准及幼鱼比例管理规定。通告明确了15种重要经济鱼类最小可捕规格,未达到最小可捕规格的为幼鱼。2018、2019和2020年,在单航次渔获物中,上述品种幼鱼重量     

东海区中上层鱼类可捕标准刍议

<正> 随着我国传统的底层经济鱼类资源的逐渐衰退和枯竭,马面鱼产量的急剧下降,东海区中上层鱼类的产量已达40万吨左右,仅次于带鱼占海洋捕捞产量的20％,成为海洋捕捞业的支柱。但由于大量的捕捞力量投入中上层鱼类的生产,致使中上层鱼类也出现了充分利用和过渡利用的迹象。一些资源专家和有识之士纷纷要求加强对中上层鱼类的保护,实施最小可捕标准制度,以防重蹈底层鱼类的覆辙。现就实施最小可捕标准制度的必要性、可行性及实施后的效果等论述如下:     

歼捕网栏养鱼库湾凶猛鱼(鲌类)的技术措施

提高网栏养鱼库湾鱼产量的措施是多方面的。其中歼捕库湾中的凶猛鱼(如鲌类),提高放养鱼类的成活率,是关键措施之一。蒙古红鲌、翘嘴红鲌是网栏养鱼库湾中主要的凶猛鱼类之一。对养殖鱼类及自然增殖的经济鱼类的幼鱼危害严重。对这两种凶猛鱼类,用刺网捕捞有一定     

福建省海洋捕捞十件事

福建省海洋捕捞作业从省情出发,对不同资源、不同海域、不同作业区别对待,综合治理,一九八五年,主要抓十件事. 一、改革底拖网具,提高捕捞效能和经济幼鱼释放率.推广二、三种较先进的网具,使其既能捕捞底层和近底层鱼类,又能捕中上层鱼类,同时能适应外海作业.以晋江为重点,逐步推开. 二、改革定置网,提高幼鱼释放率、推广沉网捕虾技术.拟在福鼎、霞浦、连江、长乐、平潭、莆田、惠安、晋江、东山等县各搞一、二个试点.     

对虾流网掉虾原因分析及其补救的技术措施

渤海、黄海北部秋汛捕捞对虾,以往主要使用拖网。为保护渔场水域的生态环境和幼鱼(幼体)资源,通过针对虾类行动的实验性观察,同时使用流网试捕。分析流网掉虾的原因和提出防范掉虾的技术措施,以便更好地实现“以流网代替拖网捕捞对虾”的技术改革。     

长天井、大网目囊网的机帆渔船双拖网增产对虾和释放幼鱼的试验研究

为合理利用我国北方海区对虾资源，每年秋季在渤海使用机动渔船双拖网捕捞生产。由于渤海既是主要的对虾渔场，又是多种经济鱼类产卵繁殖和幼鱼生长的良好场所。在拖网捕虾的同时，大量捕到当年的幼鱼，损害渔业资源。因此，在1974—1977年研究一种能够多捕对虾、大量释放幼鱼的新型双拖网。新型网的主要特点如下：它的天井网比原型网长一倍左右，并增加侧网使网口的覆盖面积和网高相应扩大，防止对虾接触网具后弹跳逃逸；将囊网网目放大到50毫米，以释放网内的幼鱼。试验效果较为满意。在模型网水槽试验中，新型网的主要优点是阻力较小、网口较高和网口前方覆盖面积较大。捕捞生产试验证明可以增产对虾40％以上，少捕幼鱼不少于60％。     

刚性分离栅对网板虾拖作业渔获物的分离效果

根据2002—2003年在福建中南部海区的网板虾拖网作业，应用刚性鱼虾分离栅进行释放经济幼鱼和鱼虾分离试验的资料，文章对试验期间的渔获物进行统计分析。结果表明：网板虾拖作业网具采用刚性分离栅对鱼类和虾类的分离特别明显，对体形较大的蟹类也有一定的分离效果，而对头足类的分离不是很明显。放大囊网网目尺寸的网袋可减少对主要经济种类幼体和其它种类的捕捞，从而达到有选择性的捕捞，保护渔业资源。     

农业部:长江全面禁捕和渔民退捕转产实施方案年内出台

<正>本刊讯"史上最严休渔制度"执行至今已超过三个月,今年上半年,我国海洋捕捞产量同比减少18%。农业部表示,当前,一些地方重捕捞产量的观念仍有待扭转,预计年内,长江全面禁捕和渔民退捕转产实施方案将出台。我国自1995年起全面实施海洋伏季休渔制度。近年来,海洋渔业资源因长期衰退导致主要经济鱼类产卵期提前,一些渔民在休渔前捕捞产卵群体和幼鱼     

东海区帆式张网渔业管理的研究

<正> 90年代,随着渔业生产经营体制的改革转轨,帆式张网以其渔业广、适捕对象多、选择渔场机动灵活、节约能源等优点,受到渔区广大渔民的欢迎,在江苏南通、浙江舟山等地区得到了迅速的推广使用,成为东海区的主要捕捞作业方式之一。目前,帆式张网作业发展势头未减,已经引起各级渔业主管部门和广大渔区干部渔民的普遍关注。帆式张网作业优势明显,但缺陷也相当突出,尤其是对多种经济鱼类幼鱼资源的损害极为严重。因此,在当前东海区捕捞强度过大、主要传统经济鱼类资源捕捞过度、资源状况不断恶化的情况下,全面分析帆式张网作业的利弊得失,提出相应的管理对策和控制措施,对保护和合理利用渔业资源,促进东海区海洋捕捞的稳定和协调持续发展有着重要意义。     

东海区海洋渔业资源近况浅析

根据渔获产量统计和鱼类生物学资料对东海区海洋渔业资源动态作了分析。结果表明：近几年东海区海洋渔业捕捞产量虽连年增长，但主要是靠大幅度提高捕捞强度等措施获得。渔获物中增加的主要是经济鱼类的幼鱼和低值小杂鱼类，渔获物小型化、低龄化等过度捕捞现象仍然十分严重。渔业资源结构日趋恶化，渔业资源状况并没有明显改善。     

兴凯湖鱼类群落结构变化与渔业资源利用

2012年5月-10月，对兴凯湖鱼类及渔业资源利用状况进行了调查，2012年渔产量约为295t，工作渔船209条，期间共统计渔获物1081kg，生物学测定803尾，经鉴定共有鱼类50种。近年来，兴凯湖生态环境的改变导致鱼类种群结构变化，渔获物个体趋向低龄化、小型化，产量持续下降。本研究整理了历史数据并将其与本次调查结果进行对比，分析渔获物组成特征以及渔产量动态变化特点，找出鱼类群落结构的变化趋势，提出了未来兴凯湖渔业资源可持续利用的建议。     

福建平潭岛海域游泳生物生态和资源保护

1990年4个季节月调查，平潭岛海域有游泳生物88种，其中鱼类62种，甲壳类22种，头足类4种。鱼类区系属于印度－西太平洋的中国－日本亚区。种类数的季节分布呈秋季＞夏季＝冬季＞春季，生物量匠优势种均为龙头鱼和带鱼，生物量的季节分布呈冬季＞秋季＞夏季＞春季，密度呈夏季＞春季＞冬季＞秋季。平均月生物量和密度岛北部海域分别是岛南部海域的2.55倍和1.32倍。本文分析了种类组成与环境的关系，并提出了渔业资源保护的建议：（1）保护幼鱼的索饵场和生殖群体的产卵场；（2）适当适长伏季休渔期；（3）定置网的最适捕捞力量估算为12912张。     

Changes in a coral reef fishery along a gradient of fishing pressure in an Indonesian marine protected area

1. Human population growth, rising incomes, and increased commercialization of marine resources promote demand for reef fish, yet few studies in Indonesia have examined how artisanal fisheries are influenced by the socio‐cultural conditions that contribute to their exploitation. This study examined artisanal fisheries of Karimunjawa National Park, Java, to understand how the condition of an artisanal fishery was related to socio‐cultural factors, along a gradient in fishing pressure.
2. A total of 8674 fishes landed in Karimunjawa by fishers using four artisanal fishing gears were examined to understand how the condition of the artisanal fishery (standard and infinite fish length, trophic level and weight) related to fishing gear use, village fishing grounds, management, human population size, human population density and estimated fishing pressure.
3. Depletion in fish lengths and trophic structure were found at or above 46 fishing trips day^‐1 km^‐2, suggesting that fishing pressure is a key factor driving fishery catch structure. When catch characteristics were examined in relation to the fishing pressure estimates from each village, negative correlations were found between inshore fishing pressure (no. trips day^‐1 km^‐2) and all four fish catch characteristics, but owing to small sample sizes (n = 5), only the effects on trophic level were significant.
4. Fishery closures had limited impact on fish characteristics, and lack of any effect of spatial controls on fishing also supports the notion that fishing pressure and the types of fishing gears used, most likely driven by human population densities, are the greatest drivers of reef fish catch characteristics in the Karimunjawa fishery.
5. In the absence of support for fishery closures from local fishing communities or adequate enforcement of fishery closures, targeted gear or species management strategies that limit impacts on large‐bodied fish and aim to conserve key species may be more effective in improving the size and trophic structure of fish populations.

Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Vulnerability of marine resources to small‐scale fishing in a tropical area: The example of Sunda Strait in Indonesia

Although small‐scale fisheries (SSF) play an important socio‐economic role in developing nations, overfishing seems to be increasing the risk of stock vulnerability. This study aims to quantify the pressure of SSF on fish stocks in Sunda Strait (Indonesia) using several biological indicators that are important in quantifying fishing pressure. Data on these indicators were collected monthly for three years (2012–2014) in one of the main fishing ports of the area. The results provide evidence that, although SSF would appear to be the most environmentally sustainable of all the fishing techniques being used today in the coastal waters of Indonesia, the impact of SSF fishing on juvenile fishes in certain areas such as the Sunda Strait must not be underestimated. The results also show the need to protect immature fish of species that are not only commercialised but are also important in subsistence fisheries. Although further studies are needed to assess the impact of SSF on fish stocks in the area, it is suggested management recommendations that include the implementation of marine‐protected areas in nursery grounds and establishing minimum landing sizes well above the size‐at‐maturity for each species, are needed.     

闽南海区休渔前后张网作业渔获物组成比较分析

本文主要根据2008年闽南海区张网作业渔业资源监测资料，对休渔前后（4月和8月）张网作业渔获物组成进行比较分析。结果表明：2008年休渔前后都以捕经济种类幼鱼为主。4月带鱼、二长棘鲷、刺鲳、鲐鱼、中华管鞭虾等主要经济种类渔获重量占总渔获物重量69．6％，其中带鱼幼鱼数量最多，占总渔获数量的26．2％（每网渔获尾数744ind），居第一位；且个体极小，基本上全为幼鱼，平均体重8．1g。8月带鱼、二长棘鲷、短尾大眼鲷、叫姑鱼、白姑鱼、须赤虾等主要经济种类渔获重量占总渔获物重量50．9％。带鱼数量明显减少（每网渔获尾数226ind），但个体增大，肛长140mm以上占63．6％，平均体重54．5g，比4月增加46．4g。并结合2004、2007年有关资料，较为详细说明休渔前（4月）张网作业对近岸经济幼鱼、幼体损害比休渔结束后（8月）严重，通过休渔对带鱼等经济种类幼鱼资源起了一定保护作用。     

大亚湾马鞭洲大型爆破对周围水域环境与海洋生物影响的评估

为了掌握大亚湾马鞭洲岛大型爆破对周围水生环境和海洋生物的实际影响。对爆破现场进行了监测。并对爆破产生的效应做了评估。结果表明，马鞭洲岛周围水域的14项水质指标在爆破后24h内均恢复正常水平；表层沉积物9项指标在爆破后未发现明显异常；爆破对浮游动物的种类构成和生物量没有明显影响；对鱼卵仔鱼影响的最远距达2000m，并在爆破24h后影响范围内的鱼卵仔鱼数量尚无明显恢复迹象；爆破后渔获量明显降低，对距爆心2000m以内水域的海洋经济种类造成直接损害和持续性影响。     

Temperature conditions in the Argentine chub mackerel (Scomber japonicus) fishing ground: implications for fishery management

We describe the seasonal migrations of Argentine chub mackerel ( Scomber japonicus ) into the fishing ground in relation to sea surface temperature conditions and analyse the temperature evolution during the fishing season on the basis of 1955–97 time-series. The upper temperature limit for the presence of schools was around 19°C. At higher values, most schools leave coastal waters (< 50 m) for the shelf. An inverse relationship was observed between catches per unit of effort (CPUE) of the inshore fishery and sea surface temperature. The highest standardized CPUE values corresponded to temperatures lower than 19°C. Above this temperature, the probability of obtaining a standardized CPUE higher than 1 was extremely low, and the standard deviations were minimal. The economic benefit from catches was also analysed through the different months of the fishing season. It was found that the mean benefit corresponding to temperatures lower than 19°C exceeded approximately 15 times that obtained at higher temperatures. A simple fishing strategy was proposed to the commercial fleet in order to improve the economic benefit of the catches. The migratory pattern followed by mackerel during the spawning period was also analysed in relationship to other environmental factors like food availability. Zooplankton composition, size structure and abundance in coastal and shelf waters are described, and their implications for feeding ecology of larvae and adults of the species are discussed.     

论福建近海渔业和渔业资源的管理

本文根据近海渔业资源衰退的实际,有针对性地提出渔业和渔业资源管理具体措施和建议,主要是:(1)削减捕捞力量,优化捕捞作业结构;(2)实施TAC制度;(3)渔获量配额管理和提高渔获物附加值;(4)伏季休渔和产卵场保护;(5)种群最小可捕标准和渔具最小尺寸;(6)重点保护生活史k选择的种群;(7)增殖放流明显衰退的经济种类;(8)杜绝毒、炸、电违规捕捞;(9)控制对沿岸海域的污染,保护渔业生态环境;(10)加强资源监测和预测,开展渔情预报;(11)完善渔业统计,建立渔捞记录制度;(12)强化渔业法和水产资源繁殖保护条例的宣传教育力度;(13)开展渔业资源普查工作等等。     

海州湾及邻近海域春夏季典型断面鱼类浮游生物群落的结构特征

根据2015年5―7月在海州湾及邻近海域存在空间异质性的南北两个典型断面进行的鱼卵、仔稚鱼水平拖网调查数据,采用多元统计分析等方法研究了该海域春、夏季鱼类浮游生物群落的空间变化。结果表明,本次调查共获得鱼卵33587粒,仔稚鱼713尾。出现鱼卵25种(未定种1种),隶属于14科25属,仔稚鱼13种(未定种1种),隶属于13科13属。鱼卵优势种主要是鳀(Engraulis japonicus)、多鳞鱚(Sillago sihama)、(魚銜)属(Callionymus spp.)、皮氏叫姑鱼(Johnius belengerii)、江口小公鱼(Stolephorus commersonni)和短吻红舌鳎(Cynoglossus joyneri);仔稚鱼优势种主要是(魚銜)属和斑鰶(Konosirus punctatus)。鱼类浮游生物种类组成年代际变化明显,目前以生命周期短、个体小、资源更新节律快的小型鱼种为主;研究表明,鱼类浮游生物的优势种在不同月份和断面之间存在一定变化,5、6月南北两断面优势种组成不同,7月开始出现共同优势种。从鱼类浮游生物的空间分布来看,近岸海域的丰度较高,5、6月鱼类浮游生物的平均丰度均为北面断面1高于南面断面2,7月反之。鱼类浮游生物群落在两个典型断面随月份呈现出不同特征,水深、温度和盐等海洋环境因子综合影响着春、夏季海州湾及邻近海域鱼类浮游生物群落结构。     

Habitat analysis of the commercial tuna of the Eastern Tropical Pacific Ocean

We have extracted information on the habitats of bigeye (Thunnus obesus), skipjack (Katsuwonus pelamis) and yellowfin (Thunnus albacares) in the Eastern Tropical Pacific Ocean by matching the spatial‐temporal distribution of catch and effort of purse seine and longline fleets collected by the Inter‐American Tropical Tuna Commission with oceanographic conditions and subjecting the matched data to Quotient Analysis and General Additive Models (GAMs). These analyses yielded the following results. The habitats defined by the GAM analysis of young fish differ significantly between two periods, one before and one after the introduction of fish aggregation devices (FADs). This was not true for the older fish caught by longline. We speculate that these changes were caused by the extensive use of FADs. Younger bigeye and yellowfin caught by the purse seine fleet have a different preference of environmental variables compared to older fish caught by longline. This is to be expected since tuna of different age groups have different sizes, metabolic capabilities and swimming skills. Moreover, as revealed by GAMs, the habitats of young fish differ between species to a much larger degree than those of older fish. Our results indicate the fundamental differences between fishing methods, targeted species, and operating region of the two fisheries. Specifically, young bigeye occupy equatorial waters farther from the coast and where the hypoxic layer is deeper, young skipjack occupy more productive waters associated with equatorial and coastal upwelling, and young yellowfin occupy broad areas where waters are underlain by a shallow hypoxic layer.