深水抗风浪网箱的健康养殖技术及其发展思考浅析

近年来，深水抗风浪网箱养殖在北方发展迅速，特别是山东已具相当规模。这种新型养殖模式与浅海养殖、工厂化养殖、池塘养殖相比有众多优点：拓展了养殖海域，减轻了环境压力，大大改进了养殖鱼类的品质；扩大了养殖容量，提高了生态效益；优化了网箱结构，更加能够抵御风浪侵袭；提高了养殖的科技含量，更加有利于科学标准化管理。     

河蟹生态健康养殖技术

近年来，我国养蟹业迅猛发展，其中尤以江、浙、皖三省及上海发展最快，养殖模式多种多样，有网围养殖、池塘养殖、稻田养殖、河沟养殖、庭院养殖及集约化养殖等，在养殖过程中暴露出了不少问题，特别是水质污染、病害日益突出。因此，采用微生物制剂改善养殖水体环境，从根本上保障了河蟹养殖的优良环境，新型消毒剂如氨基酸碘、溴氯海因、碘制剂及中草药制剂在河蟹养殖中的进一步应用，避免了常规消毒剂的不足，有效抑制了河蟹致病微生物的繁殖，控制了河蟹传染性疾病的暴发和流行，促进了河蟹养殖的健康发展，     

横锦水库网箱养殖鲟鱼高产试验

近几年，鲟鱼养殖得到了广大地区的推广，但许多养殖户都局限在工厂化养殖模式，工厂化养殖存在着许多问题，如溶氧、水资源、鱼病等问题，养殖成本明显偏高，为了充分利用本地区得天独厚的水质水域条件，降低养殖成本，横锦水库进行了网箱养殖鲟鱼的传统养殖模式的尝试，取得了良好的经济效益。     

大黄鱼抗风浪网箱与传统网箱养殖生长对比试验

传统网箱养殖大黄鱼，由于养殖年份的延续、养殖规模的扩大和养殖密度的提高，导致了传统网箱养殖海区海水污染不断加重，养殖鱼类病害频发，生长速度减慢，最终导致经济效益不断下滑，严重影响了渔民的养殖积极性。而抗风浪网箱随着近几年的发展和摸索，已趋于成熟，同时也显示出了它的优势：一是大大提高海域利用率；     

关于滩涂贝类养殖新技术的探讨

我国滩涂贝类养殖面积广阔，养殖历史悠久，养殖方式方法简单易行，主要是依赖于天然的粗放型养殖。产量低，效益差，致使滩涂贝类养殖产业徘徊不前。随着水产养殖业的发展及科学技术的日新月异，广大养殖业主及科技人员，也不断更新观念，改良养殖技术，引进名优养殖品种，促使我国滩涂贝类养殖得到了长足发展，     

庙岛海峡以东浅海养殖结构调整的研究

研究了烟台市庙岛海峡以东浅海筏式养殖的历史，现状以及大面积贝类养殖对生态环境的影响，提出了调整养殖海区、分层养殖、养捕海区兼顾，调整养殖品种，发展海底增养殖，推广先进养殖方法的措施。专家通讯鉴定认为，本研究成果属国内领先水平。     

海水虾蟹环境适应与池塘生态工程化养殖

池塘养殖是我国海水养殖的传统方式，也是当前陆基海水养殖的主体。自20世纪70年代，海水池塘养殖经历了粗放式、半集约、集约化和多营养层次生态养殖的发展历程。然而，海水池塘养殖产业中仍存在养殖生物生态适应性机制不清、养殖系统产出不稳定、营养物质利用效率低等“瓶颈”问题，严重制约了海水池塘养殖产业的发展。因此开展海水养殖虾蟹良种与生态环境的互作机制解析，研发养殖生态系统结构优化和营养物质资源化高效利用技术，搭建养殖信息采集与智能化管控平台，创建生态工程化养殖新模式，实现养殖系统高效可持续产出，是我国海水池塘养殖产业绿色高质量发展的关键。     

水库斑点叉尾鮰网箱微孔管增氧高效养殖试验

富氧养殖技术是水产健康养殖的重要方式，随着我县斑点叉尾鲴网箱养殖密度的不断提高，传统的增氧机不能满足网箱养殖立体增氧的要求，阻碍了我县斑点叉尾鲴网箱养殖发展。为了充分挖掘网箱养殖的生产潜力，提高养殖效益、改善养殖水体环境、减少病害发生，笔者于2008年在江西省峡江县幸福水库鲴鱼网箱养殖基地进行了鲴鱼网箱微孔管增氧高效养殖试验，取得了较好的效果。现将试验情况总结如下：     

泰国水产养业发展概况

泰国水产养殖近１０年来发展十分迅速，１９９２年泰国养殖产量已达３７１．４００ｔ，养殖在４９．７５２ｈａ，本文作者收集了大量资料，主要介绍了泰国养殖业的两头养殖种类及养殖方法，水产养殖研究，教育，管理及推广工作。     

黄鳝人工繁殖及养殖新方法

本文介绍了黄鳝的人工繁殖技术，并概述了黄鳝土池生态养殖，鳝蚓配套养殖，鳝－鱼－藕兼作，稻田养殖，网箱养殖五种养殖析方法。     

鱼类免疫机制及其影响因子

介绍了鱼类免疫组织和器官、免疫细胞和体液免疫因子，并分别就这3类免疫系统的组成和免疫作用机制及其影响因素做了简述。     

Econometric analysis of the factors contributing to the fish price increase in coastal TURFs in Japan: the case of income-pooling fishery for coastal shrimp “Sakuraebi Sergia lucens”

While rights-based management systems have often been encouraged as effective management tools, few studies have analyzed the effects of those systems empirically. In this article, we have focused on a special form of the territorial use rights in fisheries strategy, namely, an income-pooling system, and examined the effects of this system empirically. Earlier studies have regarded the control of fish landing amount and improvement of the quality of fish as the two main determining factors in such a system. Consequently, in our study, we estimated the relationships between these two factors and the price of fish using the econometric method. The results show that the two factors do indeed have significant effects on price changes.     

梯级开发下金沙江下游鱼类群落结构特征及环境驱动因子

为了探明梯级电站开发下金沙江下游鱼类群落的结构特征及主要环境驱动因子,于2017年对春季和秋季金沙江下游尚未建成的乌东德和白鹤滩水电站江段以及已下闸蓄水的溪洛渡和向家坝水电站江段应用多网目复合刺网进行了鱼类群落定量研究,同时运用多种统计分析方法分析了鱼类多样性特征以及鱼类群落与环境因子的关系。研究发现仍保持正常流水未成库区的乌东德和白鹤滩江段鱼类群落与已成库区的溪洛渡和向家坝江段有着明显的差异。在仍为峡谷激流型生境的江段,鱼类组成以土著特有鱼类为主,优势种为喜流水的圆口铜鱼C. guichenoti、泉水鱼P. procheilus、犁头鳅L. fimbriata;而在已蓄水的库区江段,鱼类组成多为长江中下游常见种类,优势种为喜静水缓流的?H. leucisculus、飘鱼P. sinensis、似鱎T. wwinhonis。应用典范对应分析对鱼类群落与环境因子做了相关分析,发现影响金沙江下游鱼类群落的主要环境驱动因子包括水深、总固体悬浮物、电导率、pH和水温等。这些研究结果为制定金沙江下游鱼类种质资源和生物多样性保护的相关管理政策提供了基础与支撑。     

环境胁迫对鱼类免疫系统影响的研究概况

环境胁迫(environmental stress)是指环境对鱼类所处的生存状态产生的压力,可以分为急性环境胁迫和慢性环境胁迫。捉捞(handling)和干扰(disturbance)等引起急性环境胁迫,而水质逐渐恶化和高密度放养等造成慢性胁迫。随着世界人口的增长和消费水平的提高,世界渔业也得到了长足的发展。但与此同时,由于人类活动范围的扩大、程度的加深,     

海河流域大清河水系的鱼类多样性

为了解大清河水系的鱼类种群多样性组成特点,于2018—2019年间对大清河水系进行多次鱼类调查,结合历史文献资料,梳理了大清河水系的鱼类种类共85种,其中自然分布的淡水鱼类共计8目17科59属78种。这些鱼类多为常见种,珍稀濒危物种占比低,可以充分代表海河流域鱼类区系,是大清河鱼类群落组成的重要特点。然而现状调查只能调查到42种,其中尚自然分布于流域的种类则降低到33种,且以小型鱼类、小个体鱼类为主。Margalef丰富度指数、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Pielou均匀性指数分别为1.98、1.14、0.81,同海河流域其他水系相比,表明大清河水系鱼类物种多样性一般 较低,且各区域分布较均匀。多角度考察显示,目前流域鱼类区系的完整性已被高度破坏,鱼类多样性呈现出显著的下降趋势。经济发展驱动的用水需求和大清河流域水资源量不足是导致鱼类多样性减少的主要原因,生境变化、水域污染、水工建设、过度捕捞等也是不可忽视的因素。因此保证一定生态流量和一定程度恢复河流连通性、加强水污染治理、开展人工增殖放流、加大禁捕力度等,都可改善流域鱼类多样性现状。     

Factors affecting fish yield and profit in fish pen culture in flooded ricefields

In recent years, a rotational system consisting of two rice crops followed by a fish pen culture during the monsoon flood period was adopted in parts of the flood-prone region of the Mekong Delta. In this paper, we use the survey data from 51 fish pen farmers at Co Do and Vinh Thanh district, Can Tho City, to investigate the factors affecting fish yield and profit in such fish pen culture system. The net yield of all stocked fish varies from 377 to 3,782?kg/ha/crop while the return above variable costs varies from ?5.3 to 9.8 million VND/ha/crop. Low fish price at harvest and the difficulty to sell below market sized fish at a period of oversupply are the main problems for fish pen culture. Fish net yield significantly increases with stocking density and is linked with specific polycultures. Common carp and bighead carp perform best in fish pen culture, both in production and profit considerations. Harvest body mass of common carp is mainly limited by increasing common carp stocking density. Therefore, a stocking density of common carp of about 6,000 fish/ha is recommended to obtain the optimum combination of reasonable body masses, and a good price, as well as a high return above fingerling costs.     

漓江渔业资源现状评估与修复

按照内陆水域渔业自然资源调查的方法，利用数学统计法和多样性指数法分析历史与现状数据，评估漓江渔业资源的现状，探讨漓江水生态系统的致危原因。研究显示，由于各种有害致危因素的叠加影响，漓江水生态系统呈现出亚健康状态，水生生物结构严重失调、鱼类自然资源日趋衰竭的态势严重，鱼类物种多样性下降趋势显著，保护与修复工作刻不容缓。     

Comparative analysis of innate immune parameters of the skin mucous secretions from certain freshwater teleosts, inhabiting different ecological niches

The innate immune system of fish is considered first line of defense against a broad spectrum of pathogens. Being a component of innate immunity and lying at the interface between fish and the aqueous environment, skin mucus plays a frontier role in protecting fish from infections. In the present study, skin mucus of Cirrhinus mrigala, Labeo rohita, Catla catla, Rita rita and Channa punctata, inhabiting different ecological niches, was analyzed to characterize potential innate immune factors such as lysozyme, proteases, phosphatases, esterase and sialic acid. The enzyme activities were high in bottom dweller species, C. punctata and C. mrigala, and low in clean water inhabiting species, L. rohita and C. catla. An inverse relationship was observed between the level of enzyme activity and the sialic acid content in these fish species. In R. rita, however, the levels of all factors were found to be low. Zymographic analysis with labeled Micrococcus lysodeikticus revealed three isoforms of lysozyme in C. punctata and two in each species, C. mrigala, L. rohita and C. catla. In R. rita, lysozyme could not be detected. Gelatin zymography revealed that serine and metalloproteases were the major mucus proteases in all fish species investigated. In addition, trypsin-like protease and Ca(++)-specific serine proteases were observed in skin mucus. Increased knowledge of these parameters could be useful in understanding the role of skin mucus in the innate immune system of fish species inhabiting different ecological niches.     

奥尼罗非鱼养殖池沉积形成及其主要影响因子的初步研究

在半封闭式奥尼罗非鱼养殖池中投入饲料,探索养殖过程中鱼池沉积形成及其主要影响因子。试验结果表明:无论养鱼或未养鱼,投饲或不投饲,各池均发生不同程度的沉积;外源饲料输入量相同时,养鱼池新颗粒物生成量(干重)比未养鱼池大15.63%,而沉积量比未养鱼池小19.49%;无外源饲料输入时,养鱼池的沉积量比未养鱼池大75.76%;养殖系统内养殖对象与其所处环境的相互依存和相互制约对系统新颗粒物生成及沉积具有重要作用。     

Taste preferences in fishes

The fish gustatory system provides the final sensory evaluation in the feeding process. Unlike other vertebrates, the gustatory system in fish may be divided into two distinct subsystems, oral and extraoral, both of them mediating behavioural responses to food items brought in contact with the fish. The abundance of taste buds is another peculiarity of the fish gustatory system. For many years, morphological and electrophysiological techniques dominated the studies of the fish gustatory system, and systematic investigations of fish taste preferences have only been performed during the last 10 years. In the present review, basic principles in the taste preferences of fish are formulated. Categories or types of taste substances are defined in accordance with their effects on fish feeding behaviour and further mediation by the oral or extraoral taste systems (incitants, suppressants, stimulants, deterrents, enhancers and indifferent substances). Information on taste preferences to different types of substances including classical taste substances, free amino acids, betaine, nucleotides, nucleosides, amines, sugars and other hydrocarbons, organic acids, alcohols and aldehydes, and their mixtures, is summarised. The threshold concentrations for taste substances are discussed, and the relationship between fish taste preferences with fish systematic position and fish ecology is evaluated. Fish taste preferences are highly species‐specific, and the differences among fish species are apparent when comparing the width and composition of spectra for both the stimulants and the deterrents. What is evident is that there is a strong similarity in the taste preferences between geographically isolated fish populations of the same species, and that taste preferences are similar in males and females, although at the individual level, it may vary dramatically among conspecifics. What is noteworthy is that taste responses are more stable and invariable for highly palatable substances than for substances with a low level of palatability. Taste preferences as a function of pH is analysed. There is a good correspondence between development of the gustatory system in fish ontogeny and its ability to discriminate taste properties of food items. There is also a correspondence between oral and extraoral taste preferences for a given species; however, there is no correlation between smell and taste preferences. Taste preferences in fish show low plasticity (in relation to the diet), appear to be determined genetically and seem to be patroclinous. Fish feeding motivation and various environmental factors like water temperature and pollutants such as heavy metals and low pH water may shift fish taste preferences. Comparisons between bioassay and electrophysiological data show that palatability is not synonymous with excitability in the gustatory system. The chemical nature of stimulants and deterrents in various hydrobionts is outlined. The significance of basic knowledge in fish taste preferences for aquaculture and fisheries is emphasised.