两种消毒剂对海蜇幼体的急性毒性试验

以二溴海因和三氯异氰尿酸为试验药物，对海蜇幼体进行急性毒性试验。每种药物设5个浓度梯度，记录海蜇幼体在24h、48h和96h的死亡率，计算不同时间的半致死浓度和安全浓度。结果表明，海蜇幼体对二溴海因安全浓度为1．45mg／L，对三氯异氰尿酸安全浓度为0．10mg／L，二溴海因的安全浓度远高于三氯异氰尿酸。海蜇幼体对二溴海因的安全浓度远高于推荐治疗浓度却低于一般鱼类，在实际生产中要注意区别使用。海蜇幼体对三氯异氰尿酸的安全浓度低于推荐治疗浓度，不推荐使用。     

二溴海因和三氯异氰尿酸对孔雀鱼的急性毒性试验

用二溴海因和三氯异氰尿酸2种药物（分别设5个浓度梯度）对孔雀鱼进行急性毒性试验,并分别记录药物浓度在12 h、24 h和48 h出现的鱼体中毒症状和死亡数,根据试验鱼的死亡率及死亡时间,得出二溴海因对孔雀鱼的安全浓度为4.68 mg/L,最低致死浓度为47.5 mg/L.三氯异氰尿酸对孔雀鱼的安全浓度为0.233 mg.L,最低致死浓度为2.25 mg/L.实验结果证明：二溴海因的安全浓度远远高于三氯异氰尿酸,在鱼病治疗及生产使用中应注意区别使用.     

五种水产消毒剂对中华哲水蚤的毒性试验

进行5种水产消毒剂:氯氰菊酯、三氯异氰尿酸、高锰酸钾、溴氯海因、二氧化氯对中华哲水蚤的急性毒性试验,得出5种水产消毒剂对中华哲水蚤的24 h、48 h的半致死质量浓度(LC50)和安全质量浓度。试验结果表明,5种水产消毒剂对中华哲水蚤的毒性由强到弱依次为:氯氰菊酯>三氯异氰尿酸>高锰酸钾>溴氯海因>二氧化氯;对中华哲水蚤安全质量浓度依次分别为0.02μL/L、0.05 mg/L、0.06 mg/L、0.19 mg/L、0.30 mg/L。试验取得较好效果,为正确合理使用该类药物提供参考依据。     

六种水产药物对草鱼鱼种的急性毒性试验

通过试验确定了兴棉宝、硫酸铜硫酸亚铁合剂、敌百虫、二溴海因、漂白粉、二氧化氯制剂对草鱼鱼种的最低致死质量浓度范围、半致死质量浓度和安全质量浓度。草鱼鱼种对6种药物的敏感性按96 h LC50值为标准依次为:兴棉宝>硫酸铜硫酸亚铁合剂>漂白粉>二氧化氯>敌百虫>二溴海因。它们的安全质量浓度分别为:0.047、0.11、2.75、6.34、8.48、14.1 mg/L。兴棉宝对草鱼鱼种的毒性最大且安全质量浓度低,应禁用;建议慎用硫酸铜硫酸亚铁合剂;而漂白粉、二氧化氯、敌百虫、二溴海因均可安全使用。     

5种常用消毒剂对锦鲤幼鱼的急性毒性试验

在水温为26～28℃条件下,使用静水试验法,进行了5种常用消毒剂对全长(4. 73±0. 82) cm的锦鲤幼鱼的急性毒性试验。结果显示:5种试验药物对锦鲤幼鱼的安全浓度分别为二氧化氯(4. 960 mg/L)、高锰酸钾(0. 773 mg/L)、溴氯海因(0. 290 mg/L)、三氯异氰尿酸(0. 057 mg/L)、聚维酮碘(0. 071 mg/L)。5种试验药物毒性大小依次为三氯异氰尿酸聚维酮碘溴氯海因高锰酸钾二氧化氯。     

五种药物对梭鱼鱼种的急性毒性试验

为研究聚维酮碘、高锰酸钾、二溴海因、敌百虫和硫酸铜硫酸亚铁合剂(5∶2)等5种常用水产药物对梭鱼夏花鱼种的急性毒性效应,采用等对数间距法对每种药物均设置6个浓度组,每组设3个重复,同时设1个对照组,在静水条件下进行了急性毒性试验.结果表明:这5种药物对梭鱼夏花鱼种的安全浓度分别为4.7、0.24、0.55、0.13、0.47 mg/L,其毒性强弱依次为:敌百虫＞高锰酸钾＞硫酸铜硫酸亚铁合剂＞二溴海因＞聚维酮碘.除敌百虫外,其余4种药物都可按常规浓度在梭鱼的苗种培育过程中安全使用.     

5种常用药物对拉氏鱼种的急性毒性试验

在水温15~18℃、pH 7.0±0.2、总硬度(以CaCO3计)380.00mg/L试验条件下,选用三氯异氰尿酸(0.75、1.14、1.73、2.63、4.00mg/L)、硫酸铜(0.80、1.50、2.82、5.31、10.00mg/L)、高锰酸钾(3.00、3.59、4.27、5.07、6.00mg/L)、溴氯海因(1.92、2.78、4.02、5.81、8.40mg/L)、聚维酮碘(13.00、17.53、23.66、31.92、43.00mg/L)5种常用药物对平均体质量6.99g、平均体长8.03cm的拉氏鱼种进行急性毒性试验。试验结果表明,5种药物24h半致死质量浓度分别为2.24、2.38、5.05、6.00、30.74mg/L;48h半致死质量浓度分别为1.43、2.18、4.31、4.08、23.33 mg/L;安全质量浓度分别为0.17、0.60、0.94、0.57、4.03mg/L。拉氏对5种药物的敏感性依次为:三氯异氰尿酸溴氯海因硫酸铜高锰酸钾聚维酮碘;聚维酮碘、溴氯海因、硫酸铜可安全使用。该研究为拉氏合理用药提供参考。     

九种药物对斜带石斑鱼受精卵孵化率的影响

以斜带石斑鱼受精卵为试验对象,采用药物浸泡方法,研究了盐酸吗啉胍、利巴韦林、阿昔洛韦、二溴海因、溴氯海因、三氯异氰尿酸、10%的聚维酮碘、37%的甲醛、次氯酸钠等9种药物对斜带石斑鱼受精卵孵化率的影响。试验数据通过SPSS Inc软件进行了单因素方差分析及线性回归分析,研究结果表明,抗病毒药物盐酸吗啉胍、利巴韦林、阿昔洛韦对斜带石斑鱼受精卵孵化影响无差别,三者药物浓度与孵化率无线性相关;6种常用化学消毒剂毒性依次为二溴海因次氯酸钠三氯异氰尿酸溴氯海因甲醛聚维酮碘,石斑鱼受精卵孵化率随着6种常用化学消毒剂质量浓度增加而下降,且药物质量浓度与孵化率呈线性负相关。根据试验结果,建议斜带石斑鱼育苗生产上药物消毒受精卵:盐酸吗啉胍、利巴韦林、阿昔洛韦生产上用药质量浓度为1～3mg/L,10%的聚维酮碘生产上用药质量浓度为20～100mg/L,37%的甲醛生产上用药质量浓度为20mg/L,二溴海因、溴氯海因、三氯异氰尿酸、次氯酸钠生产上慎用。     

几种常见药物对斑点叉尾鮰的毒性试验

在水温20℃～26℃条件下，采用生物毒性试验方法用食盐、二溴海因、高锰酸钾对斑点叉尾鮰的急性毒性试验。高锰酸钾对斑点叉尾鮰的24h半致死浓度是6．36mg／l，48h半致死浓度是5．00mg／l，安全浓度是0．93mg／l；二溴海因对斑点叉尾鮰的24h半致死浓度是2．7mg／l，48h半致死浓度是1．01mg／l，安全浓度是0．04mg／l；食盐对斑点叉尾鮰的24h半致死浓度是4689mg／l，48h半致死浓度是45237mg／l，安全浓度为12577mg／l。     

5种常用渔药对黄颡鱼鱼种的急性毒性试验

研究了常用水产药物对黄颡鱼鱼种的急性毒性.使用常温静水试验法,探讨了硫酸铜+硫酸亚铁合剂、敌百虫、强氯精、溴氯海因和二氧化氯5种常用药物对黄颡龟鱼种的急性毒性效应,分别在试验24、48、72、96 h后记录黄颡鱼鱼种死亡数和试验药液的安全质量浓度.结果表明,5种药物的安全浓度分别为0.94、0.65、O.46、0.86、O.51 mg,/L.这5种药物对黄颡鱼毒性依次排序为:强氯精>二氧化氯>敌百虫>溴氯海因>硫酸铜十硫酸亚铁合剂.黄颡鱼鱼种对硫酸铜+硫酸亚铁合剂、溴氯海因、敌百虫、二氧化氯都可按常崩浓度安全使用,强氯精使用浓度应为O.3～O.4 mg/L.该研究为黄颡鱼鱼种的培养过程中合理用约防治病害提供了理论依据.     

Association between the interannual variation in the oceanic environment and catch rates of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the Atlantic Ocean

The environmental processes associated with variability in the catch rates of bigeye tuna in the Atlantic Ocean are largely unexplored. This study used generalized additive models (GAMs) fitted to Taiwanese longline fishery data from 1990 to 2009 and investigated the association between environmental variables and catch rates to identify the processes influencing bigeye tuna distribution in the Atlantic Ocean. The present findings reveal that the year (temporal factor), latitude and longitude (spatial factors), and major regular longline target species of albacore catches are significant for the standardization of bigeye tuna catch rates in the Atlantic Ocean. The standardized catch rates and distribution of bigeye tuna were found to be related to environmental and climatic variation. The model selection processes showed that the selected GAMs explained 70% of the cumulative deviance in the entire Atlantic Ocean. Regarding environmental factors, the depth of the 20 degree isotherm (D20) substantially contributed to the explained deviance; other important factors were sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height deviation (SSHD). The potential fishing grounds were observed with SSTs of 22–28°C, a D20 shallower than 150 m and negative SSHDs in the Atlantic Ocean. The higher predicted catch rates were increased in the positive northern tropical Atlantic and negative North Atlantic Oscillation events with a higher SST and shallow D20, suggesting that climatic oscillations affect the population abundance and distribution of bigeye tuna.     

Protein and amino acid composition from the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris exposed to prolonged starvation

Protein and amino acid composition of the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris (Cuvier, 1797) during fasting for 27 days were determined. Average protein content of octopus mantle was of 711.19 ± 46.80 g kg^?1 DW, and it decreased with increasing fasting days. The non‐essential amino acids content was higher (486.18 ± 11.08 g kg^?1 protein) than essential amino acids (425.82 ± 9.15 g kg^?1 protein) at the start of the experiment (unstarved animals). The results suggest that the amino acid profile of the mantle where the most abundant amino acids are Arg, His, Lys, Gly, Leu and Pro could indicate a prolonged fasting condition (>20 days) or poor nutrition of O . vulgaris. This study supports the idea of using mantle for metabolic needs of starved O . vulgaris suggesting that the degradation pathway of amino acids to pyruvate and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates was favoured contrary to the degradation pathway of ketogenic amino acids. Special considerations should be taken concerning Thr, Ile, Ser, Ala, Asx (Asp, Asn), Glx (Glu, Gln) (because of their fast intake) and Lys and His (due to their stable contents) during a prolonged period of fasting.     

Growth performance,digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass,Lateolabrax japonicus fed with fructooligosaccharide

In this experiment, a feeding trial was performed to determine the effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus juveniles (initial weight 38.3 ± 0.5 g), and the fish were examined following feeding with six levels of FOS (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 g/kg) for 28 days. Significant enhancement of weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) was found in fish fed 1 g/kg FOS incorporated diets (p < .05), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the 1, 2 g/kg FOS groups reduced significantly compared with the control (p < .05). Besides, the crude lipid in the 4, 6 g/kg FOS groups increased significantly compared with the control (p < .05). On the other hand, the erepsin and lipase activities significantly elevated in intestine of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS (p < .05) and the lysozyme activity in serum of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than that in the control (p < .05). Moreover, the alkaline phosphatase activities in serum of fish fed 0.5, 1, 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than in control (p < .05). Regression analysis showed that the relationships between dietary FOS levels and either SGR, FCR, erepsin or lysozyme activities were best expressed by regression equations, and the optimal inclusion levels are 1.37, 1.80, 3.06, 3.11, 1.93 and 1.80 g/kg for SGR, FCR, erepsin, lipase, lysozyme and total superoxide dismutase activities, respectively. Overall, this study revealed that FOS incorporated diets could beneficial for L. japonicus culture in terms of increasing the growth, digestion and immune activities. Under the present experimental condition, the optimal supplementary level of FOS in the diet of L. japonicus is 1–3 g/kg.     

美人鱼发光杆菌对凡纳滨对虾非特异性 免疫功能及抗病力的影响

在基础饲料中分别添加0.1%和1%美人鱼发光杆菌灭活菌、0.1%美人鱼发光杆菌活菌配制成3种免疫实验饲料,以基础饲料为空白对照组饲料,每组设3个平行样。对个体质量为(4.83±0.36)g的凡纳滨对虾进行为期20 d的饲养实验,分别在0、5、10、15和20d进行取样,以血清中的酚氧化酶(PO)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和溶菌酶(UL)活性为免疫指标,探讨了美人鱼发光杆菌作为免疫制剂对凡纳滨对虾非特异性免疫效应的影响;在投喂免疫饲料后的第22天,按0.004 2 kg/kg体重的剂量,直接投喂对虾白斑综合征病毒(WSSV)病料,并记录累积死亡率。结果表明,美人鱼发光杆菌免疫实验组对凡纳滨对虾血清中PO、ACP、AKP、UL和SOD活性影响明显高于对照组,并且在饲料中添加美人鱼发光杆菌后,明显提高了对虾抵御WSSV感染的能力。其中0.1%美人鱼发光杆菌活菌实验组的抗病毒感染能力最强,WSSV感染14d内累计死亡率为63.3%±5.8%;而对照组为96.7%±3.3%。研究表明,美人鱼发光杆菌添加在对虾饲料中能提高凡纳滨对虾非特异性免疫水平,增强抵抗疾病的能力,将其作为对虾免疫增强剂具有良好的应用前景。     

Effects of Spirulina platensis as a feed additive on growth and coloration of blue dolphin cichlids (Cyrtocara moorii Boulunger, 1902)

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of replacing fish meal with dietary Spirulina as a feed supplement on the growth performance and coloration of blue dolphin cichlids (Cyrtocara moorii). Five isonitrogenous (47% crude protein) and isocaloric (17.36 kJ/g digestible energy) diets were for formulated to replace FM with 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20% Spirulina (designated as Control, SP5, SP10, SP15 and SP20 respectively) and fed to the fish (initial body weight, 3.15 ± 0.01 g). Fish were randomly distributed into fifteen 120 L aquariums (26.5 ± 1.00°C), 15 fish per aquarium. The diets were tested in triplicate for 12 weeks. Experimental groups were fed twice daily (09:00 and 17:00) by hand to satiation. At the end of the feeding trial, significantly (p < 0.05) higher weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR), protein efficiency ratio (PER) and lower feed conversion ratio (FCR) were observed in fish fed the SP10 diet when compared to the SP20 diet. There was no significant difference in these parameters between the other groups. The skin coloration of blue dolphin cichlid fed a diet containing Spirulina meal was enhanced. The best coloration was observed in the SP15 group. These impressions were objectively validated by chemical determinations of carotenoids extracted from fish skins and passed statistical tests of significance. The study findings show that Spirulina meal does not diminish growth rates except at very high levels.     

Dietary thiamin and pyridoxine requirements of fingerling Indian major carp,Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton)

Two experiments were conducted to quantify the dietary thiamin (experiment I) and pyridoxine (experiment II) requirements of fingerling Cirrhinus mrigala for 16 weeks. In experiment I, dietary thiamin requirement was determined by feeding seven casein–gelatin‐based diets (400 g kg^?1 CP; 18.69 kJ g^?1 GE) with graded levels of thiamin (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8 and 16 mg kg^?1 diet) to triplicate groups of fish (6.15 ± 0.37 cm; 1.89 ± 0.12 g). Fish fed diet with 2 mg kg^?1 thiamin had highest specific growth rate (SGR), protein retention (PR), RNA/DNA ratio, haemoglobin (Hb), haematocrit (Hct), RBCs and best feed conversion ratio (FCR). However, highest liver thiamin concentration was recorded in fish fed 4 mg thiamin kg^?1 diet. Broken‐line analysis of SGR, PR and liver thiamin concentrations exhibited the thiamin requirement in the range of 1.79–3.34 mg kg^?1 diet (0.096–0.179 μg thiamin kJ^?1 gross energy). In experiment II, six casein–gelatin‐based diets (400 g kg^?1 CP; 18.69 kJ g^?1 GE) containing graded levels of pyridoxine (0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 mg kg^?1 diet) were fed to triplicate groups of fish (6.35 ± 0.37 cm; 1.97 ± 0.12 g). Fish fed diet containing 6 mg kg^?1 pyridoxine showed best SGR, FCR, PR, RNA/DNA ratio, Hb, Hct and RBCs, whereas maximum liver pyridoxine concentration was recorded in fish fed 8 mg kg^?1 dietary pyridoxine. Broken‐line analysis of SGR, PR and liver pyridoxine concentrations reflected the pyridoxine requirement from 5.63 to 8.61 mg kg^?1 diet. Data generated during this study would be useful in formulating thiamin‐ and pyridoxine‐balanced feeds for the intensive culture of this fish.     

Sea bream culture in Egypt; status, constraints and potential

Marine fish farming in Egypt began in 1976 with the culture of gilthead sea bream, (Sparus aurata) as this fish was notably adaptable to brackish and marine pond conditions. Today, marine fish and shrimp farms amount to about 19,000 ha, out of which 42% is already in production while the rest, i.e., 58% is still under construction. In 1997, cultured gilthead sea bream production of 2,250 tons made up 3% of the 75,000 tons total aquaculture catch. In polyculture, usually with the grey mullet and sea bass, gilthead sea bream contributed 440 kg ha^–1 to the total yield of 1,700 kg ha^–1 (26%) over a period of 16 months. For the same period, the yield of monoculture ponds averaged 100 kg ha^–1, while in marine cages, yields ranged from 4–10 kg m³. In 1996–1997, fry of 0.25–1 g and fingerlings 1–10 g with a total of 3 million, were collected from the wild and 1 million fry were produced in the three marine hatcheries out of the four existing ones. The development of sea bream culture in Egypt is now severely inhibited by the shortage of seeds and adequate feeds. Exports of both sea bream and sea bass, during 1994–1996 averaged 1,300 tons per year.     

A Minchinia mercenariae‐like parasite infects cockles Cerastoderma edule in Galicia (NW Spain)

The cockle Cerastoderma edule fishery has traditionally been the most important shellfish species in terms of biomass in Galicia (NW Spain). In the course of a survey of the histopathological conditions affecting this species in the Ria of Arousa, a haplosporidan parasite that had not been observed in Galicia was detected in one of the most productive cockle beds of Galicia. Uni‐ and binucleate cells and multinucleate plasmodia were observed in the connective tissue mainly in the digestive area, gills and gonad. The parasite showed low prevalence, and it was not associated with abnormal cockle mortality. Molecular identification showed that this parasite was closely related to the haplosporidan Minchinia mercenariae that had been reported infecting hard clams Mercenaria mercenaria from the Atlantic coast of the United States. The molecular characterization of its SSU rDNA region allowed obtaining a fragment of 1,796 bp showing 98% homology with M. mercenariae parasite. Phylogenetic analysis supported this identification as this parasite was clustered in the same clade as M. mercenariae from the United States and other M. mercenariae‐like sequences from the UK, with bootstrap value of 99%. The occurrence of M. mercenariae‐like parasites infecting molluscs outside the United States is confirmed.     

Involvement of gonadal steroids in final oocyte maturation of white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops): in vivo and in vitro studies

Plasma estradiol-17 (E₂), testosterone (T), 17,20-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (DHP) and 17,20,21-tri-hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (20-S) levels were measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) in white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops) that were induced to undergo final oocyte maturation (FOM) with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Plasma DHP levels increased in females of both species in association with oocyte germinal vesicle migration (GVM) and germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) and decreased thereafter. Plasma 20-S levels also increased with oocyte GVM in white bass, but were several-fold lower than DHP levels. Circulating E₂ and T levels were greatest during GVM and GVBD in both species and decreased to low levels during oocyte hydration and ovulation. Follicles from white perch and white bass which received a priming injection of hCG in vivo, produced both DHP and 20-S in vitro after exposure to hCG and their oocytes underwent GVBD. Ovarian incubates from unprimed fish of either species produced only E₂ and T and their oocytes did not complete GVBD. Oocytes from unprimed bass, but not perch, matured when follicles were exposed to hCG in vitro. Both trilostane and cycloheximide blocked in vitro production of DHP and 20-S and oocyte GVBD by white perch follices. DHP and 20-S were equipotent inducers of FOM in the GVBD bioassay. None of several other structurally-related steroids tested were effective within a physiological range of concentrations. These results indicate a role for DHP and 20-S in the control of FOM in white perch and white bass.