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1.
赤水河主要经济鱼类重金属含量及风险评价   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
为了解赤水河鱼体重金属富集现状及其潜在的生态风险和食品安全,测定了赤水河茅台江段和赤水江段的黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus fulvidraco)、蛇鮈(Saurogobio dabryi)和大口鲇(Silurus meriordinalis)肌肉和肝脏中的重金属含量。分别使用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法测定Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Fe、Cr和Mn的含量,原子荧光光度法测定As和Hg的含量。结果表明:大口鲇肌肉中Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Fe、Cr和Hg的含量高于黄颡鱼和蛇鮈,3种鱼类肝脏中的重金属含量均高于肌肉。所有鱼体肌肉中的重金属含量均低于国家标准,但大口鲇肌肉中Pb和Cd的含量高于欧盟委员会标准。危害指数分析表明:赤水河野生鱼类食用的人体健康风险较小。重金属单因子污染指数的结果表明赤水河鱼体Pb和Cd的污染程度较高,赤水河存在潜在的重金属污染风险。  相似文献   

2.
采集云南省玉溪市红塔区8个农贸市场和超市的鲤鱼、罗非鱼样品,利用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(ICP-MS)对鱼体肌肉中As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg和Pb的含量进行测定。用Excel 2007和SAS 9.0统计软件分析数据,结合单因子污染指数、均值型综合污染指数和目标危害系数(THQs)进行安全性评价及健康风险评估。结果表明,在所测鱼体样品中,Cu的含量高于其他5种元素,罗非鱼肌肉中As、Cd、Cr、Hg和Pb的含量均高于鲤鱼。鲤鱼和罗非鱼样品中As的含量范围为0.039~0.203mg/kg,除部分鱼体As的含量超出限量值(0.1mg/kg)外,其余元素含量低于国家限量标准。6种元素的每周评估摄入量(EWI)均低于世界卫生组织提出的暂定每周允许摄入量(PTWI);经THQs评价,食用市售的鲤鱼和罗非鱼对人体潜在健康风险不明显。  相似文献   

3.
湖北神农架大九湖湿地是华中地区面积最大、海拔最高的高山湿地。为了解鱼类重金属污染状况,评估湿地水环境质量,以湖中两种常见鲤科鱼类鲫(Carassius auratus)和麦穗鱼(Pseudorasbora parva)为研究对象,共采集鲫32尾、麦穗鱼75尾,对两种鱼类的肌肉及鲫不同部位的锌(Zn)、铜(Cu)、镉(Cd)、铬(Cr)、铅(Pb)、砷(As)、汞(Hg)重金属含量进行检测和分析,并采用单因子污染指数法和内梅罗综合污染指数法评价鱼体重金属污染状况。结果表明,大九湖麦穗鱼肌肉(湿重)中的Zn、Cd、Cr、Hg含量(22.441、0.035、0.210、0.109 mg/kg)均显著高于鲫肌肉(湿重)中相应的含量(16.240、0.008、0.072、0.082 mg/kg)(P0.05)。综合污染指数分析表明,麦穗鱼肌肉的综合污染水平为轻度污染,鲫为无污染。与国内其他地区水域相比,大九湖鲫肌肉的Hg含量相对较高,这与大九湖独特的高山湿地环境有关。鲫的鱼鳃、消化道、生殖腺和肌肉中的重金属含量差异明显(P0.05),其中Hg在肌肉中含量最高,其余重金属均在消化道中含量最高。大九湖鲫和麦穗鱼肌肉As含量(0.135 mg/kg和0.153 mg/kg)均超出食品安全国家标准,但估算得出当地成人重金属摄入量均未超过国际规定的可耐受摄入量(PTWI),两种鱼的食用安全风险总体较低。  相似文献   

4.
为评价长江江豚(Neophocaena asiaeorientalis)保护区内鱼体质量金属富集现状及重金属污染对江豚的潜在影响,2018年6月、9月和12月分别在保护区江段采集了鳊、鳜、■、鲢和鲫5种鱼类,测定鱼体肌肉中的Pb、Cd、As、Cu和Zn等5种重金属元素的含量,评价保护区鱼类受重金属污染的程度。结果显示,鲫肌肉Cd的单项污染指数(Pi)均大于0.5,夏季捕捞的肌肉As的Pi略高于0.5,其余鱼类的Pb、Cd和As的Pi均小于0.5。研究结果表明,保护区鱼类重金属污染总体风险较小,但部分江豚饵料鱼类存在轻度污染,对江豚有潜在影响,需要引起注意。  相似文献   

5.
为了解并评估天津市某循环水养殖企业的养殖产品重金属安全性和分布规律,本研究采用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法(ICP法)和原子荧光法(AFS法),对该封闭循环水养殖系统中欧洲鲈鱼(Dicentrarchus labrax)幼鱼、养殖中期和成鱼3个阶段的鱼体肌肉、肝脏和鳃中8种重金属(As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb、Zn和Hg)含量进行测定.结果显示,从生长阶段来看,随养殖过程推进,各重金属在欧洲鲈鱼体内分布特征不同,肌肉中As含量随时间增加而增加,最大值为1.93 mg/kg,Cu和Hg则相反,最大值分别为0.354和0.021 mg/kg;肝脏中As、Cd和Cu含量均随时间增加,最大值分别为1.47、1.09和143.00 mg/kg;鳃中As含量随时间增加而增加,最大值为0.321 mg/kg,Cr、Cu、Zn和Hg含量呈先降后升的趋势,最大值分别为0.356、45.8、19.2和0.0137 mg/kg.从组织分布特征来看,As含量为肌肉>肝脏>鳃,Cd、Cu和Zn含量均为肝脏>鳃>肌肉,Hg含量为肌肉>鳃>肝脏,Cr含量为鳃>肝脏>肌肉.可食部分,即肌肉中各重金属含量均符合食品安全国家标准(GB 2762-2012),参考鱼体重金属残留污染程度分级,该系统中的欧洲鲈鱼均属于未污染.水体样本,除养殖中期进水中Pb和Cd超标,其余重金属含量均符合我国渔业水质标准(GB 11607-89).表明该养殖系统中重金属污染在安全范围内.  相似文献   

6.
河南中牟县万滩镇养殖池塘底泥重金属污染评价   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
调查了河南中牟县万滩镇养殖池塘底泥中Cr、Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd和Hg等重金属元素的分布特征,并以内梅罗综合污染指数评价法对其污染状况进行评价。结果表明,该地区首要污染重金属Cr平均含量高达53.35mg/kg,超无公害水产品产地环境要求国家标准最高限量幅度为6.7%;Cd含量在0.07~1.13 mg/kg之间,其平均值0.45 mg/kg未超过无公害水产品产地环境要求,但超出《土壤环境质量标准》Ⅰ类;Cu、Zn、Pb、Hg含量范围分别7.98~40.31 mg/kg、30.24~80.22 mg/kg、11.29~24.50 mg/kg、0.08~0.17 mg/kg,平均值均未超过2项国家标准最高限值;以《农产品安全质量无公害水产品产地环境要求》为评价标准,利用内梅罗综合污染指数法评价重金属综合污染指数表明,该地区的污染状态主要为警戒级和轻微污染级。  相似文献   

7.
测定了浙江中华鳖肌肉中总Hg、As、Pb和Cd 4种重金属的含量。结果表明 ,中华鳖样品中的Hg、As、Pb和Cd的含量平均分别为 0 0 5 4mg/kg、 0 0 39mg/kg、 0 2 0 2mg/kg和 0 0 2 2mg/kg ,均低于国家水产品重金属卫生限量值。所有样品都未发现超标现象 ,且中华鳖 4种重金属含量分布呈现一定的地理差异  相似文献   

8.
为了解并评估天津市某循环水养殖企业的养殖产品重金属安全性和分布规律,本研究采用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法(ICP法)和原子荧光法(AFS法),对该封闭循环水养殖系统中欧洲鲈鱼(Dicentrarchus labrax)幼鱼、养殖中期和成鱼3个阶段的鱼体肌肉、肝脏和鳃中8种重金属(As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb、Zn和Hg)含量进行测定。结果显示,从生长阶段来看,随养殖过程推进,各重金属在欧洲鲈鱼体内分布特征不同,肌肉中As含量随时间增加而增加,最大值为1.93 mg/kg,Cu和Hg则相反,最大值分别为0.354和0.021 mg/kg;肝脏中As、Cd和Cu含量均随时间增加,最大值分别为1.47、1.09和143.00 mg/kg;鳃中As含量随时间增加而增加,最大值为0.321 mg/kg,Cr、Cu、Zn和Hg含量呈先降后升的趋势,最大值分别为0.356、45.8、19.2和0.0137 mg/kg。从组织分布特征来看,As含量为肌肉肝脏鳃,Cd、Cu和Zn含量均为肝脏鳃肌肉,Hg含量为肌肉鳃肝脏,Cr含量为鳃肝脏肌肉。可食部分,即肌肉中各重金属含量均符合食品安全国家标准(GB 2762-2012),参考鱼体重金属残留污染程度分级,该系统中的欧洲鲈鱼均属于未污染。水体样本,除养殖中期进水中Pb和Cd超标,其余重金属含量均符合我国渔业水质标准(GB 11607-89)。表明该养殖系统中重金属污染在安全范围内。  相似文献   

9.
对闽江口11个采样点的表层沉积物中重金属含量进行测定,结果显示各重金属含量分别为Cu4.8~34.3mg/kg(平均20.4mg/kg)、Pb12.4~28.9mg/kg(平均20.0mg/kg)、Cd0.064~0.393mg/kg(平均0.13mg/kg)、Hg0.01~0.2mg/kg(平均0.08mg/kg)、As3.8~12.5mg/kg(平均9.3mg/kg)。全部站位的重金属含量均符合国家海洋沉积物质量第一类标准,主要污染物是Cu、As和Hg。Cu、Pb含量空间分布特征相似;Cd、Hg、As含量空间分布特征不同;各元素含量均随着离岸距离的增大有递减的趋势。潜在生态风险评价结果表明,闽江口水域总体为轻微生态风险,重金属污染的风险系数较小,该水域重金属元素的污染风险系数大小顺序为:HgAsCdPbCu。  相似文献   

10.
为初步了解博罗县主要养殖水产品重金属污染现状及摄入风险,该研究采集了该地区各镇主要养殖鱼类,采用原子吸收分光光度法检测肌肉中Cr、Cu、Pb、Zn和Cd等5种重金属含量,并采用单因子污染指数、食用安全性评价其污染程度及安全性。结果表明,目前博罗县养殖水产品5种重金属含量均在限值范围内,均未受到严重的重金属污染;水产品中5种重金属的平均含量ZnCuPbCrCd,但均未检测出有超标样品;Pi结果显示,博罗部分地区水产品Pb的Pi值已达到轻污染水平;食用安全性结果显示,博罗县水产品5种重金属摄入量均未超过PTWI值。总体而言,博罗县养殖水产品重金属的食用安全性是安全的。  相似文献   

11.
  1. The Amazon basin hosts the Earth's highest diversity of freshwater fish. Fish species have adapted to the basin's size and seasonal dynamics by displaying a broad range of migratory behaviour, but they are under increasing threats; however, no study to date has assessed threats and conservation of Amazonian migratory fishes.
  2. Here, the available knowledge on the diversity of migratory behaviour in Amazonian fishes is synthesized, including the geographical scales at which they occur, their drivers and timing, and life stage at which they are performed.
  3. Migratory fishes are integral components of Amazonian society. They contribute about 93% (range 77–99%) of the fisheries landings in the basin, amounting to ~US$436 million annually.
  4. These valuable fish populations are mainly threatened by growing trends of overexploitation, deforestation, climate change, and hydroelectric dam development. Most Amazonian migratory fish have key ecological roles as apex predators, ecological engineers, or seed-dispersal species. Reducing their population sizes could induce cascading effects with implications for ecosystem stability and associated services.
  5. Conserving Amazonian migratory fishes requires a broad portfolio of research, management, and conservation actions, within an ecosystem-based management framework at the basin scale. This would require trans-frontier coordination and recognition of the crucial importance of freshwater ecosystems and their connectivity.
  6. Existing areas where fishing is allowed could be coupled with a chain of freshwater protected areas. Management of commercial and subsistence species also needs fisheries activities to be monitored in the Amazonian cities and in the floodplain communities to allow assessments of the status of target species, and the identification of management units or stocks. Ensuring that existing and future fisheries management rules are effective implies the voluntary participation of fishers, which can be achieved by increasing the effectiveness and coverage of adaptive community-based management schemes.
  相似文献   

12.
Tool use was once considered the sole domain of humans. Over the last 40 years, however, it has become apparent that tool use may be widespread across the animal kingdom. Pioneering studies in primates have shaped the way we think about tool use in animals, but have also lead to a bias both in terms of our expectations about which animals should be capable of using tools and the working definition of tool use. Here I briefly examine tool use in terrestrial animals and consider the constraints of the current working definition of tool use in fishes. Fishes lack grasping limbs and operate underwater where there are clear constraints with respect to the physics of tool use that differ dramatically from the terrestrial environment. I then examine all of the documented accounts of tool use in fishes. The review reveals that tool use seems to be confined to a limited number of fish taxa, particularly the wrasse, which may show similarities with the greater than expected number of examples of tool use in primates and corvids amongst mammals and birds, respectively. As fish are seldom studied as intensely as birds and mammals, there is a clear need for further observation of tool use in fishes. It is likely that further examples will be unveiled allowing us to perform comparative analyses of the evolution of tool use in fish.  相似文献   

13.
Taste preferences in fishes   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
The fish gustatory system provides the final sensory evaluation in the feeding process. Unlike other vertebrates, the gustatory system in fish may be divided into two distinct subsystems, oral and extraoral, both of them mediating behavioural responses to food items brought in contact with the fish. The abundance of taste buds is another peculiarity of the fish gustatory system. For many years, morphological and electrophysiological techniques dominated the studies of the fish gustatory system, and systematic investigations of fish taste preferences have only been performed during the last 10 years. In the present review, basic principles in the taste preferences of fish are formulated. Categories or types of taste substances are defined in accordance with their effects on fish feeding behaviour and further mediation by the oral or extraoral taste systems (incitants, suppressants, stimulants, deterrents, enhancers and indifferent substances). Information on taste preferences to different types of substances including classical taste substances, free amino acids, betaine, nucleotides, nucleosides, amines, sugars and other hydrocarbons, organic acids, alcohols and aldehydes, and their mixtures, is summarised. The threshold concentrations for taste substances are discussed, and the relationship between fish taste preferences with fish systematic position and fish ecology is evaluated. Fish taste preferences are highly species‐specific, and the differences among fish species are apparent when comparing the width and composition of spectra for both the stimulants and the deterrents. What is evident is that there is a strong similarity in the taste preferences between geographically isolated fish populations of the same species, and that taste preferences are similar in males and females, although at the individual level, it may vary dramatically among conspecifics. What is noteworthy is that taste responses are more stable and invariable for highly palatable substances than for substances with a low level of palatability. Taste preferences as a function of pH is analysed. There is a good correspondence between development of the gustatory system in fish ontogeny and its ability to discriminate taste properties of food items. There is also a correspondence between oral and extraoral taste preferences for a given species; however, there is no correlation between smell and taste preferences. Taste preferences in fish show low plasticity (in relation to the diet), appear to be determined genetically and seem to be patroclinous. Fish feeding motivation and various environmental factors like water temperature and pollutants such as heavy metals and low pH water may shift fish taste preferences. Comparisons between bioassay and electrophysiological data show that palatability is not synonymous with excitability in the gustatory system. The chemical nature of stimulants and deterrents in various hydrobionts is outlined. The significance of basic knowledge in fish taste preferences for aquaculture and fisheries is emphasised.  相似文献   

14.
鱼类免疫球蛋白研究进展   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
在过去的几十年里,在高等脊椎动物体内既发现有正常的血清免疫系统,还发现存在局部粘液免疫系统,粘液免疫球蛋白(Immunoglobulin,Ig)在免疫防御中起一定的作用。而对鱼类免疫学的研究特别是关于鱼类的粘液性Ig方面的研究才刚刚起步,还很不深入,...  相似文献   

15.
16.
17.
鱼类肠道菌群的研究概况   总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5  
葛莉莉 《水利渔业》2006,26(4):17-20
鱼类肠道存在着正常的细菌群落,这些微生物群为宿主创造生存的微环境,同时宿主也为它们提供生长繁衍的条件,两者相互依赖、相互制约,形成了统一的整体。综述了鱼类肠道菌群的研究意义、肠道菌群的形成、肠道菌群的数量和组成、肠道菌群的作用。肠道菌群的作用主要包括辅助消化作用、肠道菌群的变化和免疫机能的相关性、对外来菌群和寄生虫的作用、提供营养物质等。  相似文献   

18.
Fishes communicate acoustically under ecological constraints which may modify or hinder signal transmission and detection and may also be risky. This makes it important to know if and to what degree fishes can modify acoustic signalling when key ecological factors—predation pressure, noise and ambient temperature—vary. This paper reviews short‐time effects of the first two factors; the third has been reviewed recently (Ladich, 2018 ). Numerous studies have investigated the effects of predators on fish behaviour, but only a few report changes in calling activity when hearing predator calls as demonstrated when fish responded to played‐back dolphin sounds. Furthermore, swimming sounds of schooling fish may affect predators. Our knowledge on adaptations to natural changes in ambient noise, for example caused by wind or migration between quiet and noisier habitats, is limited. Hearing abilities decrease when ambient noise levels increase (termed masking), in particular in taxa possessing enhanced hearing abilities. High natural and anthropogenic noise regimes, for example vessel noise, alter calling activity in the field and laboratory. Increases in sound pressure levels (Lombard effect) and altered temporal call patterns were also observed, but no switches to higher sound frequencies. In summary, effects of predator calls and noise on sound communication are described in fishes, yet sparsely in contrast to songbirds or whales. Major gaps in our knowledge on potential negative effects of noise on acoustic communication call for more detailed investigation because fishes are keystone species in many aquatic habitats and constitute a major source of protein for humans.  相似文献   

19.
Abstract. A microsporidian parasite was found in the gills of the brook trout, Salvelinus fontinalis (Mitchill), which was similar to Loma morhua Morrison and Sprague, a microsporidian parasite in the gills of cod. It was described and designated as Loma sp. Plistophora (=Pleistophora) salmonae Putz, Hoffman and Dunbar in gills of rainbow and steelhead trout, Salmo gairdneri Richardson, was also observed and was transferred to the genus Loma. All microsporidia known in gills of Gadidae and Salmonidae were judged to belong to the genus Loma but the data were not sufficient to provide a basis for a definitive separation of species. Provisionally, Loma morhua, L. branchialis, L. salmonae and Loma sp. were recognized.  相似文献   

20.
鱼类消化酶活性的影响因素   总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4  
李军  吴天星 《水利渔业》2006,26(6):30-31
鱼类消化酶活性受多种因素的影响,着重讨论了鱼类食性、不同生长发育阶段、饵料和环境温度因素对其蛋白酶、淀粉酶和脂肪酶活性的影响;深入了解影响鱼类消化酶活性的因素,对人工饵料的优化和水产养殖业的健康发展都有重要的指导意义。  相似文献   

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