扇贝新品系“紫海墨”F4的生长特征和生产性能分析

为考察扇贝新品系"紫海墨"的生产性能,为新品系选育效果提供依据,在同一海域养殖、相同管理模式和相同养殖周期下,对新品系"紫海墨"F4与墨西哥湾扇贝(Argopecten irradians concentricus)养殖群体的壳长、壳高、壳宽、体质量、闭壳肌质量和壳质量等7个性状及各阶段成活率进行生长特征和生产性能分析。结果表明,新品系"紫海墨"F4从10月13日养殖至翌年4月28日,壳长从1~1.5 mm长至50~60 mm的成品时,累积成活率为51.32%,显著大于墨西哥湾扇贝的29.18%(P<0.01);养殖周期内,两个养殖群体同一时期的壳长、壳高、壳宽和体质量也有极显著差异(P<0.01),新品系"紫海墨"F₄的生长速度高于墨西哥湾扇贝;经过6.5个月的养殖,新品系"紫海墨"F₄的壳长、壳高、壳宽、体质量和闭壳肌质量分别比墨西哥湾扇贝提高了19.50%、19.84%、16.23%、56.30%和20.20%。     

不同壳色和性别栉孔扇贝群体的性状相关性及通径分析

为了优化栉孔扇贝(Chlamysfarreri)选育中的亲贝选择策略,以长岛海域栉孔扇贝浅红和棕黄两个壳色群体为研究对象,通过测定壳长(X₁)、壳宽(X₂)、壳高(X₃)、前耳长(X₄)、绞合线长(X₅)、绞合线宽(X₆)6个形态性状,以及湿重(Y)、软体重(Z)和闭壳肌重(W)3个重量性状,采用相关分析和通径分析方法,研究两种壳色群体整体及其雌雄群体与重量性状显著相关的形态性状,分别构建栉孔扇贝形态性状与重量性状间的回归方程。研究结果表明,闭壳肌重的变异系数最高(0.30);棕黄雄性群体壳宽与闭壳肌重不相关,其余群体6个形态性状与3个重量性状间均存在显著相关关系(P<0.05),浅红群体、浅红雄性群体、浅红雌性群体、棕黄群体、棕黄雄性群体、棕黄雌性群体中对湿重(Y)、软体重(Z)直接影响程度最大的形态性状均为壳长,壳长对湿重的通径系数依次为0.602、0.645、0.580、0.527、0.752、0.343,壳长对软体重的通径系数依次为0.677...     

扇贝“红墨1号”生长性状遗传参数和F5遗传获得估计

为评估扇贝新品系“红墨1号”的选育效果,在同一养殖海域、相同管理模式以及相同养殖周期下,以墨西哥湾扇贝(Argopecten irradians concentricus)与扇贝“渤海红”杂交子代,经连续4代继代选育获得的扇贝新品系“红墨1号”为基础,在F4中开展继代选育与不选育对比研究,比较了二者群体生长存活情况的差异,并对F5生长性状遗传参数和遗传获得进行评估。结果表明,“红墨1号”F5选育系各生长性状明显优于非选育系(P<0.05),但二者的存活率在各阶段无显著性差异(P>0.05);“红墨1号”F5两群体质量性状变异系数为14.60%～28.30%,仍具有选育潜力;“红墨1号”F5壳长、壳高、壳宽、体重、闭壳肌重、软体重和壳重等性状遗传获得分别为7.25%、7.13%、4.86%、25.42%、31.60%、27.70%和21.29%;“红墨1号”壳长、壳高、壳宽、体重、闭壳肌重、软体重和壳重现实遗传力分别为0.37、0.36、0.25、0.36、0.32、0.38和0.32,均属中等遗传力。综上,对扇贝“红墨1号”选育效果显著, F5仍具有继续选育的空间。研究结果...     

扇贝“渤海红”形态性状对体质量性状的影响效果分析

为明确扇贝“渤海红”群体形态性状对体质量性状的影响，随机选取大口河海域浮筏养殖的90只体形规则的6月龄扇贝“渤海红”,对其壳长(X₁)、壳高(X₂)、壳宽(X₃)等3项形态性状和体质量(Y)、软体部质量(Z)和闭壳肌质量(W)等3项体质量性状进行了测量，采用相关分析、通径分析和多元回归分析等方法研究各形态性状对体质量性状的影响。结果表明：扇贝“渤海红”的壳长、壳高、壳宽与体质量、软体部质量、闭壳肌质量的相关系数均达到极显著水平(P<0.01);壳宽、壳高对体质量影响的直接通径系数均达到极显著水平(P<0.01),其中壳宽的直接作用较大，壳高较小。与体质量相关系数最大的壳长，对体质量的直接作用并不是很大，而其间接作用却达到最大，主要通过壳高间接影响体质量；壳长和壳宽对软体部质量的直接通径系数达到极显著水平影响(P<0.01),对软体部质量直接影响最大的是壳长，其次是壳宽，壳高主要通过壳长间接影响软体部质量；对闭壳肌质量直接影响最大的是壳长，壳高的直接影响作用不显著(P>0.05)。形态性状对各体质量...     

4个企鹅珍珠贝F3选育系的生长存活差异及其生长规律

为比较企鹅珍珠贝[（Röding，1798）]海南金唇选育系（GLHH）、海南白唇选育系（WLHH）、广西金唇选育系（GLGG）和广西白唇选育系（WLGG）的生长存活差异，及了解4个选育系的生长规律，自2018年1月底至2018年12月底连续监测养殖于海南陵水黎族自治县新村港的4个企鹅珍珠贝选育系F₃的存活率及其壳长、壳高、壳宽、铰合线长和体重的生长情况。使用单因素方差分析和生长模型拟合等方法对数据进行分析。结果显示，4个企鹅珍珠贝选育系的生长及存活率存在显著差异（<0.05），海南金唇选育系的生长及存活率最优，广西白唇选育系的生长及存活率最差，表明企鹅珍珠贝的生长存活可能与环境、贝龄、壳色和地理种群有关。SGompertz生长模型为企鹅珍珠贝5个生长性状的通用生长模型。研究表明，4个企鹅珍珠贝选育系的生长规律存在差异，且企鹅珍珠贝5个生长性状的生长规律存在差异，其中壳长和铰合线长的生长拐点出现得最早，分别出现在7.9（GLHH）~8.5（WLHH）月龄和7.9（GLHH）~9.1（WLGG）月龄；其次是壳高和壳宽，生长拐点分别出现在11.6（GLHH）~15.9（WLGG）月龄和11.8（GLHH）~14.3（WLGG）月龄时；体重的生长拐点出现得最晚，在15.8（GLHH）~18.7（WLGG）月龄。该研究结果表明海南金唇选育系早期生长阶段具有高存活率和优良的生长性能，广西白唇选育系可能具有最大的生长潜力（生长性状的生长极限最大），本研究可为企鹅珍珠贝的良种选育、健康养殖及优质珍珠的生产提供借鉴。     

麦哲伦扇贝形态性状与体质量相关性及通径分析

为查明麦哲伦扇贝形态性状对体质量等经济性状的影响，获得具有优良遗传性状的目标群体，采用相关性分析和通径分析方法，分析麦哲伦扇贝壳长(L)、壳高(h)和壳宽(b)对活体质量(m₁)、软体质量(m₂)和闭壳肌质量(m₃)的影响，建立形态性状对体质量的回归方程。研究结果表明，所有性状间的相关性均为极显著正相关(P<0.01),其中壳长与壳宽之间的相关系数(0.977)最高，壳宽与壳高之间的相关系数(0.852)最低。通径分析结果显示，影响麦哲伦扇贝活体质量、软体质量和闭壳肌质量的主要因素均为壳宽，通径系数分别为0.536、0.387和0.435。对麦哲伦扇贝活体质量和闭壳肌质量间接作用最大的是壳长(0.869和0.702),对软体质量间接作用最大的是壳高(0.776)。壳宽对麦哲伦扇贝活体质量和闭壳肌质量的决定系数最大(0.287和0.189),壳高对软体质量的决定系数最大(0.208)。采用逐步回归方法，建立形态性状对活体质量、软体质量和闭壳肌质量的回归方程：m₁=-365.655+2.596h+...     

野生企鹅珍珠贝形态性状对质量性状的影响

为探究野生企鹅珍珠贝(Pteria penguin R?ding)形态性状对质量性状的影响,为其良种选育中亲贝的选优提供策略,实验随机选取200只三亚野生企鹅珍珠贝为研究材料,对其形态性状(壳长、壳高、壳宽、斜高、铰合线长及前耳至后耳基部长)和质量性状(活体质量、软体质量、壳质量及闭壳肌质量)进行测量,利用相关分析、通径分析和回归分析等分析方法研究形态性状对质量性状的影响。结果表明,绞合线长与前耳至后耳基部长相关系数极显著(P0.01),与其他各数量性状之间的相关系数均无显著性差异(P0.05),其余9个数量性状间的相关系数均达到极显著水平(P0.01)。通过逐步回归分析构建了形态性状(壳长、壳高及壳宽)对体质量、软体部质量、壳质量和闭壳肌质量的最优回归方程,相关系数(r)分别为0.872、0.777、0.892和0.630。野生企鹅珍珠贝的壳宽对其体质量、软体部质量和壳质量的通径系数(和决定系数)最大,分别为0.422(0.178)、0.357(0.127)和0.503(0.253);壳高对其闭壳肌质量的通径系数(和决定系数)最大,为0.602(0.362)。结果表明,若以体质量、软体部质量或壳质量作为企鹅珍珠贝选育目标,应主要考虑壳宽;若以闭壳肌质量作为企鹅珍珠贝选育目标,应主要考虑壳高。[中国渔业质量与标准,2019,9(6):48-56]     

虾夷扇贝家系早中期生长性状比较与遗传参数估计

为获得虾夷扇贝快速生长家系及早中期生长性状遗传参数,以2011年培育的虾夷扇贝F28个半同胞和16个全同胞家系为实验材料,在其7~13月龄期间,测量其各生长性状,进行各生长性状变异分析、各生长性状多重比较分析,估计虾夷扇贝早中期各性状的遗传力和重复力,并对壳高、壳长、壳宽与活体质量各性状进行表型相关性和遗传相关性分析。结果表明,虾夷扇贝早中期生长性状中活体质量的变异系数最大,为37.40%~69.81%;壳高的变异系数最小,为12.74%~22.77%,表明虾夷扇贝各生长性状均有较大的选育空间。研究获得壳高、壳长、壳宽和活体质量快速生长家系Py11-02、Py11-03和Py11-15号家系。虾夷扇贝壳高、壳长、壳宽和活体质量的遗传力分别为0.220~0.586、0.151~0.511、0.200~0.742、0.219~0.617,为中高等遗传力;重复力分别为0.11~0.29、0.08~0.25、0.10~0.36、0.11~0.30,为中低等重复力;壳高、壳长、壳宽与活体质量间的表型相关分别为0.926~0.935、0.929~0.943、0.692~0.937,均达到极显著水平(P0.01);遗传相关分别为0.908~0.984、0.921~0.975、0.946~0.981,均表现出高度遗传相关。研究为虾夷扇贝良种培育提供一定的理论依据。     

5个地区长肋日月贝形态性状对主要经济性状的相关性和通径分析

为了筛选出影响长肋日月贝(Amusium pleuronectes)经济性状的形态指标,对人工选育提供参考。本研究以广西北海、海南儋州、海南三亚、海南陵水和海南琼海5个地区的野生长肋日月贝为研究对象,分别测定其4个形态性状(壳长、壳高、壳宽、绞合线长)和4个经济性状(湿重、软体重、性腺重、闭壳肌重),经多元统计分析获得影响长肋日月贝主要经济性状的形态性状,再通过聚类分析探讨5个地区长肋日月贝的分类关系。结果显示,不同地区影响其经济性状的形态性状有所不同,其中,直接影响其湿重作用最大的性状是海南儋州、海南陵水和海南琼海的壳高,广西北海的壳长以及海南三亚的壳宽;直接影响其软体重作用最大的是海南儋州、海南陵水和海南琼海的壳高,广西北海的壳宽以及海南三亚的壳长;直接影响其性腺重作用最大的是海南儋州和海南三亚的壳高,广西北海的壳宽,海南陵水的绞合线长以及海南琼海的壳长;直接影响其闭壳肌重作用最大的是海南儋州、海南陵水和海南琼海的壳高,广西北海的壳宽以及海南三亚的壳长。研究表明,剔除对主要经济性状影响不显著的形态性状后,不同地区被保留形态性状与对应湿重、软体重、闭壳肌重的复相关系数较大,可以认为是影响其经济性状的主要自变量。聚类分析结果显示,地理位置越近,形态相似度越高。因此,在进行人工选育时,应针对不同地区做相应统计分析,以便选出最佳的形态性状,从而有助于提高育种效率。     

企鹅珍珠贝早期养殖生长性状的增长规律及生长曲线拟合研究

该研究对海南新村港养殖17个月的企鹅珍珠贝(Pteria penguin)苗种生长性状进行测量,利用von Bertalanffy、Gompertz和Logistic 3种生长模型对其生长性状的增长规律进行拟合,通过Levenberg-Marquardt迭代法求出各模型中3个生长参数,综合各参数的最优值,得出不同生长性状拟合效果最佳的生长模型。结果表明,Gompertz模型为企鹅珍珠贝各生长性状的最优生长模型。根据生长参数得出壳长、壳高、壳宽和体质量的生长极限值分别为93.519 mm、90.641 mm、39.075 mm和157.755 g,生长拐点分别为2.86个月、4.04个月、5.63个月和9.61个月;各生长性状间的绝对生长速度在不同生长期内差异较大,但随着月龄的增大均呈现先增加后降低的趋势;性状间相对生长速度存在差异并随月龄的增长逐渐趋于0。研究结果可为企鹅珍珠贝的养殖生态研究、遗传育种及插核育珠提供理论依据和参考资料。     

A new concept related to growth coefficient

ABSTRACT: Although the notion of growth coefficient is important in growth analysis, its meaning is not necessarily pointed out clearly, at least analytically. The present paper, based on the von Bertalanffy model, gives an extended quantity of it and investigates its properties for logistic and Gompertz models. It is age dependent and converges to the coefficient of age in the models, growth coefficient in the traditional sense. The graphs of the quantity and the length show similarity for the logistic model, but not for the Gompertz model, although they show the same type of fluctuation. Moreover, the analysis indicates that the newly defined quantity has a property suitable to be called a growth density of the growth of length. Our discussion also shows the importance of the notion of growth remainder.     

Social control of growth in Macrobrachium rosenbergii (De Man): a review and prospects for future research

The wide range of sizes of sexually mature prawn populations and particularly of the males is very typical of Macrobrachium rosenbergii (De Man) and a major obstacle to increased profitability of prawn culture. Prawn size variation reflects a complex population structure composed of three major male morphotypes – the small males, the orange‐claw males and the blue‐claw males – which differ in their morphology, physiology and behaviour. Social interactions among juveniles and among sexually mature males affect their growth. Four different social mechanisms have been suggested to control growth in crustaceans: direct competition for food, appetite suppression, altered food‐conversion efficiency and increased energy expenditure on motor activity. Since all growth‐controlling mechanisms involve an aggressive behavioural component, our knowledge of prawn agonistic behaviour and prawn social organization has been reviewed. Present knowledge of the social mechanisms regulating growth among juveniles and among sexually mature male morphotypes as well as the sensory modalities involved was evaluated. The possible evolution of social growth‐controlling mechanisms is discussed. Various ways for implementing our knowledge on social control of growth into prawn culture to increase profitability are suggested.     

Interactive effects of life history and season on size‐dependent growth in juvenile Atlantic salmon

Size‐dependent growth (SDG) is an important process in structuring populations as well as determining life history outcomes. Despite its importance, there have been few investigations from observational studies focusing on the interaction between life history decisions and SDG. In this study, we used data on individually tagged Atlantic salmon from both the laboratory and the field to investigate differences in SDG among two life history groups, parr and smolts. In the laboratory, we found little evidence of SDG in parr but seasonally dependent SDG in the smolt group. Smolts showed at strong compensatory response over the winter months just prior to the smolt transformation window. In the field, we found little evidence of SDG early in ontogeny (i.e., age 0+ fall and winter). There was some evidence of depensatory growth (positive SDG) during the age 1+ spring among both life history groups that may reflect random habitat variation or the monopolisation of resources. After the age 1+ spring, we found that smolts were more likely to show a compensatory effect (negative SDG) than parr. This effect was strongest, as they approached the smolt window in the spring of their age 2+ year. These results suggest (i) SDG is common in Atlantic salmon; however, the form and extent of life history depends on (ii) season and (iii) life history. For individuals that adopt a smolt life history, trade‐offs between freshwater survival and sea survival may lead to a convergent growth pattern, as they approach the smolt migration window.     

Compensatory growth in fishes: a response to growth depression

Compensatory growth (CG) is a phase of accelerated growth when favourable conditions are restored after a period of growth depression. CG reduces variance in size by causing growth trajectories to converge and is important to fisheries management, aquaculture and life history analysis because it can offset the effects of growth arrests. Compensatory growth has been demonstrated in both individually housed and grouped fish, typically after growth depression has been induced by complete or partial food deprivation. Partial, full and over‐compensation have all been evoked in fish, although over‐compensation has only been demonstrated when cycles of deprivation and satiation feeding have been imposed. Individually housed fish have shown that CG is partly a response to hyperphagia when rates of food consumption are significantly higher than those in fish that have not experienced growth depression. The severity of the growth depression increases the duration of the hyperphagic phase rather than maximum daily feeding rate. In many studies, growth efficiencies were higher during CG. Changes in metabolic rate and swimming activity have not been demonstrated yet to play a role. Periods of food deprivation induce changes in the storage reserves, particularly lipids, of fish. Apart from the strong evidence for the restoration of somatic growth trajectories, CG is a response to restore lipid levels. Although several neuro‐peptides, including neuropeptide‐Y, are probably involved in the control of appetite, their role and the role of hormones, such as growth hormone (GH) and insulin‐like growth factor (IGF), in the hyperphagia associated with CG are still unclear. The advantages of CG probably relate to size dependencies of mortality, fecundity and diet that are characteristic of teleosts. These size dependencies favour a recovery from the effects of growth depression if environmental factors allow. High growth rates may also impose costs, including adverse effects on future development, growth, reproduction and swimming performance. Hyperphagia may lead to riskier behaviour in the presence of predators. CG's evolutionary consequences are largely unexplored. An understanding of why animals grow at rates below their physiological capacity, an evaluation of the costs of rapid growth and the identification of the constraints on growth trajectories represent major challenges for life‐history theory.     

Changes in body growth of northern fur seals from 1958 to 1974: density effects or changes in the ecosystem?

Analysis of morphometric measurements collected from northern fur seals ( Callorhinus ursinus ) between 1958 and 1974 suggests a periodicity in growth rates and physical condition that may reflect underlying, large-scale environmental changes. The data further suggest that fur seals attained larger body sizes as the breeding population on the Pribilof Islands declined over this 16-year period. These conclusions are based on changes observed in the mean body size and condition index of mature females, changes in the annual growth rates of immature females, and changes in male and female growth curves. Interpreting annual changes in physical growth is complicated by inconsistencies in sampling between years and by large natural variations in body mass and body length within years. Commercial fisheries may influence the abundance of prey, and alter the physical growth of pinnipeds, but other physical and biological factors are probably more important determinants. Changes in body length and mass are useful indicators of per capita prey abundance and offer useful insights into conditions experienced by fur seals. Unfortunately, it is not possible to determine whether changes observed in growth are due entirely to changes in population density or whether they reflect changes in the ecosystem, or some combination of both.     

不同投喂模式对奥利亚罗非鱼血液生化指标与生长性能的影响

以奥利亚罗非鱼(Oreochromis aureus)为实验对象,设计了3种不同的投喂模式,分别是鲜活饵料组、饥饿3周后饱食投喂组和人工饲料组。鲜活饵料组投喂冰冻赤子爱胜蚓;饥饿后饱食组是指饥饿3周后,以人工饲料饱食投喂2周;人工饲料组作为对照组。淡水养殖,水温(25±2)℃。研究奥利亚罗非鱼在3种投喂模式下某些血液生理生化指标变化的情况,并将指标变化情况与增重率做相关性分析,试图找出能够反映奥利亚罗非鱼生长性能的血液生理生化指标。研究结果表明,奥利亚罗非鱼在饥饿3周后出现补偿生长,补偿生长时的增重率和特定生长率显著高于人工饲料组(P<0.05),高于鲜活饵料组,但差别不显著;相关性分析研究表明血清总蛋白、胆固醇与增重率极显著相关(P<0.01),血红蛋白与增重率显著相关(P<0.05),其他指标与增重率的相关性无统计学意义,因此,建议将血清总蛋白、胆固醇和血红蛋白作为反映生长性能的新指标。     

黑鲷生长激素及其受体的季节变化

采用黑鲷生长激素(seabream growth hormone,brGH)放射免疫测定法(brGHRIA)及黑鲷生长激素放射受体测定法(brGHRRA)，研究了不同季节(3月、6月、9月及12月)黑鲷血清GH水平及肝脏和性腺中生长激素 受体(growth hormone receptor,GHR)水平的变化，同时测定了黑鲷白肌及肝脏RNA-DNA比率及黑鲷肥满度 (condition factor,K)和性腺指数(gonadosomatic