鳜鱼人工驯食颗粒饲料试验

采用投喂活饵小鱼→冰鲜小鱼→颗粒饲料的方式进行鳜鱼(体长4~5 cm)驯食颗粒饲料试验。经过养殖驯化90 d,成活率达到70%,驯化率达100%,平均体长达14.5±1.8 cm,体重达40~50 g。     

锦江河野生斑鳜人工驯食试验

以锦江河野生斑鳜(Siniperca scherzeri)为研究对象,利用铜仁市优质地下水资源对367尾野生斑鳜苗种按照30、50、70 g三种规格进行人工驯食。整个驯食分为三个阶段:活饵适应阶段5～7 d;驯化死饵阶段9～11 d;配合饲料驯化阶段13～15 d,如果天气、水质等情况稳定的话驯化期需要28 d左右,结果表明:50 g左右的斑鳜苗驯食成功率达到91.79%;规格大于50 g的斑鳜苗驯食成功率为86.44%;小于50 g的斑鳜苗驯食成功率为78.3%,可见驯食斑鳜苗在50 g左右为较理想的驯化规格,在利用地下微流水条件下,成功驯食野生斑鳜苗种吃食配合饲料。     

长江刀鲚鱼种驯食浮性颗粒饲料试验研究

采用灯光诱鱼协同缓沉饲料驯食过渡至浮性颗粒饲料投喂的方法,高密度驯养长江刀鲚(Coilia nasus)鱼种,建立了8~10 cm刀鲚鱼种转食浮性颗粒饲料的人工饲养技术,为刀鲚的集约化养殖提供技术支撑。结果显示,经16 d的驯食,刀鲚在投饵后1 h之内吃完饲料,驯食期间刀鲚平均成活率为75.05%。闪光诱鱼比常光诱鱼更利于刀鲚鱼种驯食浮性颗粒饲料;先期对浮性颗粒饲料处理成缓沉投饲驯食并逐步过渡至完全摄食浮性颗粒饲料的操作能让刀鲚鱼种在短期内(16 d)完全摄食浮性颗粒饲料。     

蛇鳄龟稚龟摄食行为初探

为研究光照、饥饿、饵料规格和驯食等对蛇鳄龟(Chelydra serpentina)稚龟摄食行为的影响,用全长(1.80±0.25)cm的尼罗罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus)(A)、全长(0.96±0.07)cm的尼罗罗非鱼(B)、全长(0.96±0.12)cm的红罗非鱼hybirds tilapia(C)3种活体饵料对蛇鳄龟稚龟[(8.74±1.16)g]进行了饲喂试验。试验结果显示:主动搜寻捕食是蛇鳄龟稚龟的主要摄食方式;光照对其摄食量有极显著影响(P0.01);饥饿程度与捕食频率显著相关(P0.05),但对捕食成功率无统计学影响(P0.05);蛇鳄龟倾向于捕食大规格饵料,但过度饥饿会降低这种偏好的程度;从小驯食不同颜色的饵料(B和C)会影响稚龟对饵料颜色的选择。结果表明,视觉是稚龟捕食行为中的主要感觉系统,获取"最大净收益"是稚龟的捕食策略,驯食影响它对饵料颜色的选择则是典型的食物印记。饥饿状态会影响蛇鳄龟对饵料的选择性,过度饥饿使之更多地表现为随机捕食。     

鳜pep和gh基因SNP标记与驯食性状的关联分析

以鳜(Siniperca chuatsi)选育群体为实验材料,在易驯食与不易驯食鳜转录组Unigene数据库中共预测到4809个SNP位点,其中胃蛋白酶基因(pepsinoge, pep)和生长激素基因(growth hormone, gh)均为转录组筛选获得的鳜驯食性状候选基因,本研究将候选基因上的多态SNP位点在易驯食和不易驯食鳜群体中进行基因分型,并与鳜驯食性状进行关联分析。在易驯食与不易驯食的鳜群体中共发现5个单核苷酸(SNP)多态性位点,有效等位基因(N_e)在1.1959～1.7001,观测杂合度(H_o)和期望杂合度(H_e)分别分布于0.1800～0.3585和0.1655～0.4160,多态信息含量(PIC)为0.2477,全部位点都属于中度多态性位点。结果表明SNP位点pep-A T/C中2种基因型TT和CT与鳜驯食性状呈高水平显著相关(P0.05),组合得到的3种基因型Genotype1(CT,CC/CT/TT,AA,AA,TT)、Genotype2(TT,CC/CT/TT, AA, AA, TT)和Genotype3(TT, CC, AA, AA, TT)也与鳜驯食性状呈高水平显著相关(P0.05),显著影响鳜驯食性状表型,其中Genotype2相关性最高,可作为最优基因型个体进行选育。本研究在鳜pep和gh基因中鉴定出与驯食性状呈显著关联的SNP分子标记,为加快易驯食鳜新品种的基因辅助选育提供有效的SNP分子标记。     

长江、黄河和辽河种群中华绒螯蟹雄体成蟹可食组织营养组成的比较

采用养殖实验和生化分析方法,在相似的池塘条件下将辽河、黄河和长江种群中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)扣蟹养殖至成蟹,比较了三群体雄体成蟹的性腺指数、肝胰腺指数、出肉率、总可食率和肥满度,进一步测定和比较了可食组织中的常规生化成分、脂肪酸及氨基酸,旨在评价三种群雄体成蟹的营养品质和可食率。研究结果显示:(1)黄河种群中华绒螯蟹的性腺指数略高于其他两种群蟹,长江种群中华绒螯蟹的肝胰腺指数、出肉率、总可食率和肥满度最高,但均无显著差异(P0.05)。(2)辽河种群性腺中蛋白质含量显著高于其他两种群(P0.05),三群体性腺中水分、脂肪和灰分含量差异不显著(P0.05);长江种群肝胰腺的水分含量最低,但其蛋白质、脂肪和灰分含量高于其他两种群;黄河种群肌肉中脂肪含量显著低于辽河种群的含量,而其灰分含量显著高于黄河种群(P0.05),水分和蛋白质含量无显著差异(P0.05)。(3)三种群性腺中主要多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)含量相近,长江种群性腺中∑PUFA、∑n6PUFA和总高度不饱和脂肪酸(∑HUFA)含量最高;三种群肝胰腺中各PUFA、∑PUFA和∑HUFA含量无显著差异(P0.05);三种群肌肉中C_(18:3n3)(LNA)和C_(20:5n3)(EPA)的含量存在显著差异,且黄河种群的这两种脂肪酸含量都显著高于辽河种群(P0.05)。(4)辽河种群性腺中的蛋氨酸和半胱氨酸含量显著高于其他两种群(P0.05),且辽河种群的总必需氨基酸(EAA)、总非必需氨基酸(NEAA)和总氨基酸(TAA)含量高于黄河和长江种群;长江种群雄体肌肉中的EAA、总EAA、总NEAA、TAA含量最高。(5)辽河种群性腺中存在3种限制性氨基酸(赖氨酸、缬氨酸和色氨酸),且其平均必需氨基酸分(EAAS)最低;三种群肌肉中均无限制性氨基酸,辽河水系EAAS仍然最低。综上,不同种群中华绒螯蟹性腺发育和营养成分具有一定的差异,这可能与其发育阶段和遗传因素有关。     

中国北方野生雄绒螯蟹成蟹可食率和生化成分分析

比较了2017年10月由我国绥芬河、图们江和辽河采集的质量为80~160 g的野生雄绒螯蟹成蟹的组织系数、总可食率、可食组织中一般化学组成及脂肪酸组成。试验结果显示:(1)3个种群雄体性腺指数、肝胰腺指数和出肉率差异显著,但3个种群总可食率无显著差异(P>0.05)。(2)就性腺而言,图们江种群水分含量最高,绥芬河种群脂肪含量最高,辽河种群蛋白质和灰分含量最高(P<0.05);辽河种群肝胰腺水分含量显著高于其他2个种群,但灰分含量显著低于其他2个种群,绥芬河种群肝胰腺中的脂肪含量最高(P<0.05);绥芬河种群肌肉的水分最低,蛋白质、脂肪和灰分含量最高,图们江种群肌肉中的脂肪含量最低,辽河种群肌肉的蛋白质和灰分含量最低。(3)绥芬河种群雄体性腺总长链多不饱和脂肪酸含量最高,图们江种群绒螯蟹肝胰腺和肌肉中总长链多不饱和脂肪酸含量最低(P<0.05);辽河种群的可食组织中n-3/n-6的值最低,图们江种群可食组织n-3/n-6的值最高。综上,绥芬河、图们江和辽河3个种群绒螯蟹野生雄体的总可食率无显著差异,但是可食部位的常规生化和脂肪酸含量存在显著差异。     

限食处理后鲮鱼摄食率和饲料转化率的变化

20 0 1年 1 2月到 2 0 0 2年 3月在 1 9～ 2 4℃条件下 ,对鲮鱼 (初始体重 :88 86± 5 92 g)进行了不同时间的限食处理后再充分投喂的恢复生产实验。结果表明 :限食组在恢复投喂后 ,摄食率变化不大 ,但饲料转化效率 (简称转化率 )明显提高 ,最终限食组体重完全追上对照组 ,表明限食在鲮鱼养殖上有很好的应用前景。     

不同处理的栓皮栎橡子代替玉米对肉鸡生长性能、表观代谢率及血液指标的影响

目的 研究不同处理的栓皮栎橡子代替玉米对肉鸡生长性能、表观代谢率及血液指标影响。方法 将1日龄500羽雏鸡，分成5组。其中A组作为对照组(玉米-豆粕基础日粮),B组为添加10%生橡子，C组为添加20%生橡子，D组为添加10%的橡子(浸泡在水中24 h),E组为添加20%的橡子(浸泡在水中24 h)。在21 d和42 d时分别按重复称鸡体重、计算平均日增重、平均日采食量和料重比；42 d收集粪便测定饲料与粪便中的粗蛋白、粗纤维、粗脂肪、能量、钙、磷含量，计算饲料养分的表观代谢率；试验42 d采血，检测血清中白蛋白、总蛋白、葡萄糖、尿素氮。结果 在生长性能方面，与A组相比B组、C组、D组、E组日增重和采食量均显著降低(P<0.05);在表观代谢率方面，与A组相比B组、C组、D组、E组的粗蛋白、能量、粗脂肪、钙、磷表观代谢率没有显著影响(P>0.05),粗纤维表观代谢率有显著增加(P<0.05);在血液生化方面，与A组相比C组显著降低(P<0.05),B组、D组、E组差异不显著(P>0.05),血液尿素氮、总蛋白、白蛋白指标影响均不显著(P>0.05)。结...     

奶牛抗热应激中草药添加剂对小鼠热耐力的影响

试验研究奶牛抗热应激中草药添加剂对热应激小鼠机体耐力的影响。试验分A、B、C、D4个处理,每个处理20只小鼠,分别喂以不同添加剂浓度的饲料21d[A组:0.5g/(10g体重)、B组:0.25g/(10g体重)、C组:0.13g/(10g体重)、D组0g/(10g体重)],每日光暗节律各12h,自由摄食与饮水。试验结果表明,A、B组体重增加显著高于C、D组(P<0.01),A、B、C组小鼠死亡数显著少于D组(P<0.05),受热90min后,A、B、C组小鼠肛温比D组分别低0.3℃、0.3℃、0.5℃(P<0.05),说明该添加剂具有一定的提高小鼠热耐力作用。     

Partitioning of Fish and Diet Selection as Methods for the Reduction of Cannibalism in Paralichthys dentatus Larviculture

Partitioning of larvae and diet selection were examined as strategies to reduce cannibalism in summer flounder Paralichthys dentatus . Methods of partitioning included physical grading by size, baffle interference, and a control. The baffle consisted of a barrier with cells 14-mm square and walls 9-mm high. The barrier was positioned horizontally at a depth where it would divide the tank into two equal volumes of water. Factors which may characterize cannibalism were quantified, including: total length, developmental stage, pigmentation, wet weight, and biomass. Engineered to reduce cannibalism, the baffle instead contributed to a decrease in survival for at least one experiment ( P < 0.05). Grading by size did not significantly increase survival over that of the untreated control ( P > 0.05). Mean developmental stage of P. dentatus in the graded treatment was significantly less than fish in either the control or baffle treatments ( P < 0.05). A factorial design of partition strategy and weaning diet did not demonstrate any difference in survival or measured character ( P > 0.05). Finally, both inert feeds and live Artemia sp. nauplii were examined for their contribution to the Occurrence of cannibalism. Predicted differences between live and artificial diets were not significant ( P > 0.05). During experiments, cannibalism was principally observed in late larval and early juvenile stages and was not restricted to post-metamorphic juveniles feeding on premeta-morphic larvae. Methods normally employed to reduce cannibalism (partitioning of larvae and diet selection) do not appear to be effective for P. dentatus .     

Effects of stocking density and size distribution on growth, survival and cannibalism in juvenile fat snook (Centropomus parallelus Poey)

This study was carried out in order to determine the effect of stocking density and size distribution on growth, survival and cannibalism of fat snook (Centropomus parallelus Poey) juveniles. Three stocking densities (1.5, 3 and 6 fish L⁻¹) were tested in two groups of fish: homogeneous [total length (TL)=22.1 mm; coefficient of variation of length (CV)=8%] and heterogeneous (TL=22.7 mm; CV=15%). The experimental design was factorial (3 × 2) using triplicates. Fish were reared for 30 days in 80‐L circular tanks with an open flow‐through system. There was no significant interaction between the two factors (density and size distribution). The highest cannibalism rate (14.2%) was observed in the heterogeneous group, which also had a significantly higher growth rate (TL=45.6 mm) than the homogeneous group (3.2% and TL=40.9 mm). Significant differences were found between the two lowest densities and the highest density (6.2%, 6.3% and 13.4% respectively). Growth was not affected by fish density. Cannibalism was the main cause of mortality. In 90% of the occurrences, whole prey ingestion was observed. According to the results obtained, cannibalism was positively correlated to density, although size grading of fat snook juveniles is recommended to control cannibalism in all the densities tested.     

Intensive rearing of juvenile crayfish (Pacifastacus leniusculus,Astacidae) during the first 6 months: effects of size grading

Recent advances in crayfish feeding have enabled the development of size grading studies from the start of first‐feeding. A 180‐day experiment aimed at intensive rearing of Pacifastacus leniusculus was carried out under controlled conditions, evaluating the effects of size grading at two different periods from the onset of exogenous feeding. Stage 2 juveniles were stocked in fibreglass tanks at a density of 100 m², and fed a dry diet for salmonids combined with restricted amounts of Artemia cysts. Five groups were tested: no grading, grading at 60 days (large and small size) and grading at 100 days (large and small size). After 6 months, no significant differences were found in the survival among groups (mean: 73.06%). The highest final growth (pooled results from upper and lower classes: 17.39 mm carapace length, 1.43 g weight) was achieved by the crayfish sorted at 60 days, showing significant differences from the ungraded group. Smaller crayfish graded at 60 days grew significantly faster than smaller crayfish graded at 100 days. The food conversion ratio was lower in the graded groups (mean: 2.64), showing significant differences from the ungraded group (3.23). This study shows that size grading allows a better performance and an improved feeding efficiency.     

Early weaning of cuttlefish (Sepia officinalis,L.) with frozen grass shrimp (Palaemonetes varians) from the first day after hatching

The suitability of early weaning cuttlefish using frozen grass shrimp, and its effects on growth and mortality was determined in a 50‐day experiment. Three food groups were used. One group (C) was fed with live prey until 25th DAH and weaned with frozen prey until the end of the experiment. In the other two groups, weaning started at the fifth DAH (W5) and first DAH (W1), also with frozen diet. Significant differences were found between C and the remaining treatments (P < 0.05) for mean wet weight (MWW), instantaneous growth rate (IGR), biomass (B) and mortality at the 25th and the 50th DAH. Despite the lower growth (~1/3 of the achieved with live food) and higher mortality (3% obtained by C versus 23% in the W1 and W5 groups), C cuttlefish presented a similar weight gain tendency to W1 and W5 groups after weaning. This is the first record of early acceptance (at the first DAH) of frozen food by cuttlefish hatchlings. These differences could be related with digestive enzymes of cuttlefish and prey, changes in nutritional composition and amount of captured prey, etc. Future research should also address the effects of this early weaning on cuttlefish life cycle.     

Effects of size grading on growth, survival and cheliped injuries of signal crayfish (Pacifastacus leniusculus Dana) summerlings (age 0+)

Effects of size grading and stocking density on growth and survival of 3.5‐month‐old signal crayfish (Pacifastacus leniusculus Dana) juveniles were investigated in a 3 × 2 factorial design with size group (small, large and mixed) and stocking density (25 and 200 individuals m^?2) as factors for 90 days. Carapace length and wet weight growth of the juveniles were affected by the presence or absence of other size groups, stocking density and animal size. All factors had statistically significant interactions, which make the interpretation of the results more complicated. The smaller crayfish grew faster in the absence of large animals and larger animals benefited from the presence of smaller cospecies. Increasing density decreased the growth in length and weight. Survival (82–100%) was good in all groups. Subsequently, the within population dynamics was studied by selectively removing the largest individuals (selectively removing (SR) group). Effects on growth and survival of the remaining juveniles were evaluated on 6‐month‐old P. leniusculus juveniles reared in plastic tanks (100 juveniles m^?2) for 122 days. Size distribution manipulation was performed at days 34 and 70. Juveniles in SR group grew significantly faster in comparison with a control group (RR), from which juveniles were removed randomly. Also, the survival rate was significantly higher in the SR group than in the RR group. In conclusion, size grading of juvenile P. leniusculus either at the start of the experiment or repeatedly during the experiment increased growth performance of smaller animals in length and weight.     

What causes cannibalization‐associated suffocation in cultured brown‐marbled grouper,Epinephelus fuscoguttatus (Forsskål, 1775)?

During culture of grouper, cannibalism is a frequent phenomenon that usually causes economic loss. Grouper culture often requires grading to prevent size‐dependent cannibalism. In comparison with orange‐spotted (Epinephelus coioides) and giant grouper (E. lanceolatus), failure to swallow prey during cannibalism is frequently observed in brown‐marbled grouper (E. fuscoguttatus). The cannibal cannot engulf the entire prey and the two fish ultimately end up dying together. Herein, we attempted to compare morphometric differences among orange‐spotted, giant and brown‐marbled grouper. We established a cannibal–prey total length (TL) relationship for brown‐marbled grouper: TL_prey=0.71 TL_cannibal−1.75. According to the equation, a difference of approximately 50% in TL is a threshold to use for grading the grouper. This value is much larger than that used (30%) in orange‐spotted and giant grouper, and this size difference results in a higher incidence of failed cannibalism attempts in brown‐marbled grouper. It is our belief that the standard grading method will fail to produce as good an effect in brown‐marbled grouper as is seen in orange‐spotted and giant grouper. Therefore, in addition to grading, other manipulations such as satiation feeding, nutritional supplementation and optimal stocking densities should be applied to reduce cannibalism of brown‐marbled grouper.     

The complete life cycle in captivity of the spider crab,Maja brachydactyla,Herbst 1788

The present research describes the complete life cycle in captivity, including spawning, larval culture and fattening of juveniles until commercial size. Additionally, size, weight and age at each moulting stage were recorded, as well as zoeas biochemical composition. The most significant results obtained were as follows. Embryonic development lasted for 33 days. Each female had between three and five spawns, separated by 4–5 days each. Larval culture lasted for 20 days at 14–17°C. The zoeas turn to megalopa at ~11 days after hatch/DAH), and from megalopa to juvenile at ~20 DAH. Average survival was ~13%. Juvenile growth rate was higher during the first 8 months (0.22%–0.46% bw/day), and then gradually decreased when changing from live to frozen diets. Survival during the fattening phase was 63%. The final moult occurs at 450 DAH, when males and females have a carapace total length of 12.38 + 1.23 and 13.57 + 1.23 cm, respectively, and 541.56 + 104.26 and 670.68 + 162.6 g in total weight respectively. Biochemical composition of cultured zoeas showed a high amount of phospholipids and long‐chain fatty acids, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and arachidonic acid (ARA). Low survival rates in larval culture and especially after passing to the benthic life style are the main problems regarding spider crab culture, and need to be improved.     

Substrate selection and effect of different substrates on survival and growth of juveniles of the freshwater crayfish <Emphasis Type="Italic">Cherax quadricarinatus</Emphasis> (von Martens 1868) (Decapoda,Parastacidae)

Survival and growth of juveniles of the Australian freshwater crayfish Cherax quadricarinatus were evaluated in aquaria with four different substrates covering their bottom. The four substrates were plastic mesh, small stones, fine sand and bare glass without cover (control group). Two size classes of juveniles were evaluated: recently hatched or early (~0.02 g of body weight) and pre-fattening or advanced (~1 g of body weight). A group of twelve early or ten advanced juveniles were placed in each of the 24 aquaria. Each substrate had a total of six aquaria, three containing early juveniles and the other three containing advanced juveniles groups. Each aquarium had an excess small PVC pipes that served as shelters. After 12 weeks, early juveniles raised in small stones or fine sand had a statistically significant heavier body mass than the control group while the advanced juveniles did not show statistically significant differences in body weight. In a second experiment, ten early and ten advanced juveniles were individually placed in a circular glass aquarium divided into four sections each containing one of the same substrates used in the first experiment. Each individual was filmed for 24 h, and the time spent in each compartment was registered. Both sizes of juveniles showed a marked preference for the small stones. This experiment was repeated with animals used in the first experiment and observed the same selection pattern indicating that substrate selection is independent of body mass or previous acclimation to the different substrates.     

Maximum prey size estimation of longtooth grouper,Epinephelus bruneus,using morphological features,and predation experiments on juvenile cannibalism

In fish culture, cannibalism, which induces critical damage, is separated into two types: type I, which occurs in early larval stages when size heterogeneity is low; and type II, which starts in later larval and/or early juvenile stages following type I when size heterogeneity is high. In type II, the cannibal's maximum prey size is limited by its gape size relative to the prey fish body size. Ratios of prey to cannibal body size changes are associated with allometric factors and feeding behaviour with growth. In a previous study on grouper, the maximal prey size was estimated morphologically (i.e., the relationship between gape size and body height). This method is very simple and useful; however, it does not consider allometric factors and feeding behaviour changes; therefore, it probably causes a large estimation error. To overcome this, we present a new method for estimating maximal prey size to determine the size ranges for size grading of longtooth grouper, Epinephelus bruneus, juveniles using predation experiments. It is shown that grouper type II cannibalism is affected by two factors; in early juvenile stages by morphology and in later (TL over 50 mm) by prey size selectivity.     

Effects of feeding conditions and size differences on aggressive behaviour and cannibalism in the Pacific bluefin tuna Thunnus orientalis (Temminck and Schlegel) larvae

We examined the effects of feeding conditions and size differences on the aggressive behaviour and cannibalism in Pacific bluefin tuna (PBT) Thunnus orientalis larvae. In a 24 h experiment, restricted feeding alone was found to remarkably increase the frequency of aggressive behaviour, which was further elevated by differences in fish size. In a 4‐day rearing experiment, while aggressive behaviour was increased by restricted feeding alone, the frequency of cannibalism did not change significantly. Although the frequency of aggressive behaviour did not increase with difference in size factor, small fish in this group gradually tended to die over 4‐day period. In the restricted feeding and size difference group, large fish were observed to bite the small fish, and almost all the small fish died on the day after the start of the experiment. These results suggest that the aggressive behaviour of PBT larvae is chiefly increased by the shortage of live food; however, deaths related to cannibalism mainly occurred in small larvae and rapidly increased with food restriction and differences in fish size.