点篮子鱼人工繁育技术研究

2008年4~6月在海南进行了点篮子鱼的人工繁殖试验,共产卵610×104cell,孵化出仔鱼342.4×104ind,经过30 d土池生态培育,培育出体长约2.5 cm幼鱼32.5×104ind,土塘培育苗种成活率达16.1%。点篮子鱼适宜催产的环境条件为:水温25.5~27.7℃,盐度33.0~34.5,pH值7.9~8.5,DO值6.0~8.8 mg/L。A、B、C三种药品配伍进行催产效果最好,获产率、受精率、孵化率均最高,分别达到60.0%~80.0%、83.2%~90.5%和71.2%~76.8%,效应时间缩短到15~16 h。点篮子鱼受精卵为半浮性卵,孵化积温为649.25时度。当盐度低于26.5时,点篮子鱼受精卵沉于水底;盐度高于38.5时,则浮于水面。水温对胚胎发育影响较大,15℃、20℃试验组胚胎分别发育至原肠晚期、胚孔封闭期死亡,35℃条件下胚胎发育终止于胚体形成期,30℃试验组初孵仔鱼的活力差,畸形率高。点篮子鱼胚胎发育的适温为25℃左右。盐度对点篮子鱼的胚胎发育的影响较大。在盐度34.4~45.7范围内,随着盐度的增加,孵化率降低,畸形率升高。在盐度30.2~34.4范围内,孵化率在60%以上,畸形率在10%以下,最适盐度范围30.2~34.4。初孵仔鱼全长为1.00~1.20 mm,油球一个,出膜3~4 d开始摄食小型轮虫和藻类。点篮子鱼苗15日龄前生长缓慢,之后生长迅速,平均全长与日龄回归方程式为:y=1.120 7e0.109 4x,R2=0.979 5。     

大鳞鲃人工繁育试验报告

从乌兹别克斯坦引进体质量20~40g的野生大鳞鲃(Barbus capito)鱼种,经5年人工培育性腺已发育成熟,2008年5月筛选8尾亲鱼进行人工繁殖试验。结果表明:注射催产药物LHRH-A2、HCG和DOM可促使亲鱼产卵和排精,催产的4尾雌鱼中有3尾成功产卵,获得受精卵4.8万粒,孵出鱼苗3万尾,其催产率、受精率、孵化率分别为75%,72.3%,67.1%。水温20~23℃时,从受精卵到孵出鱼苗需要约70h,到仔鱼上浮开口需要约6d。在哈尔滨地区池塘人工培育大鳞鲃鱼苗,1龄鱼体质量可达(40.06±1.19)g,体长(14.34±0.15)cm。     

卵形鲳鲹的早期胚胎发育

对人工繁殖的卵形鲳鳆（Trachinotus ovatus）受精卵的胚胎发育过程进行了连续观察。受精卵由人工养殖的性成熟亲鱼，经人工催产、自然产卵受精获得。卵形鲳鲮的成熟卵呈圆形，平均卵径为967．8μm。受精卵在水温18～21℃、盐度31的条件下，胚胎发育历时41h27min后孵出仔鱼。胚胎发育为盘状卵裂，胚体后期的发育速度较快；仔鱼脱膜孵化的速度非常快，基本上在1min内就可以完成。初孵仔鱼平均全长为1．548mm，卵黄囊较大。     

池养镜泊湖蒙古鲌的人工繁殖及胚胎发育和胚后发育观察

研究了池塘养殖条件下镜泊湖蒙古鲌的人工繁殖及胚胎和胚后发育。试验结果显示,池养蒙古鲌人工催产的适宜时间为6月上旬,水温为23~26℃。混合激素400IU/kg绒毛膜促性腺激素+4g/kg绒毛膜促性腺激素A2+2mg/kg地欧酮,催产率达80%以上。镜泊湖蒙古鲌成熟卵呈圆球形,淡黄色,半透明,属沉黏性卵;平均卵径为(1.10±0.03)mm,吸水膨胀后的卵径为(1.42±0.05)mm。水温23~25℃时,受精卵至破膜需38h,积温926.3℃·h。镜泊湖蒙古鲌的胚胎发育时序和特征符合鲌属鱼类胚胎发育的一般规律,可分为胚盘、卵裂、囊胚、原肠、神经胚和器官形成6个发育阶段,进一步细分应为21个发育时期,初孵仔鱼全长(4.32±0.31)mm,当达到(5.70±0.47)mm时开始平游摄食。     

泰山赤鳞鱼的胚胎发育和仔鱼发育

试验结果表明:泰山赤鳞鱼产卵时间在4~5月,自然产卵水温为18~26℃,产卵于水底细沙中,分散产卵。卵呈弱粘性,金黄色,属沉性卵,平均卵径2.5 mm。在水温18~22℃条件下,胚胎从受精到孵化出膜历时66 h,经过了胚盘形成期、卵裂期、囊胚期、原肠胚期、神经胚期、器官分化期6个主要阶段。初孵仔鱼全长6.0~6.5 mm。卵黄囊前部膨大成球形,约占鱼体整个长度的1/3;后端为均匀的棒状。仔鱼孵出到消化道完全形成约经历136 h。     

人工诱导池塘养殖鳗鲡成熟产卵以及胚胎和仔鱼发育

降海鳗鲡一直是作为研究鳗鲡人工繁殖的材料,由于降海鳗鲡的资源衰退,选用池塘养殖鳗鲡作为亲本的研究成为热点。尽管人工诱导野生降海鳗鲡获得的胚胎发育过程的研究已报道,但人工诱导池塘养殖鳗鲡的胚胎及仔鱼早期发育未见报道。本文应用池塘养殖日本鳗鲡取代野生降海日本鳗鲡进行人工繁殖,2002年的孵化批次共80次,其中大部分为人工授精卵(60次),一部分(20次)为自然产卵。受精率为(44.03±21.99)%,孵化率为(65.76±19.48)%,共计获得苗种349.9万尾。连续记录了鳗鲡的胚胎和早期仔鱼的发育过程。在水温为20.5℃时,胚胎发育需要时间为49h,所需积温1005℃.h;在水温为22.5℃时,胚胎发育需要时间为39h,所需积温878℃.h;在水温为24.5℃时,胚胎发育需要时间为34h,所需积温833℃.h。     

美洲黑石斑胚胎发育的观察及其规模化繁育技术研究

为建立美洲黑石斑（Centropristis Striata）人工繁殖技术,研究美洲黑石斑的亲鱼培育、人工繁殖、胚胎发育与苗种培育生产试验。结果表明：亲鱼培育成活率82.6%,产卵7批次,产卵1500×104粒,受精卵呈球形,卵径0.90～1.20mm,平均0.98mm;有一个直径0.13～0.19mm的油球,受精率76.50%,孵出仔鱼860×104尾,孵化率74.94%,此外,美洲黑石斑胚胎发育可划分为受精卵、卵裂、囊胚、原肠胚、神经胚、器官形成6个阶段,共21个时期。水温18～26℃,盐度28～31,pH7.8～8.2的海水中受精卵经26～40h即可孵化出膜。仔鱼经室内水泥池2个月的强化培育,体长可达4.5cm以上,出苗率9.31%。     

秦岭细鳞鲑早期发育观察

研究所用性成熟秦岭细鳞鲑(Brachymystax lenok tsinlingensis)亲鱼为野生捕获。对其进行人工繁殖,并观察其胚胎和仔鱼发育。结果表明:在水温9.31～12.80℃,受精卵历经408 h出膜,所需积温为193.35℃.d,初孵仔鱼体长为(9.64±1.03)mm。整个胚胎发育过程可划分为6个阶段(受精卵、卵裂阶段、囊胚阶段、原肠胚阶段、神经胚阶段、器官形成阶段)、26个时期。刚出膜的仔鱼体色透明,肌节明显,无游泳能力,出膜第5天体表出现大量黑色素,12 d后卵黄囊开始消失,46 d的仔鱼各鳍条与幼鱼相似,出现幼鲑斑。通过探讨水温、溶氧和水质等对秦岭细鳞鲑早期发育的影响,建议秦岭细鳞鲑人工繁殖的水温不宜超过14℃,最适宜水温应控制在6～10℃;孵化水体DO应在6.00～8.55 mg/L,如果低于这个水平将会导致发育迟缓、坏死或是出膜幼苗畸形。本研究旨在为秦岭细鳞鲑的人工繁殖和鱼种培育提供科学指导。     

温度和盐度对宝石鲈胚胎发育的影响

宝石鲈(Scortum barcoo)是原产于澳大利亚的一种杂食性、中型经济淡水鱼类,对饵料要求不高,生长速度较快,肌肉的Omega-3不饱和脂肪酸含量很高,具有较高的食用价值。2001年首次被引进中国,2004年人工繁殖获得成功。为了让人们充分了解该物种的繁殖生物学特性,同时为宝石鲈的开发利用提供基本数据,本研究对宝石鲈的胚胎发育时序及不同水温和盐度对胚胎发育的影响做了较为祥细的观察与研究。采用人工催产、授精获得受精卵,在水温(27.0±0.5)℃孵化,观察胚胎发育情况。成熟卵圆形、透明、漂浮性,卵径0.87~0.92 mm,吸水后卵膜膨胀直径为2.10 mm左右;胚胎明显特征是有一个直径为0.50 mm左右的大油球。出膜仔鱼全长2.00 mm左右,出膜4 d后卵黄完全吸收,并开始摄食,此时仔鱼全长3.5~3.7 mm。胚胎发育的最低和最高临界水温分别是21℃和31℃,最适水温范围是24~27℃,胚胎发育所需时间与水温成负相关关系。胚胎发育的最适盐度范围为0~8,盐度8时,各个发育时期的胚胎和仔鱼的存活率最高,12为临界盐度。因此在生产实践中要掌握好温度和盐度,以获得最佳的种苗生产效果。     

西昌高原鳅人工繁殖研究和仔鱼形态初步观察

以安宁河支流热水河中的西昌高原鳅作试验对象,对发育良好的成熟个体进行人工繁殖的初步研究,观察仔鱼的形态发育并进行苗种培育试验。试验结果表明,催产药物的组配以每尾雌鱼注射HCG 100 IU+LHRH-A₂ 5 μg效果最佳。试验共催产亲鱼140组,48 h效应时间后,两次催产率分别为69 %和62 %;成熟卵卵径为(0.9±0.1)mm,呈浅黄色,遇水后具强黏性;在15~17 ℃下,胚胎历时72 h孵化出膜,初孵仔鱼平均全长4.2 mm,受精率分别为65 %和63 %,孵化率分别为74 %和77 %。仔鱼的形态发育结果表明,仔鱼发育较快,与摄食相关的器官在胚后很短时间内得到较快发育;苗种培育成活率为66 %。     

Protein and amino acid composition from the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris exposed to prolonged starvation

Protein and amino acid composition of the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris (Cuvier, 1797) during fasting for 27 days were determined. Average protein content of octopus mantle was of 711.19 ± 46.80 g kg^?1 DW, and it decreased with increasing fasting days. The non‐essential amino acids content was higher (486.18 ± 11.08 g kg^?1 protein) than essential amino acids (425.82 ± 9.15 g kg^?1 protein) at the start of the experiment (unstarved animals). The results suggest that the amino acid profile of the mantle where the most abundant amino acids are Arg, His, Lys, Gly, Leu and Pro could indicate a prolonged fasting condition (>20 days) or poor nutrition of O . vulgaris. This study supports the idea of using mantle for metabolic needs of starved O . vulgaris suggesting that the degradation pathway of amino acids to pyruvate and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates was favoured contrary to the degradation pathway of ketogenic amino acids. Special considerations should be taken concerning Thr, Ile, Ser, Ala, Asx (Asp, Asn), Glx (Glu, Gln) (because of their fast intake) and Lys and His (due to their stable contents) during a prolonged period of fasting.     

美人鱼发光杆菌对凡纳滨对虾非特异性 免疫功能及抗病力的影响

在基础饲料中分别添加0.1%和1%美人鱼发光杆菌灭活菌、0.1%美人鱼发光杆菌活菌配制成3种免疫实验饲料,以基础饲料为空白对照组饲料,每组设3个平行样。对个体质量为(4.83±0.36)g的凡纳滨对虾进行为期20 d的饲养实验,分别在0、5、10、15和20d进行取样,以血清中的酚氧化酶(PO)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和溶菌酶(UL)活性为免疫指标,探讨了美人鱼发光杆菌作为免疫制剂对凡纳滨对虾非特异性免疫效应的影响;在投喂免疫饲料后的第22天,按0.004 2 kg/kg体重的剂量,直接投喂对虾白斑综合征病毒(WSSV)病料,并记录累积死亡率。结果表明,美人鱼发光杆菌免疫实验组对凡纳滨对虾血清中PO、ACP、AKP、UL和SOD活性影响明显高于对照组,并且在饲料中添加美人鱼发光杆菌后,明显提高了对虾抵御WSSV感染的能力。其中0.1%美人鱼发光杆菌活菌实验组的抗病毒感染能力最强,WSSV感染14d内累计死亡率为63.3%±5.8%;而对照组为96.7%±3.3%。研究表明,美人鱼发光杆菌添加在对虾饲料中能提高凡纳滨对虾非特异性免疫水平,增强抵抗疾病的能力,将其作为对虾免疫增强剂具有良好的应用前景。     

Effects of Spirulina platensis as a feed additive on growth and coloration of blue dolphin cichlids (Cyrtocara moorii Boulunger, 1902)

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of replacing fish meal with dietary Spirulina as a feed supplement on the growth performance and coloration of blue dolphin cichlids (Cyrtocara moorii). Five isonitrogenous (47% crude protein) and isocaloric (17.36 kJ/g digestible energy) diets were for formulated to replace FM with 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20% Spirulina (designated as Control, SP5, SP10, SP15 and SP20 respectively) and fed to the fish (initial body weight, 3.15 ± 0.01 g). Fish were randomly distributed into fifteen 120 L aquariums (26.5 ± 1.00°C), 15 fish per aquarium. The diets were tested in triplicate for 12 weeks. Experimental groups were fed twice daily (09:00 and 17:00) by hand to satiation. At the end of the feeding trial, significantly (p < 0.05) higher weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR), protein efficiency ratio (PER) and lower feed conversion ratio (FCR) were observed in fish fed the SP10 diet when compared to the SP20 diet. There was no significant difference in these parameters between the other groups. The skin coloration of blue dolphin cichlid fed a diet containing Spirulina meal was enhanced. The best coloration was observed in the SP15 group. These impressions were objectively validated by chemical determinations of carotenoids extracted from fish skins and passed statistical tests of significance. The study findings show that Spirulina meal does not diminish growth rates except at very high levels.     

Dietary thiamin and pyridoxine requirements of fingerling Indian major carp,Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton)

Two experiments were conducted to quantify the dietary thiamin (experiment I) and pyridoxine (experiment II) requirements of fingerling Cirrhinus mrigala for 16 weeks. In experiment I, dietary thiamin requirement was determined by feeding seven casein–gelatin‐based diets (400 g kg^?1 CP; 18.69 kJ g^?1 GE) with graded levels of thiamin (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8 and 16 mg kg^?1 diet) to triplicate groups of fish (6.15 ± 0.37 cm; 1.89 ± 0.12 g). Fish fed diet with 2 mg kg^?1 thiamin had highest specific growth rate (SGR), protein retention (PR), RNA/DNA ratio, haemoglobin (Hb), haematocrit (Hct), RBCs and best feed conversion ratio (FCR). However, highest liver thiamin concentration was recorded in fish fed 4 mg thiamin kg^?1 diet. Broken‐line analysis of SGR, PR and liver thiamin concentrations exhibited the thiamin requirement in the range of 1.79–3.34 mg kg^?1 diet (0.096–0.179 μg thiamin kJ^?1 gross energy). In experiment II, six casein–gelatin‐based diets (400 g kg^?1 CP; 18.69 kJ g^?1 GE) containing graded levels of pyridoxine (0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 mg kg^?1 diet) were fed to triplicate groups of fish (6.35 ± 0.37 cm; 1.97 ± 0.12 g). Fish fed diet containing 6 mg kg^?1 pyridoxine showed best SGR, FCR, PR, RNA/DNA ratio, Hb, Hct and RBCs, whereas maximum liver pyridoxine concentration was recorded in fish fed 8 mg kg^?1 dietary pyridoxine. Broken‐line analysis of SGR, PR and liver pyridoxine concentrations reflected the pyridoxine requirement from 5.63 to 8.61 mg kg^?1 diet. Data generated during this study would be useful in formulating thiamin‐ and pyridoxine‐balanced feeds for the intensive culture of this fish.     

Sea bream culture in Egypt; status, constraints and potential

Marine fish farming in Egypt began in 1976 with the culture of gilthead sea bream, (Sparus aurata) as this fish was notably adaptable to brackish and marine pond conditions. Today, marine fish and shrimp farms amount to about 19,000 ha, out of which 42% is already in production while the rest, i.e., 58% is still under construction. In 1997, cultured gilthead sea bream production of 2,250 tons made up 3% of the 75,000 tons total aquaculture catch. In polyculture, usually with the grey mullet and sea bass, gilthead sea bream contributed 440 kg ha^–1 to the total yield of 1,700 kg ha^–1 (26%) over a period of 16 months. For the same period, the yield of monoculture ponds averaged 100 kg ha^–1, while in marine cages, yields ranged from 4–10 kg m³. In 1996–1997, fry of 0.25–1 g and fingerlings 1–10 g with a total of 3 million, were collected from the wild and 1 million fry were produced in the three marine hatcheries out of the four existing ones. The development of sea bream culture in Egypt is now severely inhibited by the shortage of seeds and adequate feeds. Exports of both sea bream and sea bass, during 1994–1996 averaged 1,300 tons per year.     

A Minchinia mercenariae‐like parasite infects cockles Cerastoderma edule in Galicia (NW Spain)

The cockle Cerastoderma edule fishery has traditionally been the most important shellfish species in terms of biomass in Galicia (NW Spain). In the course of a survey of the histopathological conditions affecting this species in the Ria of Arousa, a haplosporidan parasite that had not been observed in Galicia was detected in one of the most productive cockle beds of Galicia. Uni‐ and binucleate cells and multinucleate plasmodia were observed in the connective tissue mainly in the digestive area, gills and gonad. The parasite showed low prevalence, and it was not associated with abnormal cockle mortality. Molecular identification showed that this parasite was closely related to the haplosporidan Minchinia mercenariae that had been reported infecting hard clams Mercenaria mercenaria from the Atlantic coast of the United States. The molecular characterization of its SSU rDNA region allowed obtaining a fragment of 1,796 bp showing 98% homology with M. mercenariae parasite. Phylogenetic analysis supported this identification as this parasite was clustered in the same clade as M. mercenariae from the United States and other M. mercenariae‐like sequences from the UK, with bootstrap value of 99%. The occurrence of M. mercenariae‐like parasites infecting molluscs outside the United States is confirmed.     

A novel approach to denitrification processes in a zero-discharge recirculating system for small-scale urban aquaculture

This paper presents an innovative process to solve the nitrate build-up problem in recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS). The novel aspects of the process lie in a denitrification bioreactor system that uses solid cotton wool as the primary carbon source and a unique degassing chamber. In the latter, the water is physically stripped of dissolved gaseous O₂ (by means of a Venturi vacuum tube), and the subsequent denitrification becomes more efficient due to elimination of the problems of oxygen inhibition of denitrification and aerobic consumption of cotton wool. The cotton wool medium also serves as a physical barrier that traps organic particles, which, in turn, act as an additional carbon source for denitrification. Operation in the proposed system gives an extremely low C/N ratio of 0.82 g of cotton wool/g of nitrate N, which contributes to a significant reduction of biofilter volume. The additional advantage of using solid cotton wool as the carbon source is that it does not release organic residuals into the liquid to be recycled. Operation of the system over a long period consistently produced effluents with low nitrate levels (below 10 mg N/l), and there was only a very small need to replace system water. The overall treatment scheme, also incorporating an aerobic nitrification biofilter and a granular filtration device, produced water of excellent quality, i.e., with near-zero levels of nitrite and ammonia, a sufficiently high pH for aquaculture, and low turbidity. The proposed system thus provides a solution for sustainable small-scale, urban aquaculture operation with a very high recovery of water (over 99%) and minimal waste disposal.     

Fertilization by refrigerator stored sperm of the Indian major carp, Labeo calbasu (Hamilton, 1822)

This study reports on the spermatological properties, and on the development of a protocol for refrigerator storage (4°C) of Labeo calbasu (Hamilton, 1822) sperm for artificial breeding. Volume, motility, concentration and pH of the freshly collected sperm were 2.21 ± 0.53 (μL g^?1 of fish weight) (mean ± SD), 95 ± 1 (%), 1.93 ± 0.44 × 10⁹ (cells mL^?1) and 7.56 ± 0.17 respectively. Sperm activation was evaluated at different osmolalities of NaCl solution, and motility ceased completely when osmolality of the extender was ≥287 mOsmol kg^?1. Sperm retained motility for 24, 72 and 108 h, after refrigerator storage when sperm were undiluted, suspended in Alsever's solution and suspended in Alsever's solution containing 5% methanol respectively. Fertilization rate of fresh eggs with sperm stored at 4°C in Alsever's solution and Alsever's solution containing 5% methanol was 77% and 60% with a hatching rate of 60% and 43% respectively. The fertilization and hatching success of the stored sperm suggests potential to use refrigeration for transporting genetic material to hatcheries for artificial breeding of L. calbasu in Bangladesh.     

Effects of metomidate anaesthesia or transfer to pur sea water on plasma parameters in ammonia-exposed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L) in sea water

Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L) postsmolts weighing 150 ± 53 g were exposed to 14–15 mg l^–1 TA-N (total ammonia-N) in sea water in 1 m³ tanks for 24h. Blood samples were then taken A) immediately after the fish were netted from the exposure tanks and stunned by a blow to the head; B) 2–20 min after the fish were transferred to 15 l of an anaesthetic solution of metomidate in ammonia-free sea water; or C) 2–20 min after the fish were transferred to 15 l of ammonia-free sea water. Plasma TA-N level was 18% lower in the anaesthetised fish compared to in the fish sampled directly from the exposure tanks (p 0.05), and accordingly 16% lower in the fish transferred to pure sea water although this difference was not significant (p = 0.07). Plasma glucose level was higher in the fish transferred to pure sea water than in the fish receiving the two other treatments (p 0.05), but plasma urea, osmolality, Na^{+, Cl–, Ca2+ or Mg2+} levels did not vary significantly between the different treatments. Plasma TA-N level increased with time in the fish in the metomidate solution (p 0.02).