三峡水库高、低水位下开县汉丰湖鱼类资源变化特征

2012年10-11月三峡水库高水位期以及2013年5-6月三峡水库低水位期调查了汉丰湖的鱼类资源,研究三峡水库高、低水位下汉丰湖鱼类种类组成、优势种类、生物多样性以及群落相似性,并对不同水位下汉丰湖鱼类群落结构的扰动特征和增殖放流情况进行了辨识和探讨。共采集到鱼类17 553尾,42种,隶属于4目7科31属。其中三峡水库低水位时采集到鱼类33种,高水位时采集到鱼类34种。汉丰湖优势种类在三峡水库低水位时为银鮈Squalidus argentatus、似鳊Pseudobrama simoni、歺又鱼Hemiculter leucisculus、蒙古鲌Culter mongolicus mongolicus和鲤Cyprinus(Cyprinus)carpio;在三峡水库高水位时为似鳊、鲤、鲫Carassius auratus、张氏歺又鱼Hemiculter tchangi和鲇Silurus asotus。汉丰湖鱼类Shannon-wiener多样性指数(H’)、Simpson优势度指数(D)、Pielous均匀度指数(E)和Margalef种类丰富度指数(R)在三峡水库低水位时分别为1.63、0.67、0.46和3.52;在三峡水库高水位时分别为2.15、0.80、0.61和4.34。三峡水库低、高水位时汉丰湖鱼类群落结构的Bray-Curtis相似性仅为26.52%,喜缓、静水生境的银鮈、张氏歺又鱼、鲤、歺又鱼、鲫、鲇、似鳊和蒙古鲌是群落结构差异的主要种类,累积差异贡献率为90.67%。汉丰湖鱼类群落在高水位时受到中等程度的干扰,而在低水位时受到严重干扰。建议每年均放流鲢、鳙、草鱼并进一步加大放流规模。     

A 20‐year census of a rocky littoral fish community in Lake Tanganyika

Takeuchi Y, Ochi H, Kohda M, Sinyinza D, Hori M. A 20‐year census of a rocky littoral fish community in Lake Tanganyika. Ecology of Freshwater Fish 2010: 19: 239–248. © 2010 John Wiley & Sons A/S Abstract – Tropical fish communities are highly diverse with large numbers of allied species coexisting. Concerns have been raised about changes in such communities caused by anthropogenic disturbances, but little is known about long‐term changes. We investigated changes in the littoral fish community of Lake Tanganyika. A 10 × 40‐m quadrat was placed on a rocky shore in the southern part of the lake, and fish censuses were conducted once a year during most years in 1988–2008. In total, 54 cichlid and 6 non‐cichlid species were recorded. Aufwuch feeders were most abundant, followed by plankton feeders, detritus feeders, piscivores, shrimp eaters, zoo‐benthos eaters, and scale eaters. Species richness and abundance were sustained over the study period, with biodiversity, as evaluated by the Shannon–Wiener index, remaining high. However, Mantel tests between the Bray–Curtis index and the difference in years between compared censuses revealed that the species composition of the community gradually changed with time. The fish community gradually underwent a change that may be due to low anthropogenic impacts on food condition. Our results promote awareness about the conservation of diversity in Lake Tanganyika.     

Spatial and temporal variation in fish community structure and diversity in the largest tropical flood‐pulse system of South‐East Asia

The Tonle Sap River and Lake (TSRL) is South‐East Asia's largest tropical flood pulse with a flow‐reversal system that supports one of the world's largest freshwater fisheries. However, among the world's tropical floodplains, the resources of the TSRL have received little ecological research. Here, we described the spatiotemporal TSRL fish diversity and community variation using daily records from 2012 to 2015 on fish abundance from six sites covering the TSRL system. We found that high fish diversity occurred in sites located in the middle of Tonle Sap Lake, and the lowest diversity was observed in the southern section. The spatial abundance distribution patterns displayed a river–lake gradient, with three fish assemblages that were clustered based on their composition similarities and were characterised by 96 indicator species. In the southern section, fish assemblages were characterised by longitudinal migratory fishes; in contrast, in the middle system, fish assemblages were represented by species with combined ecological attributes (i.e. longitudinal and lateral migratory species and floodplain residents). Towards the northern section, fish assemblages were composed of lateral migratory and floodplain resident species. Species richness and abundance peaked at approximately 2–2.5 and 4 months, respectively, after the peak flow in early October, during which Tonle Sap River resumes its normal flow direction (outflow). This suggests that seasonal flood pulses (i.e. rising and falling water levels) play a pivotal role in structuring spatiotemporal variation in the TSRL fish assemblages. Our study has implications for fisheries monitoring and conservation initiatives.     

长江口盐沼湿地鱼类群落优势种的时空生态位特征

为了解长江口盐沼湿地优势鱼类群落结构及其种间关系，采用插网调查，利用2019年5—10月的调查数据，基于生态位宽度和生态位重叠度指数对长江口崇明东滩（31°27''N，121°56''E）和九段沙盐沼湿地（31°10''N，121°57''E）鱼类群落的优势种生态位进行研究。研究结果表明，春、夏、秋3个季节共采获10个优势种，其中鮻（Liza haematocheila）、花鲈（Lateolabrax maculatus）和拉氏狼牙虾虎鱼（Odontamblyopus rubicundus）在3个季节中均为优势种。在10个优势种中，时间生态位宽度值变化范围为0.11~1.70，其中拉氏狼牙虾虎鱼时间生态位宽度值最大，小黄鱼（Larimichthys polyactis）值最小；空间生态位宽度值变化范围为0.57~1.53，其中棱鮻（Liza carinatus）空间生态位宽度值最大，小黄鱼值最小。长江口盐沼湿地鱼类优势种生态位宽度呈现显著的季节性变化趋势。长江口盐沼湿地鱼类优势种的时空生态位重叠值较高，其中具重叠意义的鱼种对（species pairs）高达73.33%，具有显著重叠意义的鱼种对高达48.89%。结论认为，长江口盐沼湿地鱼类优势种的时空分布具有相似性，存在明显的竞争关系。     

黄河口水域主要鱼种的时空生态位宽度和重叠

生态位在研究群落结构、种间关系和生物多样性等方面具有重要作用。为深入了解黄河口水域鱼类群落结构和种间关系,本研究根据2013—2014年在黄河口水域进行的7个航次的渔业资源底拖网调查数据,应用平均拥挤度、生态位宽度和生态位重叠值等指数研究了该水域12种鱼类的时空生态位宽度和重叠特征。结果表明,黄河口水域主要鱼种时间生态位宽度变化范围为0～1.53,其中矛尾虾虎鱼(Chaemrichthys stigmatias)和方氏云鳚(Enedrias fangi)时间生态位宽度值较高,安氏新银鱼(Neosalanx anderssoni)和鮻(Liza haematocheila)较低。主要鱼种空间生态位宽度具有明显季节变化。所有鱼种间的平均空间生态位重叠值也有着明显的季节差异。生态位宽度和重叠值与各鱼种数量、分布、生态习性和生境状况密切相关,反映了该海域不同鱼种对生境资源的不同利用能力。     

洱海鱼类群落的空间分布格局

根据2009年8—11月对洱海鱼类调查获得的有关资料,研究了洱海鱼类群落的空间分布格局,旨在为洱海鱼类资源的保护和利用提供有价值的资料。研究结果表明:洱海鱼类群落可分为3种群落类型,分别为洱海西岸与南北端湖滨带群落类型(群落Ⅰ)、东岸与湖心区群落类型(群落Ⅱ)和上游小型湖泊群落类型(群落Ⅲ)。群落Ⅰ的主要特征种为(Hemiculterleucisculus)、鲫(Carassius auratus)、麦穗鱼(Pseudorasbora parva)、黄(Hypseleotris swin-honis)、子陵栉虎鱼(Ctenogobius giurinus),对群落内平均相似性贡献率为80.71%。群落Ⅱ的主要特征种为鳙(Aristichthys nobilis)、鲢(Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)、团头鲂(Megalobrama amblycephala)、草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idella)、鲤(Cyprinus carpio),对群落内平均相似性贡献率为98.20%。群落Ⅲ的主要特征种为鲫、麦穗鱼、长身(Acheilognathuselongatus)、棒花鱼(Abbottina rivularis)、中华鳑鲏(Oryzias latipes sinensis)、子陵栉虎鱼等,对群落内平均相似性贡献率为94.94%。群落Ⅰ和群落Ⅲ在种类和数量组成上以小型鱼类为主,群落Ⅱ则以大中型鱼类为主,鱼类群落在空间分布上的环境差异明显。     

禁捕前鄱阳湖鱼类群落多样性及环境影响因子研究

为掌握鄱阳湖鱼类群落特征，课题组于2020年春季(5月)、夏季(8月)、秋季(11月)和2021年冬季(1月)4个季度，在鄱阳湖10个区域5种生境开展鱼类资源调查研究，同步采集水环境样品。研究共采集鉴定鱼类67种，隶属于8目14科47属，其中鲤科鱼类物种数最多(41种)，占比为61.19%。基于不同分组，鱼类生态类型分别以定居性鱼类(67.16%)、杂食性鱼类(44.78%)、中下层鱼类(35.82%)占据优势。该群落以小型鱼类为优势类群，数量占比为68.70%；鱼类优势种共有6种，第一优势种为似鳊。鱼类群落结构在季节上存在显著性差异，春季鱼类物种多样性指数高于冬季。非度量多维尺度分析(NMDS)显示，空间上鱼类可划分为2个类群，分别为湖口区类群和草型湖区-湖汊区-湖心区-沿岸带类群。冗余分析(RDA)显示，总磷、叶绿素a和透明度是影响鱼类物种时空分布的关键环境因子。丰度/生物量比较曲线(ABC曲线)分析表明，鱼类群落受到严重干扰(W=-0.091)。本研究成果可为鄱阳湖禁渔效果评估和鱼类多样性保护提供科学依据。     

珠三角河网不同水文期浮游动物优势种及生态位

研究珠江三角洲河网水域不同水文期浮游动物的生态位,为进一步研究珠三角河网浮游动物种间竞争共存机制提供理论依据。2017-2018年在珠江三角洲河网设置13个调查站位,调查浮游动物在丰水期和枯水期组成与分布,分析浮游动物优势种组成、优势种生态位宽度值及优势种生态位重叠程度变化,并通过典范对应分析(CCA)研究优势种的生态位分化情况。结果表明:调查水域丰水期和枯水期分别检出浮游动物96和92种,广布中剑水蚤(Mesocyclops leuckarti)、右突新镖水蚤(Neodiaptomus schmackeri)、跨立小剑水蚤(Microcyclops varicans)等为珠三角河网水域浮游动物优势种;珠三角河网浮游动物在不同水文期各优势种的生态位宽度有差异,变化范围为1.04～4.02,主要由广生态位种群、中生态位种群和窄生态位种群组成;不同水文期各优势种的生态位重叠程度不均匀,在0～0.94,潜在的种间竞争压力较大;CCA分析结果表明,水温、溶解氧、总溶解性固体物质和总磷是影响珠三角河网浮游动物优势种生态位宽度的重要因素。不同水文期珠三角河网的生境条件变化引起浮游动物优势种生态位的差异,使得珠三角河网水域浮游动物的空间分布具有复杂性。     

长江下游浅水湖泊石臼湖鱼类资源现状及变化趋势

根据2012-2013年对石臼湖水质和鱼类资源开展的2次调查数据,研究石臼湖水质、鱼类资源现状及演变趋势。采用水质单因子评价方法、营养状态质量指数,结合经济合作与发展OECO富营养湖泊判断标准,研究石臼湖、姑溪河、塘沟河、清水河的水质和富营养化状况;通过商业捕捞的渔获物调查,收集石臼湖和姑溪河鱼类资源数据,分析河网区鱼类种类组成、渔获物结构等渔业资源现状。结果表明,石臼湖及毗邻水域存在一定程度的水污染,且湖区受水量变化影响低于河流区,总体水质状况符合地表水环境质量Ⅲ~Ⅳ类,为富营养状态。石臼湖分布鱼类110种,2012-2013年共调查到54种;其中,石臼湖38种,固城湖33种,姑溪河51种。石臼湖、固城湖和姑溪河主要经济鱼类(数量和重量均超过1%的种类)分别有13、11和9种。石臼湖鱼类主要以鲤[Cyprinus(Cyprinus)carpio]、鲫(Carassius auratus)、鲇(Silurus asotus)等适应静、缓流生境的鱼类为主,并以歺又鱼(Hemiculter leucisculus)、鲫、棒花鱼(Abbotina rivularis)等小型鱼类或小规格个体鱼类(1 000 g)为主;湖区天然渔业资源呈衰退趋势,由于和长江下游干流相通,姑溪河鱼类种类数高于湖区,但其生物量远低于湖区;渔业资源的分布状况与水质状况无明显相关性,与河湖的连通性有关;受枯水期水量偏少、上游和周边来水污染以及高密度水产养殖的影响,石臼湖水质出现氮、磷和有机污染物超标等问题。宜采取源头控污、限制养殖、渔民转产以及人工增殖等措施,保护石臼湖水质,恢复天然渔业资源。     

Degree of feeding niche overlap uniformises the distribution of interspecific territories in a Malawian cichlid community

Cichlid fishes in the rocky littoral zones of Lake Malawi are among the most diverse endemic fish communities of the world. They segregate food resources, but considerable niche overlaps have been reported by numerous studies in this field. If their niches largely overlap, the heterospecific individuals are expected to behave like conspecific individuals. Instead of studying their niche segregation, we investigated the spatial distribution patterns of adult males of nine abundant cichlid species by point process analysis, with due attention to niche partitioning, as measured by stable isotope analysis. Because their feeding habitats are restricted by intra‐ and interspecific interferences over the mating and feeding territories respectively, we hypothesised that the interspecific feeding territories of species with nearly similar niche tended to be distributed uniformly. Although the typical territorial animals are expected to be distributed uniformly, the distribution pattern of intraspecific mating territory was judged to be uniform only for two out of nine species. This result suggests that each species has its specific preference for territorial locations or their locations are restricted by interspecific interactions. The latter explanation was partially supported by the agreed locations of gravity centres between intraspecific mating and interspecific feeding territories. Species pairs with similar isotope ratios tended to show a uniform distribution of interspecific feeding territories. Thus, individual species pairs keep a certain distance from each other by using nearly similar food resources. This result suggests that some cichlid species coexist not only through niche segregation but also through territorial interactions, like conspecific individuals.