环杭州湾围垦养殖区凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)池塘水质特征及污染物排放研究

为探明浙江省环杭州湾围垦养殖区养殖水体污染状况,降低养殖风险,2016年7-10月对环杭州湾围垦养殖区凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)池塘水质现状和主要污染情况进行了研究,并采用水质污染指数评价法和综合营养状态指数评价法对凡纳滨对虾池塘水质和主要污染物进行了评价和分析。水质分析结果显示,环杭州湾围垦养殖区凡纳滨对虾池塘水质均劣于地表水环境质量标准Ⅴ类水,其中TN、TP和COD为主要的超标因子。污染指数评价法评价结果显示,环杭州湾围垦养殖区凡纳滨对虾池塘均为严重污染状态,其中,总磷为首要污染物。综合营养状态指数法结果显示,大部分池塘的综合营养状态指数TLI(∑)都达到了60以上,均为中度-重度富营养化水体。     

湛江市东海岛对虾养殖池水质污染状况分析

本文通过对湛江市东海岛对虾养殖场虾池水质的pH值、溶解氧(DO)、氨氮、化学需氧量(COD)和无机磷进行连续监测.实验结果表明:对虾养殖池水质pH值为7.8～9.0,溶解氧浓度为6.23～10.34mg·L-1,氨氮浓度为0.038～0.112 mg·L-1,无机磷浓度为0.017～0.042 mg·L-1,化学需氧量浓度为8.23～14.57mg·L-1.应用单项指标评价法和综合指数法进行评价,其化学需氧量超出富营养化阈值,需要对水体进行增氧等措施,降低水体有机物负荷等,其它指标基本适合对虾养殖的要求.     

青蛤与对是混养技术

青蛤俗称蛤蜊,是一种营养丰富、味道鲜美的贝类。近年来,由于野生青蛤日益减少,浙江省宁海县等一些养殖场纷纷瞄准青蛤的巨大市场,开展了青蛤和对虾混养,取得了很好的经济效益。虾池内水质肥沃,浮游生物丰富,加之对虾的排泄物和残饵,可为青蛤提供足够的饵料,加快其生长速度。     

高位虾池养殖过程主要理化因子的变化及水质评价

研究了湛江东海岛2口凡纳滨对虾高位养殖虾池水体主要理化因子在养殖过程中的动态变化及其相互关系,并用营养状态质量法对该养殖场的水质状况进行评价.试验结果表明,养殖过程水体中DO、pH、温度和盐度波动较小、变化平缓,而COD、DOC、营养盐和叶绿素a的含量随养殖过程而上升.主要理化因子之间的相关关系复杂,但叶绿素a与营养盐之间存在显著的正相关关系.在养殖中后期,表征富营养化的NQI值大幅度升高,水体富营养化程度严重.     

湛江市东海岛对虾养殖池水质污染状况分析

本文对湛江市东海岛对虾养殖场虾池水质的pH值、溶解氧（DO）、氨氮、化学需氧量（COD）和无机磷（DIP）进行连续监测。实验结果表明：对虾养殖池水质pH值为7．8—9．0，溶解氧浓度为6．23—10．34mg／L，氨氮浓度为0．038—0．112mg／L，无机磷浓度为0．017～0．042mg／L，化学需氧量浓度为8．23—14．57mg／L。应用单项指标评价法和综合指数法进行评价，其化学需氧量超出富营养化阈值，需要对水体进行增氧等措施，降低水体有机物负荷等，其它指标基本适合对虾养殖的要求．     

湛江市东海岛对虾养殖池水质污染状况分析

对湛江市东海岛对虾养殖场虾池水质的pH值、溶解氧（DO）、氨氮、化学需氧量（COD）和无机磷进行连续监测，结果表明：对虾养殖池水质pH值为7．8～9．0，溶解氧浓度为6．23—10．34mg·L^-1，氨氮浓度为0．038～0．112mg·L^-1，无机磷浓度为0．017—0．042mg·L^-1，化学需氧量浓度为8．23—14．57mg·L^-1。应用单项指标评价法和综合指数法进行评价，其化学需氧量超出富营养化阈值，需要对水体进行增氧等措施，降低水体有机物负荷等，其它指标基本适合对虾养殖的要求。     

虾塘养殖环境生物调控技术的应用

正"健康养殖"是一门综合技术,对可养殖的有较高经济价值的水生生物优良的健康苗种提供适宜的水生态环境或人工水体,使其健康生长。对虾养殖环境的主要生物由对虾、浮游微藻、浮游动物、细菌等组成,形成一个小型的养殖生态系统。笔者在湛江海茂水产生物科技有限公司下属徐闻县金海角对虾养殖场进行试验,虾塘水质监测在金海角对虾养殖场取5口虾塘采样检测,在示范区周     

对虾健康养殖技术

近几年,由于沿海水域受到严重污染,养殖环境及水质状况日益恶化,引发虾病频频发生,使泉州市大多数对虾养殖场效益下降,甚至有许多养殖场年年亏本,对虾养殖业处于低迷状态。为了尽快摆脱这种局面,连续两年在丰泽区东梅对虾养殖场进行对虾健康养殖技术试验,取得了良好的成效,现将试验中总结的几点对虾健康养殖技术介绍如下。     

海兴养殖场对虾育苗首战告捷

<正> 为发展我省对虾养殖事业,对虾人工育苗是重点科研项目之一,今年,省所海水养殖室对虾组在室主任的带领下,深入海兴养殖场,结合对虾养殖生产,协助养殖场培育对虾苗种,成功地育出虾苗168万尾,满足了养殖场的苗种需求量。育苗工作是在边建育苗设施边进行孵化培育的情况下进行的。育苗过程中遇到了水质     

鲁宁水产开发养殖场在海南落成

山东省第一家到海南省联合开发养殖对虾项目的企业——鲁宁水产开发养殖场,1991年底,在海南正式揭幕投产。该养殖场座落在万宁县和乐镇,是莱州市西由镇种子公司投资100多万元开发兴建的。那里自然气候和海域水质优良,适宜于对虾养殖。一般每年可养殖对虾2—3茬,每茬亩产可达200公斤以上,每公斤虾当地销价50元左右。该公司在镇党委和政府的大力     

The effectiveness of commercial probiotics in northern white shrimp <Emphasis Type="Italic">Penaeus vannamei</Emphasis> ponds

ABSTRACT:   The effectiveness on water quality, population density of bacteria, and shrimp production in ponds treated with commercial probiotics was tested in Penaeus vannamei ponds in Hai-yan, China. Six ponds with replicates for treatment and control were used. Results showed that the probiotics could improve the population density of beneficial bacterial flora, reduce concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus, and increase yields of shrimp. The average counts of Bacillus sp., ammonifying bacteria, and protein mineralizing bacteria were found to be significantly higher in treated ponds compared to control ponds ( P  < 0.05). In control ponds, an increase in presumptive vibrios was observed and the average density was up to 2.09 × 10³ cfu/mL, whereas that was only 4.37 × 10² cfu/mL in treated ponds ( P  < 0.05). The use of probiotics also significantly increased dissolved oxygen ( P  < 0.05) and reduced dissolved reactive-phosphorus, total inorganic nitrogen and chemical oxygen demand ( P  < 0.05). An average of 8215 ± 265 kg shrimp/ha was obtained in treated ponds with a feed conversion ratio (FCR) of 1.13 ± 0.05 and survival rate of 81.00 ± 6.25% compared with 4985 ± 503 kg shrimp/ha, 1.35 ± 0.12 and 48.67 ± 3.51%, respectively, in control ponds. This indicates that the addition of the commercial probiotics had a noticeable influence on water quality of shrimp ponds and shrimp production.     

Nitrogen dynamics in the settlement ponds of a small-scale recirculating shrimp farm (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Penaeus monodon</Emphasis>) in rural Thailand

Rural shrimp farmers in Thailand are being encouraged to adopt practices that will reduce the quantity and improve the quality of their effluent. A simple and cheap option for small-scale shrimp farmers is to use settlement ponds to store and remediate discharge water before being re-used. We undertook a detailed study of the settlement ponds in a small-scale commercial black tiger shrimp farm typical of rural Thailand. We found that over a 9-week period, following the harvest of one of the two farm production ponds, total nitrogen (TN) concentrations in the water column were reduced by 30%, with the greatest removal (56%) occurring during the fifth week. There was a 10% increase in dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) concentrations during the trial. Sediments were a source of total ammonia nitrogen (TAN), and the re-mineralisation rate was the highest in the first two settlement ponds. Coconut fronds added to two of the four settlement ponds to increase the surface area available for microbial activity were found to provide a site for microbial re-mineralisation of TAN, the photosynthetic uptake of TAN and oxidised nitrogen (NO _x ) and nitrification. The water column was a net assimilator of TAN through autotrophic uptake. This study has shown that settlement ponds are capable of reducing water column N concentrations; however, sediment must be managed to reduce re-mineralisation during successive cropping cycles. In addition, coconut fronds were shown to improve N removal, although they should be periodically removed to maintain efficiency.     

Impact of culture intensity and monsoon season on water quality in Thai commercial shrimp ponds

The present authors investigated the impact of farming intensity and the prevailing season on water quality in intensive tropical shrimp farms. The weekly water quality samples from the inlets and production ponds of two commercial shrimp farms operating partial water exchange schedules and representing low and high farming intensities in Thailand (with Penaeus monodon Fabricius production rates of 4 and 9 t ha^–1 cycle^–1, respectively) were analysed over two consecutive production cycles, covering the wet (monsoon) and dry seasons. Significant differences in inlet water quality between farms occurred only in salinity, temperature and suspended solids. The present authors assessed impacts of farming intensity and season on production pond water quality parameters using: (1) an analysis of variance ( anova ) of measurements in replicate ponds during the final month of the production cycle; and (2) a trend analysis which classified trends in parameters over the cycle as externally or internally determined. The prevailing season was found to have a strong impact on salinity, temperature, pH, nitrate, dissolved reactive phosphorus, total phosphorus and dissolved oxygen in the final month of the cycle. The trends in these parameters were largely externally determined or absent. Nitrite and chlorophyll a were affected by production intensity in interaction with season and showed mainly internally determined trends. This indicates that nitrogen transformation processes responded to input levels as well as seasonal influences. Ammonia was highly variable and no significant intensity or season effects were detected, but trends were internally determined only at high intensity and more pronounced in the dry rather than the wet season. The results indicate strong seasonal effects on water quality in tropical shrimp ponds, direct in some parameters and indirect in others, including those linked to nitrogen transformations. The mechanisms of seasonal variation and the implications of these changes for water quality management call for further investigation.     

二种微生物制剂对青虾池水质和生长的影响

将二种微生物制剂施用于青虾养殖池,观察池塘水质的变化和对青虾规格及产量的影响,结果表明,施用微生物制剂后,池水的溶解氧、总磷增加,氨氮值下降,而COD、pH和总氮则没有明显变化和差异。试验池青虾的生长速度明显要大于对照池,说明微生物制剂可明显改善水环境,提高养殖青虾的产量和规格。     

A nutrient budget of some intensive marine shrimp ponds in Thailand

Abstract. A mass balance was constructed for nutrient flow through intensive marine shrimp ponds in which budgets for nitrogen and phosphorus were determined for a series of ponds in southern Thailand over two or three culture cycles. Ninety-five per cent of the nitrogen and 71% of the phosphorus applied to the ponds was in the form of feed and fertilizers. Of the feed input (at a food conversion ratio of 2) only 24% of the nitrogen and 13% of the phosphorus was incorporated into the shrimp harvested, whilst the remainder was retained in the pond and ultimately exported to the surrounding environment. The effluent water contained 35% of the nitrogen and 10% of the phosphorus discharged. Of the N and P exported in this effluent, 63–67% occurred during routine water exchange and the remainder during drainage on harvest. A major portion of the nitrogen (31%) and most of the phosphorus (84%) was retained in the sediments, emphasizing the importance of the correct removal and disposal of sediments between crops. Pond age (between two and six production cycles) did not markedly affect nutrient flows, whilst increasing stocking density increased the quantity of nutrients, but not their relative proportions.
The results derived from the nutrient budget provide data which may help define effective management techniques for reducing potentially harmful nutrient levels within intensive shrimp ponds, and for reducing the discharge of nutrients to the local environment. The data may also assist in determining the carrying capacity of an area for shrimp farming, and the potential impact of its development on the environment.     

Carbon and nitrogen budgets in shrimp ponds of extensive mixed shrimp–mangrove forestry farms in the Mekong delta,Vietnam

Mass balance estimates of carbon and nitrogen flux through two extensive shrimp ponds in the Mekong delta, Vietnam, were constructed to identify major sources and sinks of organic matter potentially available for shrimp production. Nutrient transformations in the sediments were measured to further assess rates of decomposition and burial and quality of organic matter. Tidal exchange was the major pathway for inputs and outputs of carbon and nitrogen in both ponds, with net primary production, nitrogen fixation and precipitation being minor inputs. No fertilizers or artificial feeds were added to either pond. The nutrient budgets identified burial and respiration as the next most important outputs after tidal exchange losses of particulate and dissolved carbon and nitrogen. There was no measurable denitrification in either pond, and volatilization was negligible. Mineralization efficiency of carbon in the water column was high (> 100%) in pond 23 reflecting rapid respiration rates; efficiency was lower (36%) in pond 12 waters. Mineralization efficiency of sediment nutrients averaged 34% for C and 41% for N in the pond with a higher annual shrimp yield (pond 12); lower mineralization efficiencies (11% for C, 10% for N) were calculated for the lower yield pond (pond 23). High burial efficiencies for both C (66–89%) and N (59–90%) in the sediments of both ponds suggest that little organic matter was shunted into biological production. Conversion efficiency for shrimp averaged 16% for C and 24% for N from pond 12, and 6% for C and 18% for N from pond 23. The high quantity but low quality of organic matter entering the ponds coupled with other factors, such as poor water quality, limits shrimp productivity. On average, nutrient outputs were greater than inputs in both ponds. This imbalance partly explains why shrimp yields are declining in these ponds.     

凡纳滨对虾养殖池塘硝化细菌的分离鉴定及脱氮效果研究

利用平板稀释涂布法和平板划线分离纯化法,自凡纳滨对虾养殖池塘中分离得到5株细菌,经过形态观察、生理生化特性以及16S rDNA序列分析,对分离菌株进行鉴定,同时对其硝化功能和氨氮去除特性进行研究。试验结果显示,分离得到的5株细菌分别为门多萨假单胞菌、嗜胺甲基杆菌、放射根瘤菌、施氏假单胞菌和氧化微杆菌。对其净化效果进行验证可知,门多萨假单胞菌和施氏假单胞菌对氨氮的去除率超过85%,分别为88.83%和91.73%;对亚硝态氮的去除率超过90%,分别为95.08%和97.39%;对硝态氮的去除率超过90%,分别为90.49%和91.22%。以上两种菌株有较高的氨氮和亚硝态氮去除效果,具有潜在的应用价值。     

Effects of Major Water Quality Variables on Shrimp Production in Inland,Low‐Salinity Ponds in Alabama

Common water quality variables in nine, inland low‐salinity shrimp ponds in Alabama exhibited wide variation in concentrations among ponds and over time. Shrimp performance also varied considerably among ponds in 2008 as follows: survival, 16–128%; production, 928–5950 kg/ha; feed conversion ratio (FCR), 1.18–2.89. Measured water quality variables were not at concentrations high enough to be lethal to shrimp; but water temperature, dissolved oxygen, carbon dioxide, total ammonia nitrogen, calcium, and magnesium were occasionally outside optimum ranges for shrimp production and may have stressed shrimp. Survival and production both were positively correlated (P < 0.05) with increasing concentrations of methyl orange alkalinity, total alkalinity, and calcium hardness. Negative correlations (P < 0.05) between production and higher pH and water temperature may have resulted from lower water temperature and pH during final days of the crop in ponds harvested in October rather than from an actual effect of temperature and pH on growth. Nevertheless, those variables that were outside optimal ranges or correlated with shrimp survival or growth should be further investigated to ascertain whether or not excursions outside optimum ranges are harmful and to determine if observed correlations are causal.     

Nutrient budget of a marine fish pond in Eilat,Israel

Monthly budgets for nitrogen and phosphorus for a marine fish pond in Eilat were determined for the period September 1983 to June 1984. The ponds are operated as a semi-open system, 41% of the pond water being replaced each day by water from a nearby seawater well. Only 29% of the phosphorus and 36% of the nitrogen are incorporated into harvestable fish flesh (Sparus aurata or Mugil sp.). The remainder reaches the pond as uneaten food, fish faeces or excreted matter, and it is then available to support high levels of phytoplankton and heterotrophic activity. The total input of nutrients supplied to the ponds showed a seasonal trend, with the lowest amount being supplied at the beginning of the sampling period (October) (5.2 moles N/day, 0.25 moles P/day), and increasing in June to 10.6 moles N/day, 0.57 moles P/day. All the increase was due to the amount of food fed. A large proportion (70–80%) of the excess nutrients was exported from the system as dissolved or particulate matter in the overflow. Because of this the water quality of the ponds has remained at levels which have enabled 6.5–12 tons fish/ha to be cultured without regular drying of the ponds. Oysters have been grown on the plankton carried out with the overflow. The ponds have a surplus of nutrient inflow in October/November (1.9 moles N/day, 0.06 moles P/day), a small deficit of N (0.4 moles/day), and surplus of P (0.01 moles/day) in spring, and a large surplus again in May and June of 1.3 moles N/day, 0.11 moles P/day. In all, 60–120% of the nutrient inputs are directly accounted for.     

2013年春季莱州湾海域理化环境及水质状况分析

依据2013年6月对莱州湾海域的调查资料,分析了该海域盐度(S)、pH、溶解氧(DO)、化学耗氧量(COD)、溶解无机氮(DIN)和活性磷酸盐(PO4-P)等理化因子的分布特征,并采用潜在性富营养化评价模式和有机污染指数分别对该海域的营养水平和有机污染状况进行了评价。结果显示,2013年春季莱州湾所有站位溶解氧、化学耗氧量均符合Ⅰ类海水水质标准;DIN污染严重,31%站位的DIN含量超Ⅳ类海水水质标准;PO4-P含量较低,所有站位PO4-P含量均符合Ⅰ类海水水质标准。由评价结果来看,2013年春季莱州湾海域N/P比值总体处于高值,P相对缺乏,营养水平处于磷限制潜在性富营养(ⅥP)水平,有机污染程度属于Ⅱ级,表明该调查海域开始受到有机污染,但有机污染程度轻于2007年夏季。