MicroRNA对动物生长发育的调节作用

microRNA(miRNA)是一类长度为19～25nt的小分子非编码RNA,它们通过互补结合靶mRNA相应的3’非编码区形成RNA诱导沉默复合物在转录后基因调控中发挥着重要的作用。在动物细胞中,microRNA调控生长、发育、分化、死亡等生物过程。重点阐述了miRNA在动物生长发育过程中的调节作用。     

鱼类microRNAs研究进展

MicroRNA(miRNAs)是一类内源性的长度约22个核苷酸的非编码小分子RNA。miRNAs在线虫、果蝇、植物、哺乳动物等生物中广泛存在,参与基因转录后水平的调控,是基因表达、修饰、转录和翻译的调节者,在生物体胚胎形成、组织器官发育、细胞分化凋亡、免疫功能调控及疾病发生等的各种生命活动过程中发挥着重要作用。鱼类是重要的     

环状RNA在动物肌肉发育中的研究进展

环状RNA是一种非编码RNA,不具有游离的5′端和3′端结构,而是通过反向剪接形成闭合结构,稳定性极高。已有研究证明,环状RNA参与骨骼肌生长发育;可以作为竞争性RNA调节miRNA的活性和水平;可作为转录本剪接;具有编码潜能。环状RNA可以与RNA结合蛋白结合发挥作用,在动物肌肉发育中起着重要作用。阐述了环状的生物学特性功能,重点阐述环状RNA在动物肌肉发育中的研究进展。     

家畜MRFs基因家族的研究进展

生肌调节因子(MRFs)基因家族是肌肉发生过程中参与分子调控的一个重要的基因家族,调控着整个肌肉的发育过程,从肌祖细胞的定型、增殖及肌纤维的形成,直到个体出生后的肌肉成熟和功能的完善,都有生肌调节因子的参与。文章针对MRFs家族结构与基因定位、MRFs基因家族的活性调节、MRFs基因家族与肌肉生长的关系、羊的MRFs基因家族研究等进行综述。     

鱼类microRNA在先天免疫中的研究进展

先天免疫是宿主识别病原及消除病原感染的第一道防线。模式识别受体是参与识别病原入侵的主要分子，主要包括Toll样受体、RIG-I样受体、NOD样受体和C型凝集素受体等。模式识别受体在识别病原相关分子模式后，激活机体的先天免疫信号通路，诱导炎症细胞因子和干扰素的产生，从而启动抵抗病原入侵的免疫应答。越来越多的证据表明，免疫应答的激活、维持和终止受到了严格的调节，使机体在保持一定免疫强度的同时避免产生过度的免疫反应。microRNA是一类长度为18～23 nt的微小非编码RNA，是鱼类先天免疫应答网络中的重要调控因子。近年来，microRNA在鱼类免疫学领域已开展了大量的研究，但缺乏对其进行及时地全面性的总结。本文综述了近年来miRNA在鱼类先天免疫反应中的研究进展，以期为鱼类的分子抗病育种及疾病防控研究提供一些思路。     

半滑舌鳎(Cynoglossus semilaevis) miR-223的表达特征及免疫应答分析

microRNA(miRNA)是一类内源性、长度约为22个核苷酸的非编码小单链RNA分子,由具有发夹结构的70-90个碱基的单链RNA前体经过Dicer酶加工而成.本研究使用荧光实时定量PCR (Quantitative Real-Time PCR, qRT-PCR)方法,研究了miRNA-223(miR-223)在半滑舌鳎(Cynoglossus semilaevis)各健康组织、鳗弧菌(Vibrio anguillarum)感染后各时间点的免疫组织以及不同病原类似物刺激后头肾细胞中的表达模式.结果显示,miR-223在半滑舌鳎各组织中均有表达,在头肾中表达量最高,在脑和血液中的表达量极低.鳗弧菌感染3组样品4种免疫组织,miR-223表达变化显著,感染后20 h内,鳗弧菌诱导miR-223上调表达.鳗弧菌感染后半滑舌鳎免疫组织miR-223表达变化规律显示,鳗弧菌感染2、6、12、24、48、72、96和168 h后,miR-223在肝、肠、脾、头肾4种组织中出现差异表达.其中,miR-223在半滑舌鳎肝、脾、头肾中表达上调,在肠中表达下调.用LPS、poly I:C、PGN、RGNNV感染半滑舌鳎头肾细胞后,发现经LPS、RGNNV诱导后miR-223上调表达,poly I:C、PGN诱导后miR-223下调表达.研究结果表明,miR-223参与了半滑舌鳎免疫应答过程.本研究结果有助于了解miRNA在半滑舌鳎对病原刺激免疫应答过程中的作用以及半滑舌鳎与病原相互作用中miRNA参与调控的机制.     

半滑舌鳎(Cynoglossus semilaevis) miR-223的表达特征及免疫应答分析

microRNA(miRNA)是一类内源性、长度约为22个核苷酸的非编码小单链RNA分子,由具有发夹结构的70?90个碱基的单链RNA前体经过Dicer酶加工而成。本研究使用荧光实时定量PCR (Quantitative Real-Time PCR, qRT-PCR)方法,研究了miRNA-223(miR-223)在半滑舌鳎(Cynoglossus semilaevis)各健康组织、鳗弧菌(Vibrio anguillarum)感染后各时间点的免疫组织以及不同病原类似物刺激后头肾细胞中的表达模式。结果显示,miR-223在半滑舌鳎各组织中均有表达,在头肾中表达量最高,在脑和血液中的表达量极低。鳗弧菌感染3组样品4种免疫组织,miR-223表达变化显著,感染后20 h内,鳗弧菌诱导miR-223上调表达。鳗弧菌感染后半滑舌鳎免疫组织miR-223表达变化规律显示,鳗弧菌感染2、6、12、24、48、72、96和168 h后,miR-223在肝、肠、脾、头肾4种组织中出现差异表达。其中,miR-223在半滑舌鳎肝、脾、头肾中表达上调,在肠中表达下调。用LPS、poly I:C、PGN、RGNNV感染半滑舌鳎头肾细胞后,发现经LPS、RGNNV诱导后miR-223上调表达,poly I:C、PGN诱导后miR-223下调表达。研究结果表明,miR-223参与了半滑舌鳎免疫应答过程。本研究结果有助于了解miRNA在半滑舌鳎对病原刺激免疫应答过程中的作用以及半滑舌鳎与病原相互作用中miRNA参与调控的机制。     

黑龙江鲤肌肉发育中miRNA对间隙连接蛋白基因(Cx43)的调控

鲤鱼是世界上养殖最广泛的淡水鱼类之一,其肌肉具有高蛋白、低脂肪等特点,具有重要的经济价值。前期对鲤鱼肌肉特异的微小RNA(miRNA)文库分析发现,miR-1和miR-206在鲤鱼肌肉中均高水平存在,但其对鲤鱼肌肉发育的调节作用尚不完全清楚。以黑龙江鲤为试验材料,通过生物信息学预测肌肉生长相关的间隙连接蛋白基因(Cx43)可能是miR-1和miR-206的靶基因。因此利用荧光素酶报告系统以及原位杂交等方法探究miR-1和miR-206对其的调控机制。试验结果表明,miR-1和miR-206均能下调Cx43启动子报告基因,其中miR-206作用更明显。整体原位杂交检测Cx43基因在鲤鱼胚胎期表达情况显示,鲤鱼受精6 h后Cx43基因开始表达,表达量随胚胎发育呈上升趋势,受精后24 h体节表达最高,此后逐渐降低,暗示Cx43基因在鲤鱼肌肉发育早期发挥重要作用。该研究为从分子生物学水平进行鲤鱼的遗传育种,优化黑龙江鲤品质,提高生产性能奠定基础。     

鱼类卵子发育与卵泡闭锁的研究进展

鱼类种群繁衍离不开优质卵子的产出。卵子质量问题限制了许多海洋和淡水鱼类养殖业的发展。卵子质量主要受卵黄形成与卵母细胞发育的影响。亲本营养、管理以及其他内源或外源因素可能会影响卵黄组成与卵泡发育。与哺乳动物相比, 鱼类卵母细胞发育与调控机制的研究尚不清晰。本文分析了鱼类卵子发育特点, 探讨了亲本来源、育龄、环境因子以及营养等因素对鱼类卵子发生、发育与受精后仔鱼成活率的影响及其生理适应策略; 又从基因、miRNA 与蛋白表达等分子层面阐述了影响卵母细胞发育的分子调控机制; 解析了闭锁与过熟是卵泡发育的重要现象。本文在总结已有卵母细胞发育研究进展的基础上, 提出了闭锁卵泡的形成与调控可能的影响因素, 以期为深入理解卵泡闭锁在鱼类繁育生物学中的作用与其调控机制的研究提供理论参考。     

几种化合物对鱼类免疫调节的影响

鱼类的免疫系统是鱼体自身抗病力的物质基础,鱼类免疫器官的生长、发育、成熟及细胞免疫、体液免疫都直接体现着鱼类机体免疫功能的状况。研究表明:一些化合物包括核苷酸、葡聚糖和益生菌可增强非特异性防御机制和特异性免疫应答,主要增强鱼类的原始免疫应答体系。因此在水产养殖中,这些化合物作为鱼类免疫调控手段具有一定的应用价值。     

草鱼miR-23a在嗜水气单胞菌感染过程中的调控机制

为探索嗜水气单胞菌感染后草鱼肾脏细胞(Ctenopharyngodon idella kidney,CIK)中miR-23a的调控机制,实验通过实时荧光定量PCR(qPCR)测定了嗜水气单胞菌感染CIK细胞后miR-23a的表达量变化,使用RNAhybrid软件预测miR-23a的靶基因并用双萤光素酶报告基因检测系统进...     

Involvement of the miR-462/731 cluster in hypoxia response in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Megalobrama amblycephala</Emphasis>

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are non-coding small RNAs showing both evolutionarily conserved and unique features and are involved in nearly all biological processes. In the present study, the role played by miR-462/731 cluster miRNAs in hypoxia response in Megalobrama amblycephala, an important freshwater fish, was investigated. The M. amblycephala miR-462/731 cluster locus and their 5′ flanking sequences were sequenced and analyzed. In M. amblycephala and other teleost fish species, the mature sequences of miR-462 and miR-731 were identical and hypoxia-responsive elements (HREs) were identified upstream of the miR-462/731 loci. The two miRNAs were significantly induced in the liver, spleen, gill, muscle, and brain after hypoxia treatment. The expression of both miRNAs was also upregulated in cells that received treatment which mimicked hypoxia. Furthermore, reporter assay revealed that M. amblycephala HREs can be activated by hypoxia. Taken together, the 462/731 cluster may play a role in the regulation of the hypoxia response in M. amblycephala.     

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone and gonadotropin in goldfish and masu salmon

Reproductive activities in vertebrates are regulated by an endocrine system, consisting of the brain-pituitary-gonad axis. In teleosts, gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) in the brain stimulates gonadotropin (GTH) release in the pituitary gland, but because of lack of the portal vessel, it is not known when and how much GnRH is released for the regulation of GTH release. There are multiple molecular types of GnRH in teleosts and several distinct populations of GnRH neurons in the brain. However, we do not know which types and populations of GnRH neurons regulate reproductive activities. Here we summarize our recent studies on GnRH and GTH in masu salmon Oncorhynchus masou and goldfish Carassius auratus. Immunocytochemistry showed the location and molecular types of GnRH neurons. Salmon (sGnRH) and chicken-II GnRH (cGnRH-II) neuronal fibers were widely distributed in the brain of both masu salmon and goldfish. Only sGnRH fibers were observed in the pituitary of masu salmon, whereas both sGnRH and cGnRH-II fibers were observed in the goldfish pituitary, indicating that species specific GnRH profiles are involved in the regulation of pituitary function in teleosts. A series of experiments in masu salmon and goldfish suggest that among GnRH neuron populations GnRH neurons in the ventral telencephalon and the hypothalamus regulate GTH release, and that GnRH of the terminal nerve origin is not essential to gonadal maturation and ovulation. The biological function of other GnRH neurons remains unkown. Two GTHs appear to be characteristic of teleost; however, regulation of reproduction by these GTHs is a question that remains to be elucidated. In salmonid species, it is proposed that GTH I stimulates early gonadal development, whereas GTH II acts in later stages. When GTH expression was examined in goldfish, both GTH I and II mRNA levels in the pituitary gland showed increases in accordance with gonadal development, unlike the sequential expression of GTH subunits in salmonids. The expression of these GTH subunit mRNAs were affected by water temperature, starvation, and steroid hormones in goldfish, but in what manner these two GTHs regulate gonadal development remains to be clarified.     

脂肪酸对鱼类免疫系统的影响及调控机制研究进展

替代脂肪源的开发和利用是解决鱼油短缺问题的必然选择。然而,随着替代水平的提高,鱼体常常表现免疫水平和抗病能力降低。鱼油替代的本质为脂肪酸替代,深入研究脂肪酸与鱼类免疫的关系显得尤为重要。本实验综述了脂肪酸对鱼类免疫性能的影响及调控机制。饱和脂肪酸会降低鱼类免疫力,而适量添加n-3长链多不饱和脂肪酸(LC-PUFA)、共轭亚油酸(CLA)或提高n-3/n-6多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)的比例有利于鱼体免疫力发挥;饲料中脂肪酸主要通过细胞膜结构、信号传导、类花生四烯酸、细胞因子和类固醇激素等途径对鱼类免疫进行调控。脂肪酸与鱼类的免疫性能具有高度相关性,而调控机制的研究尚有较大空间。未来研究应该侧重于以下几个方面:脂肪酸对免疫相关转录因子的调控机制;鱼类肠道脂肪酸组成改变与菌群结构和免疫性能之间的相关性;环境因子对鱼体脂肪代谢和免疫力的影响;非脂肪酸成分(矿物质、维生素)对鱼类脂肪酸代谢和免疫过程的调控机制。     

Pesticide—induced reproductive dysfunction in Indian fishes

Numerous studies are available reporting the effects of pesticides on reproductive activity in Indian fishes. The majority of these reports deals with histopathological changes in gonads and endocrine glands involved in the regulation of reproduction following treatment with different pesticides. Pesticides are reported to cause degenerative changes in gonads and arrest gametogenic processes either by acting directly on the gonads or by interfering with the secretory activity of the hypothalamo-hypophyseal-gonadal/thyroid axis that regulates various reproductive events. Secretion of hormones such as gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), gonadotropin, growth hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), testosterone, estrogens, 17,20β-dihydroxyprogesterone and thyroid hormones are in general lowered, leading to cessation of gametogenesis, vitellogenesis, oocyte maturation, ovulation, spermiation, etc. Adverse effects of pesticides have also been demonstrated on fecundity, fertilization, hatching, and postembryonic development. The effects are highly variable and depend on the nature, dose, and mode of application of the pesticides.     

花鲈cox6a基因与相关miRNA的鉴定及其在盐度适应中的表达调控分析

细胞色素c氧化酶（COX）是线粒体电子传递链的末端酶，COX6A是细胞色素c氧化酶的核编码亚基之一。为丰富花鲈（基因及相关miRNAs在花鲈渗透调节机制中的潜在作用，本研究开展了花鲈cox6a基因的miRNAs，并对其与）。系统进化树分析进一步确认了两个花鲈在垂体、脑、肝脏和肾脏中的表达量较高，基因的miRNA：miR-30e-5p、miR-223、miR-200a-3p和miR-155-5p，但没有发现可能靶定基因以及miR-30e-5p、miR-223、miR-200a-3p都呈现显著差异表达，而miR-155-5p仅在适应高盐环境时出现了显著的差异表达。这表明，基因和4个miRNAs在花鲈的渗透调节过程中发挥潜在作用。其中miR-30e-5p、miR-223和miR-200a-3p的表达趋势与cox6a2基因的表达调控。本研究为探讨花鲈适应不同盐度环境的渗透调节机制提供了基础数据。     

Physiological roles of FSH and LH in red seabream, Pagrus major

The duality of gonadotropins (GTHs), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH), has been confirmed in most teleost species, but very little is known about their biological functions. To elucidate the physiological roles of FSH and LH in fish reproduction, the expression profiles of GTH subunit genes during gonadal development were analyzed in both male and female red seabream. Furthermore, in vitro studies were carried out to examine the effects of GTHs on steroid hormone production and cytochrome P450 aromatase (P450arom) expression in red seabream gonads. In both sexes, LHβ mRNA was maintained at high levels from the early gametogenesis until spawning season, and declined with gonadal regression. Interestingly, FSHβ mRNA levels in males increased in parallel with testicular development, whereas those in female were remained low throughout oocyte development. From in vitro studies using purified red seabream FSH and LH, both GTHs had a similar potency in stimulating 11-ketotestosterone production by testicular slices, while the biological activity of FSH was much lower than that of LH in stimulating production of estradiol-17β by vitellogenic follicles. Moreover, expression of P450arom mRNA was induced by LH, but not FSH, in ovarian follicles in vitro. FSH was also ineffective in inducing maturational competence and final oocyte maturation. These results suggest that, unlike salmonids, FSH may play an important role during gametogenesis in male, but not female, red seabream, whereas LH may be involved in regulation of both early and late gametogenesis in both sexes.     

microRNA在水产动物中的研究进展

mi RNAs是一类在真核生物中广泛存在的非编码小分子RNA,通过与靶m RNA互补配对在转录水平上对基因的表达进行负调控,导致m RNA的翻译抑制或降解。大量研究表明,mi RNA在躯体发育、癌症、细胞分化、细胞增殖与凋亡、脂肪代谢等方面发挥作用。近来在水产动物中,有关mi RNA的研究取得了众多的科研成果,然而对其进行全面总结的报道较缺乏。本文综述了mi RNA在水产动物中的研究进展,结果显示mi RNA在水产动物中表现为多样化的生物学功能,本文也对其研究前景进行了展望,旨在为以后更好地研究水产动物mi RNA的功能提供参考。     

The relationship between T3 production and energy balance in salmonids and other teleosts

Extrathyroidal T₄ 5′-monodeiodination, demonstrated in several teleost species, generates T₃ which binds more effectively than T₄ to putative nuclear receptors and is probably the active thyroid hormone. T₄ to T₃ conversion is sensitive to the physiological state and provides a pivotal regulatory link between the environment and thyroid hormone action. T₃ generation is enhanced in anabolic states (positive energy balance or conditions favoring somatic growth; food intake or treatment with androgens or growth hormone) and is suppressed in catabolic states (negative energy balance or conditions not favoring somatic growth; starvation, stress, or high estradiol levels associated with vitellogenesis). In fish, as in mammals, thyroidal status may be finely tuned to energy balance and through T₃ production regulate energy-demanding processes, which in fish include somatic growth, development and early gonadal maturation.