基于Web的中华绒螯蟹养殖质量安全信息可追溯系统研究

为了保证中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)的产品质量安全,设计了基于Web的中华绒螯蟹养殖质量安全信息可追溯系统。通过分析中华绒鳌蟹养殖过程中的危害,结合无公害中华绒螯蟹养殖HACCP质量管理体系,确定了中华绒螯蟹养殖质量安全监管措施的5个关键监控点和监控措施;依据EAN/UCC标识系统,设计出可追溯二维码标签,并应用ActiveX控件技术实现了客户端标签打印功能;采用B/S模式结构体系,建立了基于Web的中华绒螯蟹养殖质量安全信息可追溯系统,为中华绒螯蟹实现"从源头到餐桌"的质量安全信息的可追溯提供良好的管理操作平台。     

中华绒螯蟹常见病害的中草药防治分析

在中华绒螯蟹的养殖过程中,药物残留问题的解决刻不容缓。而将中草药用于中华绒螯蟹病害防治方面,不仅可以解决机体耐药性和药物残留的问题,而且还符合发展绿色水产养殖业的养殖理念,为提高中华绒螯蟹养殖效益提供了一条全新途径。     

恩诺沙星与中华绒螯蟹血浆蛋白结合率的研究

为探索养殖过程中恩诺沙星(Enrofloxacin,ENR)施用于中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)中的药效情况,文章通过静置平衡透析法分析研究了恩诺沙星与中华绒螯蟹血浆的蛋白结合率.试验测得的中华绒螯蟹血浆蛋白浓度为63.95±0.29 mg·mL-1,蛋白分子量主要集中在66.2-97.1 kDa之间,恩诺沙星与中华绒螯蟹血浆蛋白的结合率在47.39%-82.58%之间.分析结果认为,恩诺沙星与中华绒螯蟹血浆50%以上的蛋白结合率,在中华绒螯蟹养殖生产过程中需要慎重考虑恩诺沙星的有效药物浓度及其与其它药物的竞争作用,以能充分发挥恩诺沙星的作用.     

我国中华绒螯蟹资源和养殖生产管理现状及发展建议

我国中华绒螯蟹养殖正方兴未艾，但面临的问题较多，作者围绕着我国河蟹养殖生产发展迅猛，我国三大水系的中华绒螯蟹在繁育养殖生产方面存在的主要差异，我国中华绒螯蟹经营管理中存在的主要问题及采取政策和措施等专题展开论述。     

中华绒螯蟹病害的流行态势及其对产业持续发展的思考

中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)养殖业是我国水产养殖支柱产业之一。随着中华绒螯蟹养殖产业飞速发展,病害问题也愈加严重,并逐渐成为了产业发展的"瓶颈"问题。本文就我国近年来中华绒螯蟹病害流行的态势、病害流行原因以及应对措施进行剖析,以期为推动该产业的持续发展提供相应的参考。     

一种中华绒螯蟹病原——腐败希瓦氏菌

<正>中华绒螯蟹是苏州地区的主要水产养殖品种之一。在养殖过程中,部分养殖户塘口的中华绒螯蟹出现了活力下降甚至死亡的情况,造成了较大的损失。从患病蟹体内分离到腐败希瓦氏菌(Shewanella putrefaciens)并人工回感成功,该文有关腐败希瓦氏菌及其药物敏感性的结果有助于对中华绒螯蟹的细菌性疾病进行预防和治疗。     

中华绒螯蟹养殖中常见疾病与防治

中华绒螯蟹是我国主要的淡水水产品种之一,各种疾病随着养殖规模化不断出现。综合分析了中华绒螯蟹常见疾病的流行症状及防治措施。     

河蟹种质的外观鉴别

近年来,我国各地掀起了人工养殖河蟹的热潮,长江水系蟹种因具有其它蟹种无可比拟的生长优势而成为广大养殖户的首选。一些初次养殖河蟹的养殖户,因蟹苗市场真假混杂、鱼目混珠而没有选购到正宗优质蟹种,遭受到很大的经济损失。为了正确引导河蟹的人工养殖,本文就河蟹种质的外观鉴别方法作一介绍。 河蟹又叫螃蟹、毛蟹,学名中华绒螯蟹,在分类学上属节肢动物门、甲壳纲、十足目、方蟹科、绒螯蟹属。该属除中华绒螯蟹外,还有日本绒螯蟹、直额线螯蟹和狭额绒螯蟹三个种。中华绒螯蟹在我国分布较广,因栖息生态环境的不同,形成了四个种群,即长江水系种群、辽河水系种群、瓯江水系种群和闽江水系种群。适于人工养殖的中华绒螯蟹种是指规格在2g以上一秋龄长江水系中华绒螯蟹幼蟹的统称。     

尿素对中华绒螯蟹幼蟹非特异性免疫功能的影响

分别用0.24、0.48、0.72、0.96、1.20g/L的尿素溶液饲养中华绒螯蟹幼蟹7d,测定幼蟹血清中超氧化物歧化酶(Superoxide dismutase,SOD)、过氧化氢酶(Catalase,CAT)、谷胱甘肽-S转移酶(Glutathione-S transferase,GST)的活性和丙二醛(Malondialdehyde,MDA)的含量.结果表明,随着时间的延长,各浓度组中华绒螯蟹幼蟹血清中上述3种酶的活性逐渐下降,丙二醛含量逐渐上升;随着浓度的增加,3种酶活性有逐渐下降的趋势,但0.24g/L尿素浓度组中华绒螯蟹幼蟹血清中超氧化物歧化酶活性和0.96g/L浓度组中华绒螯蟹幼蟹血清中谷胱甘肽-S转移酶活性显著高于其他处理组,这两组中华绒螯蟹血清中丙二醛含量则相应下降.表明尿素浓度增加使得中华绒螯蟹幼蟹体内清除脂质过氧化物、过氧化氢和自由基的能力下降,对中华绒螯蟹幼蟹体内的非特异性防御系统有损伤.     

渔光一体池塘光伏区和非光伏区中华绒螯蟹二龄蟹的养殖生长比较

为了解渔光一体模式下中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)池塘养殖生长规律,在渔光一体池塘内,分别在光伏覆盖区域和非光伏覆盖区域开展中华绒螯蟹养殖实验,比较光伏区和非光伏区中华绒螯蟹二龄蟹的生长情况。结果显示,6月份之前,非光伏区中华绒螯蟹显示出一定的生长优势,6月份之后光伏区中华绒螯蟹的生长优势突出,生长速度和规格均明显超过非光伏区,且光伏区最终的养成规格、产量(高13.06个百分点)、成活率(高6.2个百分点)等均体现出明显优势。实验结果证实了光伏遮光对河蟹养殖具有显著优势。     

Protein and amino acid composition from the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris exposed to prolonged starvation

Protein and amino acid composition of the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris (Cuvier, 1797) during fasting for 27 days were determined. Average protein content of octopus mantle was of 711.19 ± 46.80 g kg^?1 DW, and it decreased with increasing fasting days. The non‐essential amino acids content was higher (486.18 ± 11.08 g kg^?1 protein) than essential amino acids (425.82 ± 9.15 g kg^?1 protein) at the start of the experiment (unstarved animals). The results suggest that the amino acid profile of the mantle where the most abundant amino acids are Arg, His, Lys, Gly, Leu and Pro could indicate a prolonged fasting condition (>20 days) or poor nutrition of O . vulgaris. This study supports the idea of using mantle for metabolic needs of starved O . vulgaris suggesting that the degradation pathway of amino acids to pyruvate and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates was favoured contrary to the degradation pathway of ketogenic amino acids. Special considerations should be taken concerning Thr, Ile, Ser, Ala, Asx (Asp, Asn), Glx (Glu, Gln) (because of their fast intake) and Lys and His (due to their stable contents) during a prolonged period of fasting.     

美人鱼发光杆菌对凡纳滨对虾非特异性 免疫功能及抗病力的影响

在基础饲料中分别添加0.1%和1%美人鱼发光杆菌灭活菌、0.1%美人鱼发光杆菌活菌配制成3种免疫实验饲料,以基础饲料为空白对照组饲料,每组设3个平行样。对个体质量为(4.83±0.36)g的凡纳滨对虾进行为期20 d的饲养实验,分别在0、5、10、15和20d进行取样,以血清中的酚氧化酶(PO)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和溶菌酶(UL)活性为免疫指标,探讨了美人鱼发光杆菌作为免疫制剂对凡纳滨对虾非特异性免疫效应的影响;在投喂免疫饲料后的第22天,按0.004 2 kg/kg体重的剂量,直接投喂对虾白斑综合征病毒(WSSV)病料,并记录累积死亡率。结果表明,美人鱼发光杆菌免疫实验组对凡纳滨对虾血清中PO、ACP、AKP、UL和SOD活性影响明显高于对照组,并且在饲料中添加美人鱼发光杆菌后,明显提高了对虾抵御WSSV感染的能力。其中0.1%美人鱼发光杆菌活菌实验组的抗病毒感染能力最强,WSSV感染14d内累计死亡率为63.3%±5.8%;而对照组为96.7%±3.3%。研究表明,美人鱼发光杆菌添加在对虾饲料中能提高凡纳滨对虾非特异性免疫水平,增强抵抗疾病的能力,将其作为对虾免疫增强剂具有良好的应用前景。     

Effects of Spirulina platensis as a feed additive on growth and coloration of blue dolphin cichlids (Cyrtocara moorii Boulunger, 1902)

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of replacing fish meal with dietary Spirulina as a feed supplement on the growth performance and coloration of blue dolphin cichlids (Cyrtocara moorii). Five isonitrogenous (47% crude protein) and isocaloric (17.36 kJ/g digestible energy) diets were for formulated to replace FM with 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20% Spirulina (designated as Control, SP5, SP10, SP15 and SP20 respectively) and fed to the fish (initial body weight, 3.15 ± 0.01 g). Fish were randomly distributed into fifteen 120 L aquariums (26.5 ± 1.00°C), 15 fish per aquarium. The diets were tested in triplicate for 12 weeks. Experimental groups were fed twice daily (09:00 and 17:00) by hand to satiation. At the end of the feeding trial, significantly (p < 0.05) higher weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR), protein efficiency ratio (PER) and lower feed conversion ratio (FCR) were observed in fish fed the SP10 diet when compared to the SP20 diet. There was no significant difference in these parameters between the other groups. The skin coloration of blue dolphin cichlid fed a diet containing Spirulina meal was enhanced. The best coloration was observed in the SP15 group. These impressions were objectively validated by chemical determinations of carotenoids extracted from fish skins and passed statistical tests of significance. The study findings show that Spirulina meal does not diminish growth rates except at very high levels.     

A Minchinia mercenariae‐like parasite infects cockles Cerastoderma edule in Galicia (NW Spain)

The cockle Cerastoderma edule fishery has traditionally been the most important shellfish species in terms of biomass in Galicia (NW Spain). In the course of a survey of the histopathological conditions affecting this species in the Ria of Arousa, a haplosporidan parasite that had not been observed in Galicia was detected in one of the most productive cockle beds of Galicia. Uni‐ and binucleate cells and multinucleate plasmodia were observed in the connective tissue mainly in the digestive area, gills and gonad. The parasite showed low prevalence, and it was not associated with abnormal cockle mortality. Molecular identification showed that this parasite was closely related to the haplosporidan Minchinia mercenariae that had been reported infecting hard clams Mercenaria mercenaria from the Atlantic coast of the United States. The molecular characterization of its SSU rDNA region allowed obtaining a fragment of 1,796 bp showing 98% homology with M. mercenariae parasite. Phylogenetic analysis supported this identification as this parasite was clustered in the same clade as M. mercenariae from the United States and other M. mercenariae‐like sequences from the UK, with bootstrap value of 99%. The occurrence of M. mercenariae‐like parasites infecting molluscs outside the United States is confirmed.     

Sea bream culture in Egypt; status, constraints and potential

Marine fish farming in Egypt began in 1976 with the culture of gilthead sea bream, (Sparus aurata) as this fish was notably adaptable to brackish and marine pond conditions. Today, marine fish and shrimp farms amount to about 19,000 ha, out of which 42% is already in production while the rest, i.e., 58% is still under construction. In 1997, cultured gilthead sea bream production of 2,250 tons made up 3% of the 75,000 tons total aquaculture catch. In polyculture, usually with the grey mullet and sea bass, gilthead sea bream contributed 440 kg ha^–1 to the total yield of 1,700 kg ha^–1 (26%) over a period of 16 months. For the same period, the yield of monoculture ponds averaged 100 kg ha^–1, while in marine cages, yields ranged from 4–10 kg m³. In 1996–1997, fry of 0.25–1 g and fingerlings 1–10 g with a total of 3 million, were collected from the wild and 1 million fry were produced in the three marine hatcheries out of the four existing ones. The development of sea bream culture in Egypt is now severely inhibited by the shortage of seeds and adequate feeds. Exports of both sea bream and sea bass, during 1994–1996 averaged 1,300 tons per year.     

Dietary thiamin and pyridoxine requirements of fingerling Indian major carp,Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton)

Two experiments were conducted to quantify the dietary thiamin (experiment I) and pyridoxine (experiment II) requirements of fingerling Cirrhinus mrigala for 16 weeks. In experiment I, dietary thiamin requirement was determined by feeding seven casein–gelatin‐based diets (400 g kg^?1 CP; 18.69 kJ g^?1 GE) with graded levels of thiamin (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8 and 16 mg kg^?1 diet) to triplicate groups of fish (6.15 ± 0.37 cm; 1.89 ± 0.12 g). Fish fed diet with 2 mg kg^?1 thiamin had highest specific growth rate (SGR), protein retention (PR), RNA/DNA ratio, haemoglobin (Hb), haematocrit (Hct), RBCs and best feed conversion ratio (FCR). However, highest liver thiamin concentration was recorded in fish fed 4 mg thiamin kg^?1 diet. Broken‐line analysis of SGR, PR and liver thiamin concentrations exhibited the thiamin requirement in the range of 1.79–3.34 mg kg^?1 diet (0.096–0.179 μg thiamin kJ^?1 gross energy). In experiment II, six casein–gelatin‐based diets (400 g kg^?1 CP; 18.69 kJ g^?1 GE) containing graded levels of pyridoxine (0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 mg kg^?1 diet) were fed to triplicate groups of fish (6.35 ± 0.37 cm; 1.97 ± 0.12 g). Fish fed diet containing 6 mg kg^?1 pyridoxine showed best SGR, FCR, PR, RNA/DNA ratio, Hb, Hct and RBCs, whereas maximum liver pyridoxine concentration was recorded in fish fed 8 mg kg^?1 dietary pyridoxine. Broken‐line analysis of SGR, PR and liver pyridoxine concentrations reflected the pyridoxine requirement from 5.63 to 8.61 mg kg^?1 diet. Data generated during this study would be useful in formulating thiamin‐ and pyridoxine‐balanced feeds for the intensive culture of this fish.     

Fertilization by refrigerator stored sperm of the Indian major carp, Labeo calbasu (Hamilton, 1822)

This study reports on the spermatological properties, and on the development of a protocol for refrigerator storage (4°C) of Labeo calbasu (Hamilton, 1822) sperm for artificial breeding. Volume, motility, concentration and pH of the freshly collected sperm were 2.21 ± 0.53 (μL g^?1 of fish weight) (mean ± SD), 95 ± 1 (%), 1.93 ± 0.44 × 10⁹ (cells mL^?1) and 7.56 ± 0.17 respectively. Sperm activation was evaluated at different osmolalities of NaCl solution, and motility ceased completely when osmolality of the extender was ≥287 mOsmol kg^?1. Sperm retained motility for 24, 72 and 108 h, after refrigerator storage when sperm were undiluted, suspended in Alsever's solution and suspended in Alsever's solution containing 5% methanol respectively. Fertilization rate of fresh eggs with sperm stored at 4°C in Alsever's solution and Alsever's solution containing 5% methanol was 77% and 60% with a hatching rate of 60% and 43% respectively. The fertilization and hatching success of the stored sperm suggests potential to use refrigeration for transporting genetic material to hatcheries for artificial breeding of L. calbasu in Bangladesh.     

A novel approach to denitrification processes in a zero-discharge recirculating system for small-scale urban aquaculture

This paper presents an innovative process to solve the nitrate build-up problem in recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS). The novel aspects of the process lie in a denitrification bioreactor system that uses solid cotton wool as the primary carbon source and a unique degassing chamber. In the latter, the water is physically stripped of dissolved gaseous O₂ (by means of a Venturi vacuum tube), and the subsequent denitrification becomes more efficient due to elimination of the problems of oxygen inhibition of denitrification and aerobic consumption of cotton wool. The cotton wool medium also serves as a physical barrier that traps organic particles, which, in turn, act as an additional carbon source for denitrification. Operation in the proposed system gives an extremely low C/N ratio of 0.82 g of cotton wool/g of nitrate N, which contributes to a significant reduction of biofilter volume. The additional advantage of using solid cotton wool as the carbon source is that it does not release organic residuals into the liquid to be recycled. Operation of the system over a long period consistently produced effluents with low nitrate levels (below 10 mg N/l), and there was only a very small need to replace system water. The overall treatment scheme, also incorporating an aerobic nitrification biofilter and a granular filtration device, produced water of excellent quality, i.e., with near-zero levels of nitrite and ammonia, a sufficiently high pH for aquaculture, and low turbidity. The proposed system thus provides a solution for sustainable small-scale, urban aquaculture operation with a very high recovery of water (over 99%) and minimal waste disposal.     

Effects of metomidate anaesthesia or transfer to pur sea water on plasma parameters in ammonia-exposed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L) in sea water

Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L) postsmolts weighing 150 ± 53 g were exposed to 14–15 mg l^–1 TA-N (total ammonia-N) in sea water in 1 m³ tanks for 24h. Blood samples were then taken A) immediately after the fish were netted from the exposure tanks and stunned by a blow to the head; B) 2–20 min after the fish were transferred to 15 l of an anaesthetic solution of metomidate in ammonia-free sea water; or C) 2–20 min after the fish were transferred to 15 l of ammonia-free sea water. Plasma TA-N level was 18% lower in the anaesthetised fish compared to in the fish sampled directly from the exposure tanks (p 0.05), and accordingly 16% lower in the fish transferred to pure sea water although this difference was not significant (p = 0.07). Plasma glucose level was higher in the fish transferred to pure sea water than in the fish receiving the two other treatments (p 0.05), but plasma urea, osmolality, Na^{+, Cl–, Ca2+ or Mg2+} levels did not vary significantly between the different treatments. Plasma TA-N level increased with time in the fish in the metomidate solution (p 0.02).