军曹鱼稚鱼饲料蛋白质和脂肪的最适含量

为了研究军曹鱼－－一种极具发展潜力的适合在热带亚热带网箱养殖鱼类的饲料中蛋白质和脂肪的最适含量，进行了两期生长实验。在第I期的生长实验中，在以鱼粉为基础饲料中添加酪蛋白代替淀粉，使饲料形成含蛋白36－60％的梯度，7种饲料据估算是等能量的。经过8周的生长实验，投喂含44％、48％和52％蛋白质的几种饲料的稚鱼（实验开始时体重33g）的体重增长及饲料转化率均优于其他几组。多元回归分析结果表明，摄食含44.5％蛋白质的饲料的稚鱼，体重增长率最高，这被认为是最适合于稚鱼生长的饲料蛋白质水平。在第II期生长实验中，给稚鱼投喂含脂肪3－18％的7种等氮和等能量的饲料，稚鱼（初始体重41g）的生长率在脂肪含量为3％时最低，随着饲料含脂量的升高，鱼体增重率逐渐升高，然后持平。采用折线回归分析结果表明，当饲料脂肪含量达到5.76％时，鱼的生长达到一个转折点，饲料脂肪含量超过这个转折点至实验的最高浓度18％时，鱼的生长情况变化不大。     

军曹鱼稚鱼最适蛋白质和脂肪的含量

为了研究军曹鱼——一种极具发展潜力的适合在热带亚热带网箱养殖鱼类的饵料中最适蛋白质和脂肪的含量，进行了两期生长实验。在第1期的生长实验中，在以鱼粉为基础饵料中添加酪蛋白代替淀粉，使饵料形成含蛋白36—60%的梯度，7种饲料据估算是等能量的。经过8周的生长实验，投喂含44％、48％和52％蛋白质的几种饲料的稚鱼(实验开始时体重33g)的体重增长及饲料转化率均优于其他几组。多元回归分析结果表明，在44．5％蛋白质含量处，体重增长率达到顶峰，这被认为是最适合于稚鱼生长的饵料蛋白质水平。在第Ⅱ期生长实验中，给稚鱼投喂含脂肪3-18％的7种等氨和等能量的饵料，稚鱼(初始体重41g)的生长率在脂肪含量为30h时最低，随着饵料含脂量的升高，鱼体增重率逐渐升高，然后下降，采用折线回归分析结果表明，当脂肪含量达到5．76％时，鱼的生长达到一个转折点，超过这个转折点，一直到实验的最高浓度18％，鱼的生长情况变化不大。     

军曹鱼幼鱼对吡哆醇的需要量

以初始体重(3.23±0.06)g的军曹鱼为研究对象,以酪蛋白(不含维生素)、明胶、鱼肉浓缩蛋白为蛋白源,在基础饲料中分别添加0、2、4、8、16和32mgPN/kg,配制出6种实验饲料,使饲料中吡哆醇的水平分别达到0.22、1.89、3.87、7.54、14.75和29.88mgPN/kg,研究军曹鱼对吡哆醇的需要量。养殖实验在室内流水系统中(250L)进行,每个处理设3个重复,每个重复放养军曹鱼25尾。养殖实验过程中,海水盐度为30～34,水温28～32℃,溶氧>7mg/L,养殖实验持续9周。实验结果显示,在0.22～3.87mgPN/kg水平范围内,随着饲料中吡哆醇含量的升高,实验鱼特定生长率显著升高,当饲料吡哆醇水平达到或高于3.87mg/kg时,各饲料组实验鱼的特定生长率(2.68～2.71%/d)无显著差异,而都显著高于0.22和1.89mg/kg饲料组的特定生长率(1.17～2.06%/d)P<0.05)。军曹鱼肝脏吡哆醇含量、吡哆醛含量、谷丙转氨酶活力、谷草转氨酶活力均与特定生长率有相似的变化趋势,即在3.87mg/kg饲料组接近或者达到最大值,在达到或超过3.87mg/kg时达到或近似达到一...     

军曹鱼苗种培育技术

军曹鱼 ( Rachycentron canadnm) ,俗称海鲡 ,日本人称之为“黑鱼甘”,为中型的热带性海水鱼类 ,属鲈形亚目、军曹科、军曹鱼属 ,其肉质细嫩 ,可作为生鱼片及鱼排的材料。军曹鱼 ,成长较迅速(一年平均可成长至 6kg,高成长群体可达 1 0 kg) ,且抗病性较强。近年来在我国台湾、海南岛、日本及东南亚地区兴起了养殖的热潮。苗种培育的规模化、产业化成为当前在我国南部开展大规模养殖的关键问题。我们于今年 7月从台湾引进受精卵 1 .3kg,经过 1个半月的培育 ,育出 8～ 1 0 cm鱼苗 1 2 .8万尾 ,现将培育技术与方法介绍如下 :1　培育前准备工作1…     

军曹鱼的养殖与配合饲料

军曹鱼(Rachycentron canadum)是当前最热门的研究对象和未来最被看好的潜力鱼种之一。军曹鱼亦称龙鱼或海龙鱼,是中型的热带、亚热带海洋性鱼,在23~29℃的水中生长迅速,1年即可长至5~6 kg上市[1,3]。军曹鱼个体大、生长快、抗病力强,适宜高密度集约化养殖,产量高,效益好;同时军曹鱼营养丰富,肉质细腻,丰腴,爽嫩,味道鲜美,口感好,既可生吃、熟食,也可腌和熏制,储存食用,还可以冷冻保存,且肉质感很好,是一个新的全球海产食品,仅日本就约需要2.0×105t/年高价位、高质量的军曹鱼生鱼片。但2000年台湾出口到日本的军曹鱼仅为0.2×104t。市场潜…     

军曹鱼人工繁殖技术

军曹鱼（Rachycentroncanadum）隶属鲈形目、军曹鱼科、军曹鱼属，亦称海鲡，英文名Cobia。分布于大西洋、印度洋和太平洋（东太平洋除外）等热带水域，最大个体长达１．５米、体重４３千克。主要捕捞生产国为巴基斯坦、菲律宾、墨西哥等国，我国沿海亦有分布，但产量较低。根据我们多年研究，军曹鱼易于驯化摄食人工饲料，生长速度快，年生长体重可达６～８千克，是海水网箱养殖中生长最快、最有养殖产业化前景的一种鱼类，可与挪威养殖的大西洋鲑媲美。一、生物学特性１．外部形态特征体延长，近圆筒形，稍侧偏。头扁平，宽大于高。眼较…     

冰点调节剂对军曹鱼冰点的控制研究

研究几种冰点调节剂对于军曹鱼（Rachycentroncanadum）冰点的影响。选取氯化钙（CaCl2）、氯化钠（NaCl）和维生素C（Vc）3种冰点调节剂,利用单因素比较法得出使用4％CaCl2浸泡处理60min可使军曹鱼冰点降至-1．21oC;用2％NaCl浸泡处理军曹鱼90min可使军曹鱼冰点由-1．01cC降至-1．36℃;使用0．5％V,溶液浸泡处理30min可使其冰点降至-1．30℃。因此选取NaCl和Vc 2种较好的冰点调节剂进行复配,再通过正交试验确定两者结合使用的最佳配比。结果显示,使用3％NaCl和0．3％V。共同处理军曹鱼60min为最佳,可使其冰点降至-1．62℃,下降了60．4％。     

我国军曹鱼研究现状

军曹鱼具有生长速度快、病害少、营养价值高等优点,是国内近几年来养殖规模迅速发展的重要海水经济鱼类,已成为海水网箱养殖的重要品种。根据国内军曹鱼的研究情况,对军曹鱼的基础生物学、人工繁养殖、营养需求、病害、遗传多样性等方面进行了综述和展望,以期为军曹鱼的进一步开发利用提供参考依据。     

军曹鱼淋巴囊肿的病理学研究

应用病理组织学和电镜方法,对患疑似淋巴囊肿病的军曹鱼(Rachycentron canadum)的各器官进行观察.结果表明,患病军曹鱼的皮肤囊肿组织由一些淋巴囊肿细胞集合体组成,这些囊肿细胞排列紧密,直径为10～150 μm,细胞呈圆形、锥形不规则状;细胞外有一层厚的囊膜;细胞质内散布有大量的嗜碱性包涵体,且多数集中在细胞的边缘部分;电镜观察到囊肿细胞质中有大量二十面体的病毒粒子,病毒颗粒直径220 nm.据此确认该病为病毒性淋巴囊肿病.其他器官主要组织病理学变化有:在心脏、肝脏、脾脏和头肾中也存在囊肿细胞,心肌纤维水肿;肾间质淋巴细胞增生,巨噬中心出现,肾小管上皮细胞变性和坏死;脾淋巴细胞增生,脾髓质出血;肝脂肪变性;鳃上皮肿胀.根据观察结果可以认为,该病毒不仅损伤鱼的皮肤,致使病鱼外观异样而严重影响其商品价值,而且对鱼的内脏和免疫器官也造成严重的致命损伤.     

军曹鱼（Rachycentron canadum）

通常进入十月份以后，特别是中下旬，气温开始有所下降，但是台风灾害依旧可能出现，不可麻痹大意。     

军曹鱼幼鱼日粮锌最适添加量的研究

在以卵白蛋白为蛋白源的基础饲料（Zn含量为5．65mg／kg）中添加10、20、30、40、50mg／kg以ZnSO4为Zn源的Zn,使饲料中总Zn含量为15．97、25．66、33．90、45．85、55．88mg／kg。投喂军曹鱼幼鱼8周。试验结果表明,基础饲料组鱼出现生长不良、厌食、皮肤糜烂和白内障等症状,其成活率、增重率、血清碱性磷酸酶活性（AKP）显著低于添加Zn组（P〈0．05）,骨骼、肌肉、血清和肝脏Zn含量也表现出相同趋势。10mg／kg和20mg／kgZn添加量组鱼仍出现缺Zn症状,各项测定指标随Zn添加量的增加而增大。当饲料中Zn添加量达到30mg／kg时,各项指标趋向稳定,与添加量40mg／kg和50mg／kg组无显著差异。以增重率和骨骼Zn含量为主要评价指标,通过回归分析表明,以ZnSO4为Zn源时,军曹鱼幼鱼日粮Zn的最适添加量为42．86mg／kg。     

Pond Culture of Larval and Juvenile Cobia,Rachycentron canadum,in the Southeastern United States

Abstract

The potential of growing larval and juvenile cobia, Rach-ycentron canadum, in ponds was investigated. Larval cobia, obtained from tank spawning of wild-caught adults, were stocked 48-72-h post-hatch at a rate of 700,000/ha into three fertilized 0.25-ha ponds. At one week post-stocking (WPS), fish were observed consuming formulated feed. Growth was rapid, with specific growth rates (SGR) ranging from 12.5-19.2% body weight/day. At harvest (5 WPS) fish reared in two ponds weighed 7.9 and 9.3 g and total length (TL) was 118.9 and 129.3 mm, respectively (all fish reared in remaining pond died the night prior to harvest due to aerator failure). Feed conversion ratio (FCR) was 3.8 for both ponds and survival was 5.3 and 8.5%. Low survival rates were thought to be due primarily to cannibalism. Immediately after harvest, fish were restocked into two 0.25-ha ponds at a stocking rate of 14,400/ ha. Fish were fed formulated, pelleted feeds. Growth was rapid up to ～9 WPS, after which pond water temperatures declined. Ponds were harvested at 13 and 15 WPS, respectively. Final weight of fish was 309.9 and 362.5 g. Final TL was 343.1 and 355.7 mm. FCR was 3.8 and 4.5 and survival was 27.5 and 30.5%. Major losses of fish were associated with avian predators and possibly a toxic algal bloom. Results of trials indicate that cobia larvae and juveniles can be reared in pond-based culture systems, however additional research is needed to refine this approach.     

Dietary selenium requirement for juvenile cobia,Rachycentron canadum L.

A 10‐week feeding trial was conducted to estimate the optimum dietary selenium (Se) requirement for juvenile cobia, Rachycentron canadum L. The basal diet was formulated to contain 50.6% crude protein from vitamin‐free casein, gelatin. A control diet (no added seleno‐dl ‐methionine) and five experimental diets containing 0.20, 0.40, 0.60, 0.80 and 1.00 mg seleno‐dl ‐methionine kg^?1 were prepared. Each diet was randomly fed to triplicate groups of juvenile cobia with initial weight 6.27±0.03 g in a flow‐through system. The Se concentration in rearing water was monitored during the feeding period, and was not detectable. The dietary Se level significantly influenced the survival, specific growth rate (SGR), feed efficiency and the Se concentrations in the whole body and vertebra of cobia. The Se‐dependent glutathione peroxidase (EC 1.11.119) activity increased with an increase in the dietary Se levels (P<0.05). Hepatic glutathione reductase (EC 1.6.4.2) activity was the highest in fish fed the diet with 0.21 mg Se kg^?1, and declined with an increase in the dietary Se levels. Based on broke‐line regression of SGR, the Se concentration in the whole body and vertebra, the Se requirements of juvenile cobia were 0.788, 0.811 and 0.793 mg Se kg^?1 diet in the form of seleno‐dl ‐methionine respectively.     

Dietary ascorbic acid requirement of cobia,Rachycentron canadum Linneaus

A 10‐week feeding trial was conducted to determine the optimal requirement of cobia (Rachycentron canadum Linneaus) for dietary ascorbic acid (AA). Graded levels of L‐ascorbyl‐2‐polyphosphate (LAPP) were supplemented in basal diet to formulate six semi‐purified diets containing 2.70 (the control diet), 8.47, 28.3, 80.6, 241 and 733 mg AA equivalent kg^?1 diet, respectively. Each diet was randomly fed to triplicate groups of fish in flow‐through plastic tanks (300 L), and each tank was stocked with 25 fish with average initial weight of 4.59 ± 0.36 g. Observed deficiency signs included poor growth, higher mortality and lower feeding rate (FR) in the fish of the control group. Fish fed the control diet had significantly lower weight gain (WG), lower feed efficiency ratio (FER) and lower tissue AA concentrations in fish liver and muscle. With the increase of dietary AA, the survival, WG, FER, hepatic and muscular AA concentrations of cobia significantly increased and then levelled off. The dietary AA requirement of cobia was estimated to be 44.7 mg kg^?1 based on WG, 53.9 mg kg^?1 or 104 mg kg^?1 based on either hepatic or muscular AA concentration, respectively.     

不同饲料对军曹鱼组织消化酶活力的影响

比较研究了投喂冰鲜鱼和人工配合饲料的军曹鱼胃、前肠以及肝脏消化酶(蛋白酶、胰蛋白酶、淀粉酶和脂肪酶)活力.试验结果表明,(1)蛋白酶活力:前肠与肝脏的蛋白酶比活力,投喂配合饲料组显著高于冰鲜鱼组(P<0.05),而胃中的蛋白酶比活力以冰鲜鱼组显著高于配合饲料组(P<0.05);(2)胰蛋白酶活力:胃中胰蛋白酶比活力,冰鲜鱼组显著高于配合饲料组(P<0.05),前肠与肝脏的胰蛋白酶比活力配合饲料显著高于冰鲜鱼组(P<0.05);(3)淀粉酶活力:胃中的淀粉酶比活力,冰鲜鱼组显著高于配合饲料组(P <0.05),前肠的淀粉酶比活力则是配合饲料组显著高于冰鲜鱼组(P<0.05),两种饲料对军曹鱼肝脏淀粉酶比活力影响不显著(P>0.05);(4)脂肪酶活力:胃及前肠的脂肪酶比活力两种饲料间差异不显著(P>0.05),但肝脏的脂肪酶比活力则以配合饲料组显著高于冰鲜鱼组(P<0.05).     

军曹鱼消化系统的形态及组织学研究

利用活体解剖和光镜技术对军曹鱼Rachycentron canadum消化系统进行形态及组织学研究。结果显示,军曹鱼消化道由口咽腔、食道、胃、幽门盲囊、前肠、中肠和后肠几部分组成。口咽腔大,粘膜上皮为复层鳞状上皮,内含少量杯状细胞。食道很短,但上皮包括复层鳞状上皮区和单层柱状上皮区。胃膨大,呈Y形,在贵门和幽门部可观测到杯状细胞,胃体粘膜层下有大量的胃腺细胞。幽门盲囊发达,肠短但分3部分,前肠、中肠和后肠,肠道系数为0．43,肠道由前向后杯状细胞和粘膜皱褶不断减少。消化腺包括肝脏和胰腺,肝小叶分界不明显,肝细胞内脂肪含量丰富,胰腺属于散在性的,其外分泌部有许多腺泡组成,胰岛分散于外分泌部间。     

养殖军曹鱼稚鱼骨骼畸形研究

本研究采用软骨—硬骨双染色技术对常规养殖条件下的军曹鱼(Rachycentron canadum)稚鱼全骨骼进行染色,观察并分析其骨骼畸形发生部位及相应的畸形类型。结果显示,在同一批次繁育的180个军曹鱼稚鱼(25日龄)骨骼标本中,有72个标本存在畸形情况,畸形率为40.00%。骨骼畸形类型共计22种,畸形率由高到低主要表现为米克尔氏软骨畸形、尾上骨缺失、脉棘分叉、基舌骨异位和尾上骨愈合等;所有骨骼畸形均未表现出显著可见的外部形态变化。但正常个体与骨骼畸形个体的全长存在极显著差异(P<0.01)。本研究表明,骨骼畸形对军曹鱼生长产生了影响。本研究为探索鱼类骨骼畸形的发生过程和原因、减少畸形率和优化苗种培育养殖条件提供了理论基础。     

军曹鱼幼鱼商品饲料中铁、锌适宜添加量的研究

在军曹鱼幼鱼商品饲料中添加铁100、200、300 mg/kg,添加锌30、110、190 mg/kg,共投喂56 d.试验结束时测定,军曹鱼成活率、质量增加率、红细胞含量、肌肉铁含量、骨骼铁、锌含量和肝脏铁、锌含量明显受饲料中铁、锌添加量的影响;血清碱性磷酸酶活性受铁、锌交互作用影响显著,饲料系数主要受铁锌交互作用的影响.以成活率和质量增加率为评价指标,军曹鱼幼鱼商品饲料中铁和锌适宜添加量分别为200 mg/kg和110 mg/kg.     

Performance of Advanced Juvenile Cobia,Rachycentron canadum,Reared Under Different Thermal Regimes: Evidence for Compensatory Growth and a Method for Cold Banking

ABSTRACT

Two trials were undertaken to examine the growth response of juvenile cobia, Rachycentron canadum, at varying temperatures. The initial trial was conducted to determine the effect of various temperatures (18, 23, and 29°C) on weight gain and feed efficiency. The second trial investigated the effect of elevating water temperature in which fish maintained at 18°C and 23°C to a temperature close to their optimum (29°C). The latter study was undertaken in order to determine the effect of thermal shifts upon subsequent growth response of the species. Such information will assist commercial producers in developing various culture guidelines. As anticipated, differences (P < 0.01) in weight gain were recorded among all treatments, although remarkably, feed efficiency did not differ for cobia held at 23°C and 29°C. Following thermal shift, cobia subjected to the largest temperature change (18–29°C) illustrated an immediate growth response, but specific growth rates (SGR) did not exceed that of cobia held at 29°C for the duration of the trial. Nevertheless, when SGR were examined using fish of similar size (i.e., derived from different time points during the study) evidence for growth compensation was obtained. This study illustrates that cobia can be held at reduced temperatures, without detrimental impact on future performance, as a means of maintaining animals at smaller size for production and experimental purposes: “Cold banking.”     

利用微卫星标记分析军曹鱼养殖群体的遗传多样性

利用12个微卫星标记对北海(BH)、陵水(LS)、硇洲(NZ)、徐闻(XW)和三亚(SY) 5个军曹鱼(Rachycentron canadum)养殖群体进行遗传多样性分析。结果显示,12对微卫星引物在5个军曹鱼养殖群体中共检测到129个等位基因。各养殖群体的平均等位基因数为3.833~6.750,平均有效等位基因数为2.284~3.645,平均观测杂合度和平均期望杂合度分别为0.481~0.635和0.533~0.681,平均多态信息含量为0.463~0.630;哈迪-温伯格平衡检测结果显示,各群体在多个微卫星位点上均显著偏离平衡(P<0.05);军曹鱼养殖群体间的遗传分化指数(Fst)为0.055~0.150,遗传距离(D)为0.240~0.635,其中,BH和NZ的Fst最大(0.150),D最远(0.635);AMOVA分析表明,军曹鱼养殖群体的84%遗传变异来自于个体之间;基于Nei´s遗传距离构建的UPGMA系统进化树显示,BH和SY聚为一支,LS和XW聚为一支,两支聚为一支后与NZ聚为一支。研究结果将为军曹鱼种质资源保护和改良等提供科学的数据参考。