四种海藻对养虾废水中氮磷的吸收

<正>利用植物性滤器处理养殖废水、修复富营养化养殖海域是目前国内外重点研究方向之一。大型海藻和微藻常被用作海水养殖废水的净化,这些海藻在光合作用利用无机碳的同时,可以大量吸收环境中的氮磷元素,有效延缓水体的富营养化。此外,大型海藻和许多微藻本身也是重要的水产品,可以食用、药用、提取工业原料,因此,在利用海藻处理养殖污水的同时还可以收获一定的经济效益,一举两得。从前人研究结果可以看出,海藻作为吸收氮磷营养盐的生物滤器,修复或改善养殖水体具有显著效     

接种小球藻对虾池浮游生物及水化学环境影响的研究

在对虾人工养殖过程中，水化学环境和水体生态结构的优劣是决定养殖成功与否的关键。长期以来，水产科技工作者一直致力于优化养殖水体生态结构的研究，如利用化学物质抑制有害藻类的繁殖和生长，以高等水生植物抑制藻类生长等，但用生物法调节水化学环境和水体生态结构比化学法有更大的优越性。为此，笔者在虾池中进行了接种小球藻的试验，研究其对浮游生物和水化学环境的影响。现介绍如下：     

海带、羊栖菜与海参套养技术

近年来，我国海水养殖业发展迅速，但随之带来的养殖动物的排泄物和残饵等已成为养殖海域的重要污染源，是导致养殖区水体富营养化的重要原因。富营养化海水可引发赤潮和养殖动物病害，给养殖业带来巨大损失。海带、羊栖菜等大型海藻在生长过程中可大量吸收C、N、P等营养素，释放氧气，被广泛应用于鱼、虾和贝类等的综合养殖系统中，是控制水体富营养化、增进食品安全和对污染水体进行生物修复的有效措施之一。     

海参(Sea cucumber)养殖水体生物修复(Bioremediation)功能藻(Function macro-algae)的选择

通过分析海参养殖的现状，结合鼠尾藻的生物和生态特点，阐述了鼠尾藻是海参养殖水体理想的生物修复藻类。并对功能藻的概念及其应用前景进行了叙述。     

对虾养殖池塘接种藻类研究

在对虾人工养殖过程中，养殖水化学环境和水体生态结构的优劣是决定养殖成功与否的关键。长期以来，水产科技工作者一直致力于调节和优化养殖水体生态结构的研究，如利用化学物质抑制有害藻类的繁殖和生长，以高等水生植物抑制藻类生长(Saayda，T．T．，l974；Moss，B．，1980)，起到了生态修饰的效果。但用生物法调节水化学环境和水体生态结构比化学法有更大的优越性。     

贝藻处理工厂化养殖废水的研究

研究了常见大型藻类对氮、磷营养盐的去除效果和贝类对悬浮颗粒物的去除效果。结果表明,石莼和海带在同样的实验条件下吸附氮、磷营养盐的效果明显高于鼠尾藻和马尾藻,密度2g/L的石莼和7.52g/L的海带是较好的养殖密度。与扇贝和文蛤比较,牡蛎具有较高的去除悬浮颗粒物的效率,可以在24h内除去养殖废水中93%的悬浮颗粒物。在20L养殖废水中投放1000g牡蛎和40g石莼组成的净化养殖废水的生物滤器对营养盐和悬浮颗粒物具有最好的去除效果,其去除效率分别为PO4P67.8%、NO2N60.2%、NH4N55.8%、NO3N59.0%和SPM82.5%。在20L养殖废水中投放1000g牡蛎和150g海带组成的生物滤器对营养盐和悬浮颗粒物的去除效果较好,其去除效率分别为PO4P62.6%,NO2N55.7%,NH4N46.0%,NO3N56.6%和SPM84.5%。     

虹鳟鱼在双层浮球式生物滤器封闭循环水系统中的养殖试验

本文介绍了虹鳟鱼在双层浮球式生物滤器封闭循环式养殖系统中的养殖试验。该养殖系统主要包括射流暴气增氧、沉淀分离和双层浮球生物过滤器过滤,过滤悬浮物能力达到90％,氨氮处理能力达到149~(gm-3.d-1)(在养殖水体15度条件下),利用臭氧催化氧化法完成杀菌、消毒及二次去除氨氮作用。在8个养殖水体为1m~3的养殖池,放养1015尾平均体重240g虹鳟鱼的循环水养殖系统中,应用动力为0．75kW、处理能力为20 T/h的BAF—20型双层浮球生物过滤设备进行循环养殖水体的处理。在养殖试验过程中,对养殖水体的pH、DO、COD、悬浮物、氨氮、亚硝酸盐、硝酸盐等水化学指标进行了监测,并对虹鳟鱼在养殖过程中不同阶段的生长情况进行了测量。结果表明,在水体循环周期为2次/h,换水周期为一次/每两周的条件下COD≤15mg/l、氨氮≤1mg/l、亚硝酸盐≤0．13mg/l、硝酸盐≤24mg/l,经对比养殖试验表明,没有循环鱼池的水体和经过浮球式生物滤器封闭循环系统的循环水体的各项指标具有明显的差别。试验表明浮球式生物滤器封闭循环水系统完全满足虹鳟鱼工厂化养殖生产的要求,确保虹鳟鱼养殖水体的水质和鱼类生长环境,达到良好养殖效果。     

聚磷菌群对养殖废水磷污染的处理

水产养殖业的集约化发展加大了人工饵料的需求量，大量残饵、渔用肥料、养殖动物粪便等排泄物和生物残骸等所含的营养物质氮、磷以及悬浮物和耗氧有机物等直接进入水体，成为水体富营养化的直接污染源。研究表明，人工配合饵料每生产1kg鱼约有800g有机物、70g氮和14g磷通过各种形式进入水体，为富营养化提供了便利。磷是水体富营养化的限制性因子，因此减少水体中磷含量是控制水体富营养化的重要举措。生物修复技术以其低投资、高效益、没有二次污染的特点，成为近年来研究的热点，而微生物是地球生态系统中最重要的分解者，其对环境中污染物的代谢作用是生物修复的技术基础。本文以微生物修复为基础，采用不同的方法，研究了聚磷菌群处理水产养殖水体磷污染的效果，为水产养殖业可持续发展提供一定借鉴作用。     

投喂频率对循环水养殖系统氨氮浓度的影响

研究在相同投喂量下,不同投喂频率(3,6,8次/d)对循环水养殖系统水体氨氮水平及生物滤器氨氮去除效率的影响.结果表明:随着投喂频率增高,养殖水体氨氮变异系数由14.9%逐渐减弱到0,但总体平均浓度基本保持稳定(P>0.05);投喂后,生物滤器氨氮去除效率由67.02%升高到85.71%(P<0.05).研究发现,采用8次/d投喂频率时,养殖水体氨氮浓度更稳定,生物滤器氨氮去除效率更高.     

浮球式生物滤器在鲟鱼工厂化养殖生产中的应用

本介绍了双层浮球式生物滤器在封闭循环式鲟鱼养殖生产中的应用情况。在一个120m^3水体，养殖密度19kg／m^3的鲟鱼循环养殖系统中，应用一套动力为4kw、处理能力为40T／h的BAF-40型双层浮球生物过滤设备进行养殖水体的循环使用处理。在生产过程中，对养殖水体的pH、DO、COD、悬浮物、氨氮、亚硝酸盐、硝酸盐等水化学指标进行了监测，并对鲟鱼在养殖过程中不同阶段的生长情况进行了测量。结果表明，在水体循环周期为1次／3h，换水周期为1次／周的条件下COD≤15mg／l、氨氮≤1mg／l、亚硝酸盐≤0．13mg／l、硝酸盐≤24mg/l，经12月养殖，成活率为98％，增重10倍。应用表明BAF-40型双层浮球式生物滤器可完全满足鲟鱼工厂化养殖生产的要求，确保鲟鱼养殖水体的水质和鱼类生长环境，达到良好养殖效果。     

海水虾蟹环境适应与池塘生态工程化养殖

池塘养殖是我国海水养殖的传统方式，也是当前陆基海水养殖的主体。自20世纪70年代，海水池塘养殖经历了粗放式、半集约、集约化和多营养层次生态养殖的发展历程。然而，海水池塘养殖产业中仍存在养殖生物生态适应性机制不清、养殖系统产出不稳定、营养物质利用效率低等“瓶颈”问题，严重制约了海水池塘养殖产业的发展。因此开展海水养殖虾蟹良种与生态环境的互作机制解析，研发养殖生态系统结构优化和营养物质资源化高效利用技术，搭建养殖信息采集与智能化管控平台，创建生态工程化养殖新模式，实现养殖系统高效可持续产出，是我国海水池塘养殖产业绿色高质量发展的关键。     

福建省海水养殖业产量结构特征与发展趋势

海水养殖业合理的结构与良好的发展趋势有利于促进福建省经济的长远发展。本文基于福建省1983—2012年的海产品产量与海水养殖产量数据,研究了福建省鱼类、虾蟹类、贝类、藻类等海产品和海水养殖产品的产量结构特征,结果表明福建省海水养殖主要以贝类、藻类为主,海洋捕捞主要以鱼类、虾蟹类为主;分析了福建省海水养殖的养殖比、面积、单产等的发展趋势,得出鱼类、虾蟹类增加趋势较大,增产潜力大;针对福建省海水养殖产量结构特征和发展趋势,进行成因分析并提出对策。研究结果可以为渔业部门指导福建省海水养殖业的发展提供参考。     

菊花心江蓠在网箱养殖区的生物修复作用

2003年8～12月，利用菊花心江蓠(Gracilaria lichenoides)在福建省东山县八尺门网箱养殖区进行生物修复实验。通过定点跟踪监测，定点连续监测，断面监测和平面监测，结果表明，江蓠对受污染的海水具有较好的修复效果。菊花心江蓠能有效提高水中的DO浓度，使修复实验区的DO浓度明显高于非养殖区和网箱养殖区的DO浓度；菊花心江蓠还能降低水中的IN、IP浓度，特别是3种价态的IN中，菊花心江蓠优先吸收铵氮，这对减轻网箱养殖区自身污染的影响更具实际意义。     

中国水产苗种进口特征及其对养殖产业发展的影响分析——基于2013—2018年的数据

水产种业是水产养殖业的战略性、基础性核心产业,水产苗种引进是促进水产养殖业绿色发展的一个重要途径。中国水产苗种引进品种繁多,水产观赏动物成为新宠,通过分析2013—2018年水产苗种进口贸易数据,其主要特征为:进口额呈下降趋势,进口种类涉及24种,部分种类的进口频率达到100%,用于水产养殖的苗种和受精鱼卵进口额分别为14061.19×104美元和632.02×104美元。从进口额数据来看,小虾及对虾、鳗鱼、受精鱼卵及其他鱼种等主要进口苗种种类对水产养殖业发展的影响较大,其中鳗鱼增养殖业对进口鳗苗的依赖程度较高,平均依赖度为50.86%。提出构建养殖鱼类苗种进口预警机制,谋划养殖鱼类品种的替代策略,提高对虾苗种控制能力,做好水产苗种进口质量安全防范等建议,以保障水产养殖产业健康稳定发展。     

Aquaculture and international trade

Abstract

In contrast to the stabilization or decline of wild fishery harvests, aquaculture's contribution to the world fish supply is steadily increasing. Aquaculture has begun to have a major influence on the trade of export‐orientated species such as salmon and shrimp. This paper reviews the role of aquaculture in international trade and the research which has been conducted to examine its influence. Despite the growing significance of aquaculture on international trade, especially for shrimp and salmon, formal analysis of the shrimp trade is sparse, only moderate for salmon, and essentially nonexistent for other species. This paper also presents specific examples of how aquaculture has played an important role in international trade. These include an examination of: (1) the influence of shrimp aquaculture and trade on the development of a shrimp futures contract; and (2) the countervailing duty and antidumping case against the Norwegian farmed salmon industry.     

An improved prioritization framework for selecting new finfish mariculture candidates for research and development in Indonesia

Aquaculture, particularly marine‐based production, is one of the fastest growing industries in Indonesia. Indonesia's competitiveness in the trade of aquaculture products is constrained by a lack of research and development (R&D) of new aquaculture species candidates. Mariculture has the greatest potential due to Indonesia's vast marine resources and archipelagic geography. Although there are over 3,000 species of marine fish in Indonesia, only 14 species have been widely cultured, largely finfish. Production is dominated by shrimp, groupers and milkfish. Traditionally, candidate species for mariculture in Indonesia and elsewhere have often been selected on their market value before their biological suitability for culture has been established leading to partially successful R&D efforts or even failure. The present study developed a framework for selecting marine fish species to support mariculture R&D in Indonesia based on an improved analytic hierarchy process (AHP). The approach combined various quantitative and qualitative data and involved different R&D stakeholder groups in the selection process. Ten species that had not been previously researched for their aquaculture potential were identified. The modified approach addressed the interaction complexity of criteria and different preferences across the stakeholders. The involvement of different stakeholders in the selection process not only ensured acceptance of the selected species for further research, but also tested the validity and consistency of the method used in this study. The methodology has relevance for mariculture globally given that efficient candidate selection can help focus efforts and investment in mariculture R&D.     

Evaluation of carrying capacity for shrimp pond culture with integrated bioremediation techniques

The integrated multi‐trophic aquaculture (IMTA) is a semi‐artificial habitat optimization ecosystem by co‐culture species from multiple trophic levels, in which farm waste produced by species of a higher trophic level is a nutrition source for species of a lower trophic level. However, in system construction it is essential to distinguish the roles of aquaculture organisms from different trophic levels and optimize the aquaculture capacity allocation. With this objective, a carrying capacity evaluation model for shrimp culture with integrated bioremediation techniques was developed, and the efficiency to repair the aquaculture pond environment was evaluated. Scenario simulations were conducted to assess the shrimp culture capacity for optimal economic and ecological benefits. The sensitivity analysis of the model indicated that changes in bivalve biomass had no significant impacts on the concentration of total nitrogen (TN) in the system, and macroalgae were more sensitive to the changes in TN than biofilters did. In conclusion, 1,500,000 Litopenaeus vannamei co‐cultured with 15,000 kg Crassostrea gigas and 1,125 kg Gracilaria lemaneiformis per hectare would bring maximum integrated benefit, and the use of integrated bioremediation techniques can make shrimp pond culture a virtuous cycle incorporating both production and restoration.     

Safety issues and sustainable development of European aquaculture: new tools for environmentally sound aquaculture

Sustainable and long-term growth of the aquaculture industry should involve both ecologically sound practices and appropriate resource management. The increasing economic dimension of Mediterranean aquaculture is opening new economic niches and may be a valid support to reduce the pressure of traditional fisheries. Aquaculture practices can also lead to modifications of coastal habitats through the impact of wastes of land-based and open-sea mariculture facilities. In addition to these aspects which place a direct pressure on aquatic ecosystems and wild fishery resources, a wide range of environmental contaminants, such as chemicals used in farming operations, can accumulate in farmed organisms and put fish health and quality at risk. Thus, as aquaculture makes its transition to a major food-producing sector, proper assessment and control of environmental impacts and food safety awareness are becoming increasingly important. The development of simple tools able to monitor the extent of environmental and biological impacts associated with farming operations at various levels of biological complexity from the ecosystem to the organism level is required. Although a number of techniques for assessing the environmental and biological impact of pollutants in natural ecosystems are available, the development of practical and validated tools is sorely needed in aquaculture.     

中国深远海养殖发展方式研究

在渔业转型发展进程中,发展深远海养殖是突破生态环境和自然资源约束性挑战,实现新时期中国海水养殖业可持续发展的战略方向。基于联合国粮食及农业组织(FAO)关于深远海养殖发展的定义,结合中国海水养殖业发展水平和海域条件,对中国深远海养殖概念进行了界定。提出养殖品种选择、养殖系统构建、养殖海域规划是关系深远海养殖产业稳步有序发展的重要因素。在养殖品种选择方面,应重点考虑经济潜力、适应水温和养殖技术;在养殖系统构建上,分析比较了不同养殖系统应用于深远海养殖的适宜性、安全性和经济性;在养殖海域规划方面,应重点考虑养殖排放、环境承载力和海域条件。     

凡纳滨对虾弧菌病及其防治方法研究进展

近年来,凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)养殖生产中弧菌病的发病率越来越高,严重阻碍了我国海水养殖业的发展.文章介绍了凡纳滨对虾养殖过程中容易发生的几种弧菌病及其防治方法的相关研究,并对常见的哈维氏弧菌、溶藻弧菌、霍乱弧菌和副溶血弧菌这4种弧菌的研究进展进行了综述,以期为海水养殖中弧菌病的防治和控制...