虾蟹类养殖中饵料生物的培养技术

虾蟹类是以底栖动物为饵料的,所以在池塘内培育天然的动、植物是幼蟹、幼虾最理想的优良饵料,可促进虾、蟹的早期生长,增强虾、蟹的体质,增强抗病能力。同时也是充分利用池塘生产力,降低养虾成本,养殖大规格虾的一个有效的措施。许多生产实践证明,重视饵料生物培养可降低投饵系数,提高经济效益。一、池塘中的饵料生物广义来说,池塘中的底栖小动物及硅藻都是虾、蟹的饵料,包括原生动物、甲壳类、圆虫类、昆虫类、软体动物和底栖硅藻等。在虾、蟹胃内经常见到的饵料生物如     

不同秸秆还田量对冬春季稻虾田大型底栖动物的影响

为探明不同秸秆还田量对冬春季稻虾田大型底栖动物群落结构的影响，于2018年12月—2019年7月，采取田间小区试验，共设置3种秸秆还田量(1500、3500、4500 kg/hm²)组和1个对照组(还田量0),分析投放克氏原螯虾前后不同还田量处理对大型底栖动物的物种多样性、密度以及生物量的影响。试验结果表明，各组物种多样性指数在克氏原螯虾投放前表现为3500 kg/hm²>4500 kg/hm²>1500 kg/hm²>0,投放后表现为0>3500 kg/hm²>4500 kg/hm²>1500 kg/hm²。投放克氏原螯虾前，总密度和生物量与还田量的关系均表现为4500 kg/hm²>3500 kg/hm²>1500 kg/hm²。投放后，还田量1500 kg/hm²组、3500 kg/hm     

虾蟹类养殖中饵料生物的培养技术

虾蟹类是以底栖动物为饵料的,在池塘内培育天然的动、植物是幼蟹、幼虾最理想的优良饵料,可促进虾、蟹的早期生长,增强虾、蟹的体质和抗病能力。同时也是充分利用池塘生产力,降低养虾成本,养殖大规格虾的一个有效的措施。许多生产实践证明,重视饵料     

移植生物饵料在中国对虾与梭子蟹混养中的应用

移植生物饵料养殖中国对虾技术模式由来已久,但随着中国对虾养殖业的连年不景气,中国对虾养殖的二次创业感觉希望渺茫,移植生物饵料养殖中国对虾似乎已经成为过去,2012年连云港对虾综合试验站按照国家虾产业体系的相关要求,在试验基地的4口池塘内开展了移植蜾赢蜚、蓝蛤等在中国对虾与梭子蟹混养中的应用,试验取得了比较理想的结果,与周边的相同模式的池塘相比,试验池塘对虾发病迟,对虾各池塘平均产量达765 kg/hm2,比周边池塘高75～450 kg/hm2,梭子蟹的公蟹平均产量达630 kg/hm2,母蟹平均产量达690 kg/hm2,比周边池塘分别高105～390 kg/hm2和90～480 kg/hm2,试验池塘养殖效益明显高于周边池塘.现简单的将技术操作情况介绍如下,以供养殖同行们参考.     

海水池塘覆网养殖缢蛏高产试验

研究了在海水池塘蟹、虾、贝立体养殖过程中,采用在滩面下覆网养殖缢蛏的可行性及相关技术。结果表明:试验塘面积1.67hm2,缢蛏产量18 000kg/hm2,梭子蟹产量840kg/hm2,日本对虾产量540kg/hm2,池塘综合平均产值达到24万元/hm2。起捕缢蛏人工需时覆网的为未覆网的39%,人工起捕率覆网的为未覆网的2.67倍,人工工资减少了3 070元,平均可减少人工工资55 260元/hm2,实现省时省钱和较好的经济效益。     

怒江西藏段大型底栖动物群落结构及多样性研究

于2007年、2008年的7月先后2次对怒江流域西藏段干、支流大型底栖动物进行了调查。应用ShannonWiener、Margalef和Pielou指数分析了干、支流大型底栖动物的多样性,结果显示:17个采样断面(干流8个,支流9个)共采集到底栖动物34种(属),隶属于25科,其中以水生昆虫种类最多(76.0%);研究区域内干、支流底栖动物密度和生物量分别为132.77 ind/m2、3 967.51 mg/m2,95.39 ind/m2、2 339.64 mg/m2;干流底栖动物现存量明显高于支流,但其物种多样性(H、D、J)组成却低于支流。研究发现,干、支流大型底栖动物群落结构的差异主要与底质类型有关,底栖动物生物多样性与海拔高程变化之间无明显关系。     

梭子蟹与脊尾白虾、贝类生态混养技术

生态混养是一种模仿生物原始生态系统的科学的水产养殖模式。在同一海水池塘中养殖蟹、虾与贝类，可以充分利用养殖水域空间与池塘滩面，实现水中有虾、水底有蟹与泥中有贝类的全方位、立体化养殖模式。浙江省象山县高塘岛乡共有350hmz海水池塘采用蟹虾贝混养技术，平均每667m^2产缢蛏200kg、脊尾白虾15-20kg、梭子蟹60-75kg，每667m^2。产值8000～11000元、利润4500～5500元，创建了一套经济效益较为稳定的生态养殖技术。     

汉江中下游底栖动物群落结构特征研究

2011年7月(丰水期)、10月(平水期)和2012年4月(枯水期)对汉江中下游段底栖动物进行调查。共采集到底栖动物57种,隶属4门7纲15目31科,其中水生昆虫31种、寡毛类3种、软体动物13种、其他类群10种。常见种为钩虾(Gammaridae sp)、长臂虾种1(Palaemonidae sp1)、匙指虾(Atyidae sp)、苏氏尾鳃蚓(Branchiura sowerbyi)、梨形环棱螺(Bellamya purificata)、方格短沟蜷(Semisulcospira cancellata)和椭圆萝卜螺(Radix swinhoei)。检出物种数排序为枯水期丰水期平水期,中游段检出的物种数(50种)明显多于下游段(22种),中下游出现频率均大于30%的物种有方格短沟蜷、椭圆萝卜螺和长臂虾种1。汉江中、下游的底栖动物群落结构差异不显著(P=0.1423),方格短沟蜷、长臂虾种1、梨形环棱螺、多足摇蚊、钩虾和匙指虾对中下游底栖动物群落结构差异的贡献率均超过5%,累计贡献率达57.55%。底栖动物群落结构组成上枯水期和丰水期(P=0.0961)、枯水期和平水期(P=0.1261)差异均不显著,丰水期和平水期差异达到显著水平(P=0.002)。钩虾和方格短沟蜷对枯水期和丰水期之间底栖动物群落结构差异的贡献率超过10%,长臂虾种1、方格短沟蜷和栉水虱对枯水期和平水期以及丰水期和平水期之间底栖动物群落结构差异的贡献率均超过11%。底栖动物平均密度枯水期199.71个/m2,丰水期168.45个/m2,平水期160.71个/m2;平均生物量平水期45.59 g/m2,丰水期40.7981 g/m2,枯水期37.0052 g/m2。底栖动物的密度和生物量在各时期的差异均不显著(P0.05),但在空间分布上中游(丹江口-皇庄)高于下游(皇庄以下)(P=0.0813)。Shannon-Wiener指数枯水期1.6121,丰水期1.5197,平水期0.7868,从中游往下,生物多样性逐渐降低。     

东山湾海马齿生态浮床原位修复效果研究

针对规模化网箱养殖的自身污染问题,在东山湾八尺门鱼类养殖海区开展海马齿(Sesuvium portulacastrum)生态浮床原位修复研究。经过一年的生长,八尺门修复区海马齿平均茎长1.28 m,平均根须长0.52 m,生物量达152.5×10~3 g/m~2,通过生长吸收对C、N、P的积累量分别为5 214.0、378.5、22.9 g/m~2。经过两年的原位修复,浮床修复区海水的DO比对照区高11.9%;浮床对石油类、悬浮物和COD的去除率分别为42.3%、14.9%和10.0%,对TN的去除率为11.7%,对NH_4-N、NO_3-N和PO_4-P的去除率分别为19.9%、16.4%和9.2%;由于海水的流动性和影响因素的复杂性,浮床对TOC、NO_2-N和TP的去除效果不理想。综上,海马齿生态浮床能够在一定程度上改善修复区海水水质,减轻网箱养殖水体的营养负荷。     

北京密云水库底栖动物群落结构及其时空变化

为了研究南水北调中线调水工程运行对密云水库底栖动物群落结构及其生物多样性的影响,2014-2016年在密云水库设置了7个采样点每月采样1次(冰封期除外),进行底栖动物调查,分析了底栖动物群落结构、密度、生物量、优势种及其生物指数变化。结果显示,调查期间共检出底栖动物17种,其中摇蚊幼虫12种,环节动物5种。底栖动物平均密度为455.0个/m~2,平均生物量为2.70g/m~2,其中优势种为红裸须摇蚊(Propsilocerus akamusi)和克拉泊水丝蚓(Limnodrilus claparedianus)。底栖动物群落呈现出明显的时空变化,11月密度和生物量达最大值,分别为808.9个/m~2、6.94g/m~2;8月出现最小值,分别为180.4个/m~2、0.72g/m~2。水平分布上,水库中心底栖动物密度和生物量达最大值,分别为916.7个/m~2、6.08g/m~2;白河坝为最小值,分别为307.1个/m~2、0.70g/m~2。底栖动物Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Pielou均匀度指数、Margalef丰富度指数均在4月达最大值,分别为1.43、1.13、1.14;9月出现最小值,分别为0.38、0.27、0.31;3项指数在潮河口达最大值,分别为1.08、0.64、1.01,在潮河坝、白河坝指数相对较低。同时分析了随着密云水库水深增加,底栖动物群落的结构变化。研究表明,受调水的影响,目前密云水库底栖动物群落结构不稳定,处于重构期。     

Association between the interannual variation in the oceanic environment and catch rates of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the Atlantic Ocean

The environmental processes associated with variability in the catch rates of bigeye tuna in the Atlantic Ocean are largely unexplored. This study used generalized additive models (GAMs) fitted to Taiwanese longline fishery data from 1990 to 2009 and investigated the association between environmental variables and catch rates to identify the processes influencing bigeye tuna distribution in the Atlantic Ocean. The present findings reveal that the year (temporal factor), latitude and longitude (spatial factors), and major regular longline target species of albacore catches are significant for the standardization of bigeye tuna catch rates in the Atlantic Ocean. The standardized catch rates and distribution of bigeye tuna were found to be related to environmental and climatic variation. The model selection processes showed that the selected GAMs explained 70% of the cumulative deviance in the entire Atlantic Ocean. Regarding environmental factors, the depth of the 20 degree isotherm (D20) substantially contributed to the explained deviance; other important factors were sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height deviation (SSHD). The potential fishing grounds were observed with SSTs of 22–28°C, a D20 shallower than 150 m and negative SSHDs in the Atlantic Ocean. The higher predicted catch rates were increased in the positive northern tropical Atlantic and negative North Atlantic Oscillation events with a higher SST and shallow D20, suggesting that climatic oscillations affect the population abundance and distribution of bigeye tuna.     

Rare serotype occurrence and PFGE genotypic diversity of Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from tilapia in China

Previously, we reported 10 PEGE types of 85 tilapia Streptococcus agalactiae(GBS), which shifted from Streptococcus iniae in China, by using PEGE method. Presently, larger and more representative tilapia GBS were isolated, for the ?rst time in China, to characterize their serotypes and genetic diversities more precisely than had done before. 168 GBS strains were distributed in ?ve provinces of China, in which Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan were the major ones, holding36.9%(62/168), 37.5%(63/168) and 19.6%(33/168), respectively. Serotypes, Ia, Ib and III, were observed in these strains and the most predominant one was Ia(95.2%), which mainly distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. Ia initially occurred in 2009, it shoot up to 32.1% in 2010,but decreased to 16.1% in 2011 before went up to 45.2% in 2012. Ib sporadically occurred during2007–2011, III onlyoccurred in 2012. 14 different PFGE types, including 4 new types(N, O,P and Q), were observed, in which B, D, F and G were the predominant types, holding 83.9%(141/168) of the total GBS strains. Ia corresponded to 11 PFGE types(A–H, N–P), in which type D predominated(51%). Ib represented 3 genotypes(I, J and Q) and III harbored only 2genotypes(N and F). Type N and Fsynchronously presented in Ia and III. In summary, the genetic diversity of tilapia GBS varied by serotypes and changed with geographical locations and years.Although Iastillpredominated, new rareserotypeIII alreadyoccurred in China.     

Growth performance,digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass,Lateolabrax japonicus fed with fructooligosaccharide

In this experiment, a feeding trial was performed to determine the effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus juveniles (initial weight 38.3 ± 0.5 g), and the fish were examined following feeding with six levels of FOS (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 g/kg) for 28 days. Significant enhancement of weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) was found in fish fed 1 g/kg FOS incorporated diets (p < .05), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the 1, 2 g/kg FOS groups reduced significantly compared with the control (p < .05). Besides, the crude lipid in the 4, 6 g/kg FOS groups increased significantly compared with the control (p < .05). On the other hand, the erepsin and lipase activities significantly elevated in intestine of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS (p < .05) and the lysozyme activity in serum of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than that in the control (p < .05). Moreover, the alkaline phosphatase activities in serum of fish fed 0.5, 1, 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than in control (p < .05). Regression analysis showed that the relationships between dietary FOS levels and either SGR, FCR, erepsin or lysozyme activities were best expressed by regression equations, and the optimal inclusion levels are 1.37, 1.80, 3.06, 3.11, 1.93 and 1.80 g/kg for SGR, FCR, erepsin, lipase, lysozyme and total superoxide dismutase activities, respectively. Overall, this study revealed that FOS incorporated diets could beneficial for L. japonicus culture in terms of increasing the growth, digestion and immune activities. Under the present experimental condition, the optimal supplementary level of FOS in the diet of L. japonicus is 1–3 g/kg.     

Purification and partial characterization of GtHs (cfLH and cfFSH) from Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus) (L.) and development of a homologous ELISA for cfLH

Two gonadotropins (GtH; Qa and Qb) were purified by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography from the pituitaries of Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus). The presence of GtH during purification was assessed by in vitro oocyte maturation and in vivo steroidogenic activity, and their identities were determined by elution profiles, molecular weight, biological activities and yield. The molecular weights of Qa and Qb were 37 and 42 kDa, respectively, and composed of distinct subunits (Qa: 20 and 14 kDa and Qb: 26 and 18 kDa). Polyclonal antibodies raised against Qa immunostained Qa, Qb and pituitary GtH cells. A competitive Qa‐ELISA was developed whose sensitivity was 6.25 ng mL^?1 (1.25 ng well^?1) with intra‐ (3.5%) and inter‐ (12.4%) assay coefficients of variation. Displacement curves parallel to the standard were obtained with plasma and pituitary extracts of catfish, Qb and carp GtHII. The assay was validated by measuring the plasma Qa levels after LHRH treatment and in relation to ovarian growth in the female catfish during different reproductive phases. Based on the results, Qa and Qb corresponded to fish LH and FSH respectively. The findings will increase the knowledge of the mechanisms controlling fish reproduction and identification of sensitive phases in fish in captivity for hormonal manipulation.     

Controlled infection of Poecilia reticulata Peters (guppy) with Tetrahymena by immersion and intraperitoneal injection

Tetrahymena is a protozoan parasite, which infects guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters, and causes substantial economical losses in commercial farms worldwide. Studies of guppy infected by Tetrahymena require standardized infection protocols. The LD50 for Tetrahymena infection of guppies by intraperitoneal (IP) injection was calibrated, and the level obtained was 946 parasites per fish. Guppy infection with Tetrahymena by immersion, imitating the natural route of infection via the integument, was studied under normal or stress conditions. Exposure to cold and netting (CNI) and to cold only (CI) followed by immersion exposure to 10 000 Tetrahymena per mL resulted in 22.5% and 19.2% mortality, respectively, as compared to 14.2% and 10% in groups that were netted only (NI) or non‐stressed (I). Histopathology revealed that immersion infection resulted in a systemic infection. Lysozyme levels, measured 3 weeks after infection, were significantly higher in the CNI group (288 μg per mg protein) compared with CI‐, NI‐ and I‐treated groups (94.5, 64 and 62.3 μg mg^?1, respectively). There was no evident parasite immobilization activity in body homogenates, suggesting no development of acquired immunity. Re‐infection by IP injection revealed no increase in protection in any of the treatment groups, mortality range of 56.3–75%, higher than in the non‐exposed control (40.6% mortality).     

Protein and amino acid composition from the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris exposed to prolonged starvation

Protein and amino acid composition of the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris (Cuvier, 1797) during fasting for 27 days were determined. Average protein content of octopus mantle was of 711.19 ± 46.80 g kg^?1 DW, and it decreased with increasing fasting days. The non‐essential amino acids content was higher (486.18 ± 11.08 g kg^?1 protein) than essential amino acids (425.82 ± 9.15 g kg^?1 protein) at the start of the experiment (unstarved animals). The results suggest that the amino acid profile of the mantle where the most abundant amino acids are Arg, His, Lys, Gly, Leu and Pro could indicate a prolonged fasting condition (>20 days) or poor nutrition of O . vulgaris. This study supports the idea of using mantle for metabolic needs of starved O . vulgaris suggesting that the degradation pathway of amino acids to pyruvate and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates was favoured contrary to the degradation pathway of ketogenic amino acids. Special considerations should be taken concerning Thr, Ile, Ser, Ala, Asx (Asp, Asn), Glx (Glu, Gln) (because of their fast intake) and Lys and His (due to their stable contents) during a prolonged period of fasting.     

Imported ornamental fish are colonized with antibiotic‐resistant bacteria

There has been growing concern about the overuse of antibiotics in the ornamental fish industry and its possible effect on the increasing drug resistance in both commensal and pathogenic organisms in these fish. The aim of this study was to carry out an assessment of the diversity of bacteria, including pathogens, in ornamental fish species imported into North America and to assess their antibiotic resistance. Kidney samples were collected from 32 freshwater ornamental fish of various species, which arrived to an importing facility in Portland, Oregon from Colombia, Singapore and Florida. Sixty‐four unique bacterial colonies were isolated and identified by PCR using bacterial 16S primers and DNA sequencing. Multiple isolates were identified as bacteria with potential to cause disease in both fish and humans. The antibiotic resistance profile of each isolate was performed for nine different antibiotics. Among them, cefotaxime (16% resistance among isolates) was the antibiotic associated with more activity, while the least active was tetracycline (77% resistant). Knowing information about the diversity of bacteria in imported ornamental fish, as well as the resistance profiles for the bacteria will be useful in more effectively treating clinical infected fish, and also potential zoonoses in the future.     

Effect of iodophor disinfection of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs on their bacterial and fungus load

This study investigated the efficiency of iodophor disinfection (135 ppm active iodine for 15–30 min) of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs against different groups of bacteria and against fungus. Egg samples were taken from non‐disinfected and from disinfected eggs, microorganisms were cultured on specific nutrient media and their mass was measured by turbidimetric methods. Bacteria and fungus mass of non‐hardened eggs could be reduced but not eliminated by iodophor disinfection with 135 ppm active iodine for 15 min. The extent of reduction was 47–65% (Experiment 1). The efficiency of disinfection increased with disinfection time as the reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was 40–55% after 15 min and 58–74% after 30 min (Experiment 2). Disinfection efficiency of iodophor solution diluted in water (reduction 49–57%) and of iodophor solution diluted in sodium chloride solution iso‐osmolar to the oocytes (reduction 52–61%) was similar (Experiment 3). The reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was persistent as it was 39–72% lower in embryos deriving from disinfected eggs than in embryos deriving from non‐disinfected ones (Experiment 4). In conclusion, the tested disinfection method is inadequate to eliminate pathogens completely but it could positively influence immune defence of eggs and embryos.     

Influence of the antibacterial herbs, Solanum trilobatum, Andrographis paniculata and Psoralea corylifolia on the survival, growth and bacterial load of Penaeus monodon post larvae

The indiscriminate use of antibiotics and chemicals in shrimp hatcheries has led to biomagnification and that in turn could lead to rejection of a whole consignment. The application of the bioencapsulation technique as a tool for curative treatment in shrimp larvae was investigated. Herbs having antibacterial properties such as Solanum trilobatum, Andrographis paniculata and Psoralea corylifolia (methanolic extracts) were bioencapsulated in Artemia and fed to Penaeus monodon post larvae PL 1–25. The post larvae were reared in a medium inoculated with pathogenic bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi and Vibrio sp. Post larvae reared in the non-inoculated water and fed with non-enriched Artemia exhibited 90% survival, highest specific growth rate (12.43%) and reduced bacterial load. P. monodon reared in the bacterial inoculated water and fed with the non-enriched Artemia exhibited the lowest survival (10–30%), specific growth rate (8.42–9.1%) and increased bacterial load (2.86 × 10³ to 3.76 × 10⁵ cfu/g). The methanolic extracts of the herbs helped to increase survival and specific growth rate and reduced bacterial load in the P. monodon culture system. Among the three herbal extracts, P. corylifolia enriched Artemia fed post larvae showed the tendency to higher survival (>50%), growth rate (11.5 averaged) and low bacterial load (1.12 × 10⁵ cfu/g). This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Involvement of gonadal steroids in final oocyte maturation of white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops): in vivo and in vitro studies

Plasma estradiol-17 (E₂), testosterone (T), 17,20-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (DHP) and 17,20,21-tri-hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (20-S) levels were measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) in white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops) that were induced to undergo final oocyte maturation (FOM) with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Plasma DHP levels increased in females of both species in association with oocyte germinal vesicle migration (GVM) and germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) and decreased thereafter. Plasma 20-S levels also increased with oocyte GVM in white bass, but were several-fold lower than DHP levels. Circulating E₂ and T levels were greatest during GVM and GVBD in both species and decreased to low levels during oocyte hydration and ovulation. Follicles from white perch and white bass which received a priming injection of hCG in vivo, produced both DHP and 20-S in vitro after exposure to hCG and their oocytes underwent GVBD. Ovarian incubates from unprimed fish of either species produced only E₂ and T and their oocytes did not complete GVBD. Oocytes from unprimed bass, but not perch, matured when follicles were exposed to hCG in vitro. Both trilostane and cycloheximide blocked in vitro production of DHP and 20-S and oocyte GVBD by white perch follices. DHP and 20-S were equipotent inducers of FOM in the GVBD bioassay. None of several other structurally-related steroids tested were effective within a physiological range of concentrations. These results indicate a role for DHP and 20-S in the control of FOM in white perch and white bass.