高效液相色谱-荧光/紫外串联测定 海洋沉积物中16种多环芳烃

采用高效液相色谱-荧光和紫外检测联用技术,建立了海洋沉积物中16种多环芳烃（PAHs）的同时测定方法.样品用异丙醇提取,HLB固相萃取柱净化,Waters PAHs C18 （4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm）色谱柱分离,乙腈-水溶液梯度洗脱,荧光-紫外检测器串联检测.本方法中,16种PAHs在各自相应浓度范围内线性良好,相关系数均大于0.999.添加水平为5μg/kg和10 μg/kg时,回收率在72.6％～117％之间（n=6）,RSD％均小于10％,检出限（S/N=3）为0.2～4.9 μg/kg.利用该方法对采自大连和烟台沿岸的沉积物样品进行了分析,发现均含有一定的PAHs组分.该方法方便、快捷、灵敏度高,为海洋沉积物中PAHs的污染分析及风险评估提供了良好的方法基础.     

汉阳湖群表层沉积物磷含量分布特征

2011年7月和10月对汉阳“六湖连通”工程的5个湖泊(后官湖、三角湖、南太子湖、墨水湖和龙阳湖)沉积物磷含量进行调查,研究其表层沉积物磷含量的空间分布和季节差异,以了解汉阳湖群的沉积物污染特征,为湖泊污染控制和生态修复提供依据.结果表明,后官湖沉积物磷含量最低,为(0.20±0.03) g/kg,龙阳湖最高,为(0.64±0.11) g/kg,二者差异显著(P＜0.05),三角湖、南太子湖和墨水湖沉积物磷含量差异不显著(P＞0.05).除后官湖外,汉阳湖群沉积物磷含量季节差异不显著(P＞0.05).汉阳湖群沉积物磷含量具明显的空间分布特征,这种分布格局主要受外源污染输入的影响.相关分析表明,沉积物全磷与水体总氮、总磷和电导率呈极显著正相关(P＜0.01),与水体透明度呈极显著负相关(P＜0.01).     

福建省海水贝类养殖区表层沉积物及贝类滴滴涕的残留与风险评价

为了评估福建省海水贝类养殖区滴滴涕(DDTs)的残留水平和风险,于2005年8月和2006年8月,采集养殖区20个站位的表层沉积物样品20个、养殖贝类样品46个,用气相色谱法测定其中DDTs的残留量,并对其残留水平、分布趋势和组成特征进行分析,以期对该地区污染状况、生态风险及贝类食用安全进行探讨与评价。结果表明,福建省贝类养殖区表层沉积物DDTs含量范围为1.93～56.6μg/kg(干重),平均值15.8μg/kg;40%的样品DDTs的污染指数在0.697～2.83之间,不同程度受到DDTs的污染,提示存在一定的潜在生态风险。养殖贝类DDTs含量范围为2.04～107μg/kg(湿重),平均21.7μg/kg;贝体DDT残留量符合中国无公害水产品质量安全标准,低于欧盟、美国、日本的食品安全限量;以每人50 g/d的摄食量估算,沿海居民食用养殖贝类的DDTs暴露量远低于WHO暂定的TDI值、美国EPA推荐的RfD值,由此引起的健康风险小。与国内邻近海域相比较,福建省贝类养殖区表层沉积物和养殖贝类体中DDTs残留量处于中等水平,与亚太等国外海域相比较,处于较高水平;从DDTs的组成特征推测,调查区部分海域有新的DDTs污染源输入。     

珠江口伶仃洋水域沉积物中多环芳烃及其生态风险评价

为了研究珠江口伶仃洋水域沉积物中多环芳烃(PAHs)的分布特征、来源及评价PAHs对海洋生物的生态风险,于2010年6月采集珠江口伶仃洋水域20个站位的表层沉积物,采用GC-MS分析方法对沉积物中的16种PAHs含量进行分析测定。研究结果表明:珠江口伶仃洋水域沉积物中16种多环芳烃总含量范围是143.90~522.67 ng/g,平均含量287.05 ng/g,与国内外发达地区相比,该水域沉积物中PAHs污染处于中等水平。本实验采用目前较为常用的比值法(如荧蒽/芘、芘/苯并(a)芘)对调查区域沉积物中的PAHs来源进行分析研究,结果表明,大部分站位沉积物中的PAHs可能主要来源于石油污染,仅一小部分站位PAHs来源于煤等化石燃料的燃烧。利用效应区间低中值法评价珠江口伶仃洋水域沉积物中PAHs的生态风险,结果表明,在所设的20个站位中,有3个站位处的沉积物中的苊和芴对生物可能具有一定的生态风险,而其他站位沉积物中所有PAHs的含量均未达到生态风险评价标准,可以确定该水域沉积物中PAHs对生物具有潜在生态风险的可能性很小;有9个站位处的沉积物中的茚并(1,2,3-c,d)芘对生物可能存在生态风险;利用平均效应中值商法评价PAHs对珠江口伶仃洋水域的生态风险,认为所有站位处PAHs对生物体的潜在的综合生态风险的可能性较小。     

环渤海地区养殖水产品中多环芳烃(PAHs)污染残留及健康风险评估

调查研究了环渤海地区养殖水产品中16种多环芳烃(polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,PAHs)的污染水平和残留特征,并评估样品中PAHs的健康风险,2014年夏、秋两季于环渤海采集104尾对虾、77只螃蟹以及53个贝类样品,采用高效液相色谱法分析样品可食组织中PAHs含量。本次调查发现,该区域养殖水产品中PAHs污染状况较为普遍,尤其是菲的平均含量及检出率最高,分别为6.53μg/kg和88.5%。比较而言,低环(2-3环)PAHs检出率要显著高于高环(4-6环)PAHs。本次调查还发现,PAHs污染表现出一定的生物相关性,游泳性的虾类和蟹类中优势PAHs组分均为3环结构,其主要来源是石油类污染;而底栖性贝类中优势组分则为4环PAHs,其来源较为复杂,这种差异可能与生物自身及其生活环境有关。虽然采用美国环境保护局(USEPA)的评估方法进行分析,结果表明环渤海地区通过摄食水产品途径暴露于PAHs的接触风险是可接受的,但由于PAHs的持久性和食物链放大作用,因此必须加以重点关注。     

刺参-栉孔扇贝复合养殖系统多环芳烃的分布特征

研究了刺参与栉孔扇贝复合养殖系统中,16种需要优先控制的多环芳烃(PAHs)类化合物在养殖刺参和栉孔扇贝与栉孔扇贝粪便及养殖环境中悬浮颗粒物和沉积物的分布特征。采用索氏提取和气相色谱质谱联用(GC/MS)的方法测定PAHs含量,并运用特定比值,包括荧蒽/(荧蒽+芘)、苯并[a]蒽/(苯并[a]蒽+屈)、芘/苯并[a]芘和低环与中高环PAHs组分的丰度比(LMW/HMW)等对其来源进行分析。经过检测和分析,取得以下研究结果:在16种需要优先控制的PAHs类化合物中,一共检测到15种不同的PAHs化合物,仅二苯并[a,h]蒽未被检测到。PAHs总含量最大的为悬浮颗粒物,其次依次为扇贝粪便、扇贝体组织、刺参体组织和表层沉积物。所有样品中的PAHs以中高环组分占据优势,且多以4～6环为主,低环与中高环组分的丰度比均小于1。混养模式下,刺参体组织中多环芳烃受两方面来源即表层沉积物及扇贝粪便的双重影响。通过多环芳烃绝对含量和相对比值的分析,结果表明,石油、煤和汽车尾气等化石燃料燃烧释放的污染源是样品中PAHs的主要来源。     

崇明岛草鱼池塘沉积物中多环芳烃的分布状况及生态风险

为探究崇明岛池塘养殖持久性污染状况，采用气相色谱-质谱联用法对崇明岛不同区域草鱼池塘沉积物中16种优先控制多环芳烃(PAHs)的含量及分布情况进行了研究，同时运用主成分分析法、特征比值法和质量标准法等对草鱼池塘中PAHs的来源及生态风险进行了分析。结果显示，崇明岛草鱼池塘养殖沉积物中的PAHs总含量为未检出(ND)~1 654.09 μg/kg，平均含量为95.13 μg/kg，其中4~5环PAHs对总浓度的贡献率最高；崇明岛不同区域草鱼池塘沉积物中的PAHs含量差异较大，表现为岛中部池塘含量低，沿岛四周池塘含量较高，尤其是岛西部沿岸区池塘含量最高且种类多；分析发现，崇明岛草鱼养殖池塘中的PAHs主要来源于岛内生物燃烧和石油燃烧，总体处于中等偏下污染水平，生态风险较低，但在西北部池塘存在潜在生态风险，应予以重视。     

广州市主要湖泊沉积物磷的赋存形态

沉积物中磷的富集及其形态学特征是导致城市水体富营养化的重要因素之一。2016年-2017年对广州市8个主要城市湖泊花都湖、白云湖、东山湖、流花湖、天河湖、海珠湖、荔湾湖、麓湖表层沉积物的总磷（TP）及各形态磷的含量与分布特征进行了研究，并运用单因子污染指数法和生物有效性指数法对沉积物磷污染程度进行了评价。结果表明:广州市湖泊表层沉积物TP含量范围为368~5276 mg/kg，平均值为3277 mg/kg，其分布特征表现为东山湖>白云湖>花都湖>流花湖>天河湖>荔湾湖>麓湖>海珠湖。TP中以无机磷（IP）为主要存在形式，占TP含量的67.56%~87.44%，IP中又以铁结合态磷（Fe-P）为主，占TP含量的32.77%~60.24%，均值为42.88%。相关分析表明TP与Fe-P和有机磷OP，Fe-P与De-P，Ca-P与OP呈显著的正相关关系，表明其来源的相似性。通过分析可将广州市湖泊分为受珠江干流直接影响、接纳河涌入水、相对封闭和无明显外源输入的四类湖泊，表明输入源是决定广州市湖泊沉积物磷含量与分布特征的主要因素，工业废水、生活污水是主要污染源。单因子污染指数与生物有效性指数评价结果显示广州市湖泊沉积物整体处于重度磷污染水平。本研究对于科学评估广州市城区湖泊环境状况、潜在生态风险，有针对性的进行生态修复具有重要的意义。     

牡蛎塭池中多环芳烃的分布、来源和生态风险评价

研究了长沙湾牡蛎塭池环境中多环芳烃的含量分布及其对养殖牡蛎质量安全的潜在风险。结果显示,牡蛎塭池水体、悬浮物、养殖牡蛎和沉积物中多环芳烃质量浓度分别为6.62~21.2 ng·L~(-1)(均值9.87 ng·L~(-1))、92.9~355μg·kg~(-1)(均值198μg·kg~(-1))、12.7~17.4μg·kg~(-1)(均值15.5μg·kg~(-1))和247~615μg·kg~(-1)(均值322μg·kg~(-1))。塭养区悬浮物平均含量高于塭养区外,但是差异不显著。塭养区水中多环芳烃平均含量与塭养区外相近,悬浮物中多环芳烃含量高于塭养区外,而沉积物中多环芳烃含量均值低于塭养区外。表层沉积物多环芳烃组成以3环为主,其次是4环。来源解析表明该区域多环芳烃主要源自化石燃料的燃烧,受养殖区周边燃煤发电工业的影响。风险评价结果显示,塭养区表层沉积物中多环芳烃含量低于效应区间低值,对养殖牡蛎安全潜在风险小,但是芴和蒽等同系物的含量介于效应区间低值和中值之间,可能会对塭养牡蛎养殖安全产生负面影响。     

卵形鲳鲹网箱养殖过程主要生长阶段DDTs残留特征及其来源分析

为了解卵形鲳鲹养殖过程主要生长阶段DDTs残留特征及其来源途径,针对卵形鲳鲹实际网箱养殖生产条件,在放苗、养殖生产中期和收获3个主要时期,分别采集网箱中养殖水体、养殖鱼体、所用饲料和网箱处海底表层沉积物底泥样品,采用气相色谱法测定样品中DDTs及其同系物含量。结果显示,苗种、成鱼、所用饲料及养殖水体和养殖环境表层沉积物底泥中,均检测出DDTs,其中苗种、养殖成鱼、所用饲料、养殖海水和表层沉积物底泥中DDTs平均含量分别为(3.15±0.42)、(4.49±0.39)、(3.95±0.33)μg/kg干重、(3.76±0.43)ng/L和(4.34±1.18)μg/kg干重。随着养殖过程的进行,鱼体中DDTs含量逐渐增加,收获上市时期鱼体肌肉中含量显著高于苗种时期的含量,但远低于0.5 mg/kg湿重的国家食品安全限量标准。从DDTs同系物种类上看,养殖海水、饲料和鱼体中ο,ρ′-DDT、ρ,ρ′-DDD、ρ,ρ′-DDT和ρ,ρ′-DDE 4种同系物均能检出,但沉积物中仅检测出前3种同系物。4类样品DDTs主要成分均为ο,ρ′-DDT和ρ,ρ′-DDT,其在鱼体中所占比例平均值分别为42.09%和37.07%;在饲料中所占比例平均值分别为44.85%和34.62%;在养殖海水中所占比例平均值分别为40.91%和37.99%;在养殖环境沉积物底泥中所占比例平均值分别为33.03%和51.34%。从鱼体、饲料、养殖海水和沉积物底泥中DDTs同系物组成比例和含量特征判断,饲料是鱼体后续生长中富集DDTs的主要来源途径之一。为保障卵形鲳鲹质量安全,应着重加强饲料中有毒有害物质的控制和管理。     

Atlantic Fisheries Technological Conference,Moncton, NB,August 21, 1995

No abstract available for this article.     

Anguilla huangi Teng, Lin, and Tzeng, 2009, is a junior synonym of Anguilla luzonensis Watanabe, Aoyama, and Tsukamoto, 2009

Anguilla luzonensis and A. huangi were each described in 2009 using eels obtained from northern Luzon Island. We examined the taxonomic status of these two groups of eels using morphological and molecular genetic characters. There were no significant differences in two vertebrae counts between eels of A. luzonensis and A. huangi. Mitochondrial 16S ribosomal RNA and cytochrome b genes sequences were obtained and compared among 28 specimens of A. luzonensis, the holotypes of A. luzonensis and A. huangi, and one specimen of the other 15 anguillid species. The specimens of A. luzonensis exhibited almost identical sequences, including the holotype, with only a few site differences, and the genetic difference between the holotypes of A. luzonensis and A. huangi was within the range of differences of specimens of A. luzonensis. The other anguillid species were genetically very different from A. luzonensis and A. huangi, although A. interioris is a closely related species. It is clear that A. luzonensis and A. huangi are the same species, and according to the principle of priority in zoological nomenclature, A. luzonensis Watanabe, Aoyama, and Tsukamoto, 2009 is the valid species name, and A. huangi Teng, Lin, and Tzeng, 2009 is a junior synonym of A. luzonensis.     

Age,growth, maturity and the overfishing of the iconic sciaenid,Argyrosomus japonicus,in south-eastern,Australia

Mulloway (Argyrosomus japonicus) occur in estuarine and coastal waters surrounding Australia, Africa, India, Pakistan, China, Korea and Japan, where they are important in fisheries. This study identified that mulloway in south-eastern Australia had similar growth rates, but matured at smaller lengths and younger ages, to those in South Africa and Western Australia. Growth of both sexes was similar to about 5 years, after which females grew faster and attained a greater maximum length than males. Female mulloway matured at 4–5 years of age with a L₅₀ of 68 cm, whereas males matured at 2–3 years of age with a L₅₀ of 51 cm. The commercial fishery in New South Wales was characterised by declining catches and a reduction in the proportion of mulloway of mature lengths in landings. During 2002–2005 commercial landings were dominated (83%) by fish within 15 cm of the current minimum legal total length of 45 cm and aged 2 and 3 years (>80%), even though mulloway can attain lengths of 200 cm and live >30 years. Estimates of the rates of instantaneous total mortality ranged between 0.34 and 0.45, whilst the rate of instantaneous natural mortality (M) was estimated to be approximately 0.12. Yield-per-recruit analyses indicated that mulloway in New South Wales are being growth overfished and substantial increases in yield could be achieved by increasing the length at first harvest. Values of the spawning potential ratio were below 0.2 under a range of mortality estimates, suggesting that mulloway are at risk of recruitment overfishing. These results suggest that the spawning stock of mulloway in south-eastern Australia has been depleted and that remedial management action is required to protect this iconic species.     

Surface disinfection of Pacific threadfin, Polydactylus sexfilis, and amberjack, Seriola rivoliana, eggs

The effects of exposing the eggs of Pacific threadfin and amberjack eggs (AEs) to different concentrations of hydrogen peroxide for 5 min on hatch rate and survival were assessed in a series of experiments using a petri dish model rearing system. Despite significant inter‐batch variation in hatch rate, it was shown that eggs of both species could be safely exposed to up to 11 340 mg L⁻¹ H₂O₂ for 5 min. Exposure to 34 230 mg L⁻¹ H₂O₂ for 5 min was shown to be lethal to AEs at a late stage of development. In two further experiments, it was demonstrated that Pacific threadfin eggs were resistant to all tested concentrations of a range of polyvinylpyrrolidone iodine (PVP‐I) concentrations and contact times (up to 1000 mg L⁻¹ PVP‐I for 10 min). The level of bacteria adhering to the eggs of both species was highly variable. Where eggs were heavily colonized (>10⁴ cfu egg⁻¹), hydrogen peroxide concentrations of at least 11 340 mg L⁻¹, or PVP‐I concentrations higher than 500 mg L⁻¹ for 10 min, were required for effective sterilization. In less colonized batches, rinsing in sterile seawater or exposure to lower (550 mg L⁻¹) concentrations of H₂O₂ was sufficient to result in high apparent levels of surface sterility (<1 cfu egg⁻¹).     

Effects of Mosquitofish,Gambusia affinis,on Channel Catfish,Ictalurus puncatatus,Production Ponds

Mosquitofish, Gambusia sp., have been spread throughout the world to biologically control mosquitoes. However, the fish has gained a reputation as an invasive species and has been implicated in displacing native aquatic species. Gambusia affinis are native to the southeastern United States and commonly occur in commercial channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, production ponds. We investigated effects of mosquitofish presence on zooplankton populations, water quality, disease occurrence, and fish production in experimental ponds. There were no differences between ponds with or without mosquitofish in numbers of calanoid copepods, cyclopoid copepods, total copepods, Bosmina sp., Ceriodaphnia sp., Moina sp., Daphnia sp., or total cladocerans. There were also no differences in copepod and cladoceran sizes. Copepod nauplii were more numerous during the summer months in ponds with mosquitofish. There were no differences in water quality variables (soluble reactive phosphorus, nitrate, nitrite, ammonia, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, pH) or phytoplankton density between ponds stocked with and without mosquitofish. Catfish production and disease occurrence were also similar between ponds with and without mosquitofish. Although mosquitofish may cause problems when stocked outside their native range, there does not appear to be any adverse effects of mosquitofish presence in catfish production ponds.     

Compositional differences,antioxidant activity,angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition,and sensory characteristics of kamaboko fermented in wheat,rice, brown rice,and soybean koji

Fisheries Science - Fermentation of kamaboko in koji with wheat (KW), rice (KR), brown rice (KB), or soybean (KS) was performed by simulation of tofuyo processing. Moisture and protein content...     

Sperm Motilities in Waigieu Seaperch,Psammoperca waigiensis: Effects of Various Dilutions,pH, Temperature,Osmolality, and Cations

The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effects of varying dilutions, pH, temperature, osmolality, and cations on sperm motility parameters in waigieu seaperch, Psammoperca waigiensis. The maximum velocity of average in path (VAP), percentage of motile cells (MOT), and duration of sperm motility (DSM) were observed when semen was diluted in artificial seawater (ASW) at a ratio of 1:100 (144.9 ± 0.6 µm/sec, 95.6 ± 0.4%, and 230.3 ± 2.3 sec, respectively), at 30 C (142.0 ± 0.6 µm/sec, 93.6 ± 0.4%, and 238.3 ± 0.9 sec, respectively), and pH 8 (144.8 ± 0.6 µm/sec, 93.3 ± 0.4%, and 234.0 ± 1.5 sec, respectively). Maximum VAP, MOT, and DSM were obtained in each solution containing 0.6 M NaCl (143.8 ± 1.0 µm/sec, 91.3 ± 2.0%, and 230.6 ± 4.2 sec, respectively), 0.6 M KCl (135.1 ± 3.1 µm/sec, 91.1 ± 3.1%, and 230.3 ± 3.7sec, respectively), 0.2M CaCl₂ (105.3 ± 4.7μm/sec, 47.9 ± 2.7%, and 120.7 ± 1.3 sec, respectively), 0.2 M MgCl₂ (107.3 ± 3.0 m/s, 42.1 ± 3.3%, and 120.3 ± 4.8 sec, respectively), and osmolality of 400 mOsm/kg (145.1 ± 2.5 µm/sec, 93.0 ± 2.1%, and 346.5 ± 4.4s, respectively). We used these mediums as artificial insemination media for fertilizing matured eggs. The results showed that the fertilization and hatching rates in 0.6 M NaCl (75.3 ± 0.6% and 57.0 ± 2.4%, respectively), ASW (70.8 ± 1.2% and 51.2 ± 1.8%, respectively), or 400 mOsm/kg (72.9 ± 1.8% and 55.3 ± 1.6%, respectively) were higher than that in seawater (63.9 ± 1.2% and 39.2 ± 3.9%, respectively). In conclusion, using 0.6 M NaCl, ASW, or 400 mOsm/kg as an artificial insemination medium is effective for fertilizing of waigieu seaperch.     

驼背鲈(Chromileptes altivelis)的胚胎发育及仔、稚、幼鱼形态观察

对驼背鲈(Chromileptes altivelis)的胚胎发育及仔、稚、幼鱼的形态特征进行了详细的观察与研究,描述了从受精卵到仔、稚、幼鱼各发育期的时间和形态特征变化。结果表明,在水温25-26℃、盐度30的海水中,受精卵历时27 h 25 min完成整个胚胎发育过程,经历从卵裂、囊胚、原肠、神经胚到肌节形成、各器官的逐渐形成、变化、完善等一系列的胚胎发育和变化过程;根据其卵黄囊消长情况、鳞片的覆盖状态、体色发生的不同变化以及第二背鳍和腹鳍的消长,将胚后发育分为仔、稚、幼鱼3个阶段。在水温22-26℃、盐度29-31、DO≥5 mg/L的条件下,2-3 d仔鱼卵黄囊消失,开口摄食;生长发育至31 d,仔鱼已变态进入稚鱼期;培育至57 d,稚鱼完成变态,成为幼鱼。第二背鳍棘和腹鳍棘的生长与收缩等石斑鱼类早期发育的共性生长特征及其体表特性体色变化特征为驼背鲈胚后发育过程中最明显的特征。