花鲈——家喻户晓的中国海鲈

正全球海水主要鲈鱼养殖品种包括中国海域的花鲈(Lateolabrax maculatus)和尖吻鲈(Lates calcarifer),以及广泛分布在欧洲的欧洲舌齿鲈(Dicentrarchus labrax),这三种鲈鱼个体发育与生殖过程均在海水中完成,幼鱼生长阶段具有广盐的适应特性,是国内外主要引种与养殖对象,经济价值很高。其中花鲈又称中国花鲈,曾用学名为Lateolabrax japonicus,目前学名为     

脱酚棉籽蛋白对日本鲈的生长、体成分及营养成分表观消化率的影响

日本鲈（htteolabrax japordeus）隶属鲈形目、脂科、鲈属，俗称花鲈、花寨、鲈板、七星鲈。因其肉质坚实，洁白细嫩、味道清香，并具药用价值，为消费者所喜爱。日本鲈是肉食性凶猛鱼类，是目前我国海水养殖鱼类产量最高的品种。当前沿海养殖生产所用饵料中冰鲜杂鱼占了很大比例，但由于资源匮乏和对养殖水体的污染非常严重，对日本鲈营养需求和配合饲料的研究逐渐开展起来。由于日本鲈为肉食性鱼类，其饲料蛋白质含量在40％以上，并且一般以鱼粉作为主要的蛋白质来源。出于鱼粉资源及饲料成本的考虑，有必要寻找新的蛋白源来代替鱼粉。     

花鲈营养需求的研究进展

本文综述了花鲈的营养需要量,特别是对蛋白质、氨基酸、脂肪和维生素等方面的研究结果。目的在于能揭示花鲈营养需要,为进一步开展花鲈人工配合饲料的研究提供基础资料和理论依据,以促进花鲈人工养殖生产的发展。     

尖吻鲈仔、稚鱼异速生长研究

以16日龄尖吻鲈(Lates calarifer)为仔、稚鱼发育的区分节点,采用Auto CAD 2014软件对尖吻鲈(孵化后1~36 d)关键器官进行测量和分析。研究发现,在尖吻鲈仔、稚鱼的感觉、呼吸、摄食和游泳等重要器官分化的过程中,均表现出异速生长现象。头部器官中,吻长、口宽在仔、稚鱼期表现出生长速率不同的正异速生长;眼径在仔鱼期为等速生长,稚鱼期转化为负异速生长;仔鱼期的头高为正异速生长,稚鱼期转为负异速生长。在躯干部分器官中,头长在仔、稚鱼阶段均为快速生长,体高及躯干长为等速生长。游泳器官中,仔鱼期,尖吻鲈胸鳍保持等速生长,稚鱼期转为正异速生长;尾鳍在仔鱼期为负异速生长,稚鱼期转化为等速生长,而稚鱼期起始分化的背鳍、臀鳍、腹鳍为快速生长。     

欧洲舌齿鲈人工繁育技术

<正>欧洲舌齿鲈是欧洲商业养殖的第一个非鲑科海水鱼类,是目前地中海区域最重要的商业养殖鱼类。联合国粮农组织统计资料显示,近几年来,世界欧洲舌齿鲈的产量逐年增加,2012年达到15.3万吨。国外生产实践表明:欧洲舌齿鲈适合工厂化、网箱和池塘养殖以及鱼虾混养等,而且其味道鲜美、营养价值极高,深受消费者喜爱。为促进我国水产养殖业的可持续发展,筛选适于工厂化养殖的高价值优良新品种,中国科学院海洋研     

花鲈配合饲料养殖技术

花鲈 (Ｌａｔｅｏｌａｂｒａｘｊａｐｏｎｉｃｕｓ) ,分布于我国及日本、朝鲜海岸 ,以其生长快、肉质好而一直深受生产者和消费者喜爱 ,为传统的优质海产鱼类。花鲈为广温、广盐的凶猛肉食性鱼类 ,在通海的江河湖泊中也能见到。由于人民生活水平提高及出口创汇的需要 ,花鲈需求量越来越大 ,而其天然产量由于过度捕捞、海域污染等原因已远远不能满足国内外需求 ,目前已成为海水养殖的主要品种之一。花鲈在海、淡水中均可正常生长 ,适于各种形式养殖。淡水养殖目前还不多见 ,利用配合饲料主养鲈鱼则更少。为此我们于 1999～ 2 0 0 0年分别进行…     

花鲈淡化试验报告

花鲈(Lateolabrax iaponicus)鲈形目、鲈亚目、鮨科、花鲈属,具有生长迅速、个体大、肉味好、食性广等特点,且市场销售较好,现已成为海水养殖的主要品种之一。花鲈为广盐性鱼类,可经过淡化在淡水中饲养,为了了解花鲈在淡化技术方面和淡水池塘中的实际养殖效果,我们做了下述试验,和大家探讨。     

水库网箱养殖花鲈技术要点

花鲈又称七星鲈、鲈鱼、白鲈、青鲈,在分类上属于鲈形目,鮨科。其肉质洁白鲜嫩,味道鲜美,营养丰富,具有较高的经济价值和药用价值。花鲈为近岸浅海中、下层鱼类,喜栖息于河口咸淡水处,也可生活在淡水中,为广盐性鱼类,是我国沿海和江河的重要经济鱼类之一。为了进一步优化淡水养殖品种结构,提高养殖生产效益,2011年我们开展鲈鱼水库网箱养殖试验,     

花鲈的生物学及淡化养殖技术

花鲈(Lateolabrax japonicus),又称七星鲈、海鲈,为广温、广盐性凶猛的肉食性经济鱼类,是海水养殖的主要种类。在养殖中,花鲈具有生长快、病害少、适应广、价格高、效益好等特点,目前国内外花鲈养殖都呈上升趋势。近几年,山东省一些地方将花鲈经人工驯化后,在淡水中进行养殖,取得了成功。     

尖吻鲈、花鲈和大口黑鲈在池塘的集约化养殖

<正> 尖吻鲈又称雷子鱼,是东南亚热带和亚热带国家的经济鱼类,早期生活在海水和咸淡水海区,成鱼可在海水或淡水中养殖。其幼鱼为杂食性,成鱼为肉食性。尖吻鲈在泰国的性成熟年龄为3周龄。花鲈俗称七星鲈,在我国有丰富的天然种苗资源。花鲈为广温近岸浅海凶猛鱼类,喜栖于河口咸淡水区,也生活于淡水,秋末冬初到河口产卵。大口黑鲈俗称加洲鲈,原产美国加里福尼亚洲,是适温较广的肉食性鱼类。在盐度12‰以下的咸淡水和淡水中均可养殖。鱼苗阶段以浮游动物为饵科,成鱼为肉食性。     

以大口黑鲈和大黄鱼配合饲料应用为例谈 改变鱼类营养和饲料研究范式

鱼类营养和饲料研究始于70年前并借鉴陆生动物营养研究经验形成了研究范式。在过去70年中,鱼类营养和饲料研究取得了大量的成果,这些研究成果推动了水产配合饲料技术的进步,为水产饲料产业从无到有、从小到大做出了贡献。然而,随着全球水产养殖规模的不断扩大,水产养殖发展面临的资源和环境压力日益增加,对水产饲料也提出了更高的要求。事实表明,根据一些鱼类营养和饲料研究成果所配方的饲料在养殖生产实践中往往不能取得预期的应用效果,这意味着在已有范式下取得的研究成果有时难以很好地满足现代鱼类养殖产业的需要。本文叙述了具有重要经济价值的两种肉食性鱼类大口黑鲈和大黄鱼配合饲料研发与应用的历程,指出对饲料蛋白需求的低估是限制配合饲料长期未能在大口黑鲈和大黄鱼养殖生产中应用的主要原因。早期研究报道大口黑鲈的饲料蛋白需求为400-440 g/kg,大黄鱼的饲料蛋白需求为450-470 g/kg。经过重新评估后将大口黑鲈和大黄鱼的最适饲料蛋白水平分别提高到480-510 g/kg和490-520 g/kg。在适宜的饲料蛋白水平下,投喂配合饲料的大口黑鲈和大黄鱼生长与投喂冰鲜鱼时相当。作者认为对饲料蛋白需求的低估与已有鱼类营养和饲料研究范式存在的不足有关,其表现为：（1）强调食物对鱼类生长的作用,但忽视了实验鱼遗传背景和食物以外的环境条件对生长和摄食的影响;（2）强调鱼类个体生长对评价营养需求和饲料质量的重要性,但忽视了鱼类个体生长差异并不能完全反映养殖产量和效益的事实;（3）强调生长和饲料利用效率作为鱼类营养和饲料研究评价指标的重要性,但忽视了养殖对环境和自然资源的负面影响是限制水产养殖产业可持续发展的瓶颈;（4）没有足够重视基础饲料配方在评价营养需求或饲料质量方面的影响,一些研究因基础饲料组成不当而产生没有实际意义的评价结果。针对上述问题,作者建议从概念、理论和研究方法方面对已有的范式做如下修改：（1）重视鱼类遗传背景和食物以外的环境条件对鱼类生长的影响,明确鱼类营养需求取决于其生长需求;（2）重视食物中各种营养素之间的相互作用,明确不同饲料原料在实现配方的营养平衡方面发挥着不同的作用;（3）重视对实验鱼种质和种群结构的选择,重视对照组和处理组个体生长差异的幅度对判断饲料处理效应的指示作用,重视饲料配方对渔业资源和环境等水产养殖可持续发展相关的内容的影响。经过修改后的研究范式更符合养殖生产实际,在此基础上开展研究所获得的成果也能够更好地指导配合饲料生产,为鱼类养殖产业的可持续发展提供更好的科技支撑。     

海水鱼类必需脂肪酸营养与需要的研究进展

综述了牙Ping、大菱Ping、鲷和鲈等海水主要养殖鱼类的必需脂肪酸营养及其需要量；讨论了为海水养殖鱼类提供必需脂肪酸的有效途径。     

三种脂肪源和两种降脂因子对鲈生长、体营养成分组和血清生化指标的影响

在人工配合饲料中加入3种脂肪源(鱼油、鱼油+玉米油1.34∶1、鱼油+豆油1.34∶1)和两种降脂因子(胆碱10g·kg-1、肉碱350mg·kg-1)饲喂鲈,并用冰鲜杂鱼饵料作为配合饲料的对照。经过8周的饲养,对鲈的生长情况、体营养成分组成和血清生化指标进行测定和分析。结果表明,鲈对脂肪肝的耐受性较差,长期大量投喂冰鲜杂鱼易诱发病变,肝脏对病变的敏感性高于肌肉;在满足必需脂肪酸需要量的情况下,不同脂肪源对鲈生长差异影响不大,但对体脂沉积有一定影响;胆碱和肉碱具有一定的降体脂作用。     

Review on European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax,Linnaeus, 1758) nutrition and feed management: a practical guide for optimizing feed formulation and farming protocols

As increasing amounts of novel raw materials are used in aquafeed production, it is important to measure their quality against existing ingredients and their effects upon production strategies. A first step to achieving this goal begins with an improved understanding of the underlying growth potential of each farmed species across a range of dietary ingredients and farming practices. Species‐specific physiological limitations and metabolic effects of both single chemicals and complex chemical matrixes are factors to be considered in producing robust fish and a healthy aquaculture sector. The industry must also consider ethical, environmental and economic issues and optimize feed management practices. This review summarizes current knowledge on European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) nutritional requirements, presents current feed management practices for this species, gives insights on a secure framework for using plant ingredients in exchange for traditional marine raw materials and outlines its growth potential through a meta‐analysis of the best‐performance results available in peer‐reviewed scientific publications for this species. As the best‐performing fish were mostly those fed high fish meal fish oil control diets, the summarized results have the potential to be used as a quality control for benchmarking future scientific research in this fish species.     

Growth, digestibility and nutrient utilization of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) juveniles fed different dietary soybean oil levels

A shortage of marine raw ingredients, such as fish oil, is predicted in the near future. The use of suitable alternative lipid sources, such as vegetable oils, is crucial for sustainable growth of the aquaculture sector. Three isonitrogenous (50% Crude Protein) and isoenergetic (19 kJ g⁻¹) diets, in which fish oil was gradually replaced by soybean oil (0, 25 and 50% of the oil fraction) were tested for 12 weeks, using European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) juveniles. No dietary effects (p>0.05) on growth performance, feed conversion, digestibility or body composition were observed with either species. The results obtained suggest the inclusion of soybean oil up to 50% of the dietary lipid is possible, in diets for sea bass and/or rainbow trout juveniles.     

Effects of kelp residues fermented with probiotics on the culture of sea cucumber,Apostichopus japonicus

The kelp aquaculture production in China is the largest in the world, and a large amount of kelp residue is produced by kelp processing. Kelp residues contain substantial quantities of crude fibre, protein, and residual alginic acid, and may be used as feedstuff for aquaculture animals. In this study, we used probiotics to ferment kelp residues to improve kelp nutrient content and then fed the fermented kelp to the sea cucumber, Apostichopus japonicus. To study the effect of fermented feed on sea cucumber, its growth performance, digestive enzyme activity, diversity of intestinal microbiota and water quality of the sea cucumber culture water were determined. Growth performance of sea cucumber fed with fermented feed significantly (p < .01) increased when compared with sea cucumber fed with formulated feed. Amylase, cellulose and alginase activities were significantly (p < .01) higher in the fermented feed group when compared with the formulated feed group. The total number and diversity of intestinal microbiota showed a significant increase in sea cucumbers fed with the fermented feed. The water quality of the fermented feed group showed much lower ammonia and nitrite (<0.050 mg/L) levels when compared with the formulated feed group. These results suggest that kelp residues fermented with probiotics enhance the growth, digestive enzyme activities and intestinal microbiota of sea cucumbers and improve the culture water quality. Fermented kelp residues are a new supplementary nutrient source for sea cucumbers and may be applicable to other animal aquacultures.     

Price and production trends in the marine fish aquaculture in Spain

The Spanish aquaculture sector has undergone a rapid and continuous growth becoming one of the biggest European producers. A wide range of species are farmed and, among them, the sea bass, sea bream and turbot make a significant contribution to the total of the Spanish fish farming output. In this paper, we analyse and predict the medium-term trend of the production and price level for the three leading species previously mentioned. The results obtained show a significant increase in the production of sea bream, sea bass and turbot. The results show also a slight decrease in the sea bream average price, a stable trends for the sea bass and increasing prices for the turbot.     

Nocturnal feeding reduces sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax, L.) pellet-catching ability

European sea bass exhibits a feeding rhythm with seasonal phase inversions: nocturnal feeding is predominant in winter, and diurnal feeding during the rest of the year. This explains the increased growth of sea bass fed at night during the winter months, but to fully assess such feeding practices, it is important to monitor food-catching efficiency in the dark. To evaluate the influence of nocturnal feeding on pellet-capture efficiency under laboratory conditions, we developed an infrared pellet detector linked to on-line recording with a microcomputer. Feed waste was recorded for eight groups of four sea bass (54.6±15.8 g body weight) fed either diurnal or nocturnal meals with long (>60 s) or short (<20 s) feed availability times. With short feed availability times, food-catching efficiency in complete darkness (0 lx) was reduced to 78.6%, compared to 93.5% in diurnally fed fish. This was confirmed in a second experiment, performed during winter, involving 4000 sea bass in four sea cages (1000 per cage) provided with self-feeders and pellets detectors. Feed waste amounted to less than 13% of the food distributed, but nocturnal demands (29% of total feed demands) were accompanied by higher levels of uneaten pellets (68% of the total feed waste) than diurnal demand. This suggests that if the aim is to reduce feed waste, nocturnal feeding should be restricted in sea cages.     

Partial replacement of dietary soybean meal by high‐protein distiller's dried grains (HPDDG) supplemented with protease enzyme for European seabass,Dicentrarchus labrax fingerlings

High‐protein distillers dried grains (HPDDG) is a co‐product of ethanol production that uses prefractionation technology. A 70‐day growth trial was conducted to investigate the effect of partial replacement of dietary soybean meal by high‐protein distiller's dried grains (HPDDG) with protease enzyme supplementation (PROXYM ULTRA^®) on growth performance, physiological parameters and histological changes of the intestine of European sea bass, Dicentrarchus labrax fingerlings. The results indicated that increased dietary HPDDG levels up to 50% of HPDDG supplemented with protease significantly increases growth performance and feed utilization and improved FCR of sea bass. In addition, replacement of SBM by HPDDG supplemented with protease enhanced feed intake efficiency and the health status of fish. Haematology and serum biochemistry (haemoglobin (Hb)), red blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs) and humeral immune parameters including total protein, globulin, cholesterol, lysozyme activity and total antioxidant capacity significantly increased with increase in HPDDG supplemented with protease in the diets. Results of this study indicated that HPDDG supplemented with protease is a good alternative protein source for aquaculture feed and can be included up to 50% as a replacement of SBM without compromising growth performance and physiological parameters of sea bass.     

Appraisal of a high protein distiller’s dried grain (DDG) in diets for European sea bass,Dicentrarchus labrax fingerlings on growth performance,haematological status and related gut histology

High protein distiller's dried grains (HP‐DDG) are co‐products of ethanol production that uses prefractionation technology. An 8‐week growth trial was conducted to investigate the effect of partial replacement of soybean meal (SBM) by three levels of HP‐DDG (30%, 40% and 50%) on growth performance, physiological parameters and histological changes of the intestine of European sea bass, Dicentrarchus labrax. The results indicated that an increased dietary level of HP‐DDG of more than 30% significantly increases growth performance and improved the FCR of sea bass. In addition, replacement of SBM by HP‐DDG enhanced feed intake efficiency and the health status of fish. Haematology and serum biochemistry (haemoglobin (Hb), red blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs), packed cell volume (PCV %) and humeral immune parameters including total protein, albumin, globulin, cholesterol, lysozyme activity and total antioxidant capacity significantly increased with increase HP‐DDG inclusion levels. The findings of this study indicated that HP‐DDG is a good complementary protein source for inclusion aquaculture diets and levels above 30% as a replacement of SBM did not compromise growth performance and physiological parameters of sea bass while enhancing some important indices of health status in this species.