生物絮团对水产动物生长、消化及养殖水体水质的影响

生物絮团技术(Biofloc technology,BFT)具有改善养殖池塘水质、降低饲料转化率、增强水产动物免疫力等优点,被认为是解决当前集约化养殖问题的有效技术之一,目前已在国内外经济、生态、社会上取得了良好效益。在查阅国内外相关文献的基础上,概述了生物絮团对水产动物的生长性能、消化酶活力、非特异性免疫功能、抗氧化能力及养殖水体水质的影响。大量研究结果表明,生物絮团技术能够促进水产动物生长、提高消化酶活力、增强非特异性免疫功能、提升抗氧化能力、节约水资源、降低饲料成本、增加经济效益。将生物絮团技术与其他养殖技术相结合,能够更有效地降低养殖水体中氮、磷等污染物,提高经济、生态、社会效益,前景广阔。     

生物絮团技术在水产养殖中的应用现状

生物絮团在集约化水产养殖中具有净化水质、增强养殖动物机体免疫力和提高饲料利用率的作用。文章结合生物絮团的形成和作用机理,着重阐述了生物絮团技术在水产养殖中的应用现状,总结了生物絮团技术在工厂化养殖生产中存在的一些问题,并对未来的研究及发展方向进行了展望。     

葡萄糖对草鱼主养池塘水质的影响

<正>Avnimelech(1999)首次提出了"生物絮团"技术(Biofloc Technology,BFT),可通过调节养殖水体中的C/N比促使异养微生物大量繁殖,同化无机氮,降低氨氮和亚硝酸盐氮水平,为水产养殖提供了一种崭新的微生物水质调控技术途径。目前该项技术在水产养殖的应用有一些报道:研究的方向包括最适碳源的筛选、水质改良效果、提高存活率促生长作用、最佳添加量的选择、作用机制等,试验对象主要包括斑节对虾、罗氏沼虾、凡纳滨对虾、草鱼、团头鲂等。草鱼是四川省的主要养殖鱼类,在草鱼池中混养一定数量的鲢、鳙、鲫是本地应用最广的养殖模式。     

生物絮团的研究进展

生物絮团是养殖水体中以好氧微生物为主体的有机体和无机物,经生物絮凝形成的团聚物,由细菌、浮游动植物、有机碎屑和一些无机物质相互絮凝组成。通过对生物絮团研究的发展过程、絮团的结构特征、絮凝机理、影响絮团的形成因素以及生物絮团技术在水产养殖应用中存在的问题进行了综述,为生物絮团技术在水产领域中的进一步研究和应用具有一定的指导意义。     

生物絮团技术对工厂化养殖海参生长及存活率的影响

生物絮团作为海洋微生物的集合体,在海水养殖系统中具有广泛的应用价值,在解决水产养殖系统能量利用率低、环境富营养化和病害防控等一系列问题上潜力巨大,具有调节和净化水质功能,还是很多早期稚体生长的食物来源,降低了养殖成本,提高了经济效益,对养殖环境无污染,符合可持续发展战略的要求。本试验研究生物絮团对海参生长及存活情况的影响,总结出最佳有益微生物发酵液投入量,其试验结果如下。     

生物絮团技术对工厂化海参养殖池水质的影响及应用

正生物絮团技术可有效调节和净化水质。本研究在室内工厂化海参养殖车间进行,把生物絮团应用到海参养殖中,研究生物絮团对养殖水质的影响及对海参产量和经济效益的分析,其中在氨氮方面,试验组为0.022 mg/L,而对照组的为0.053 mg/L。从养殖结果看出,试验组的平均产量为24.5 kg,对照组为20.5 kg,产量多出4.0 kg。生物絮团在海水养殖系统中具有广泛的应用,在解决水产养殖系统能量利用率低、环境富营养化     

生物絮团技术在水产养殖中的应用研究综述

生物絮团技术是目前较为有效的养殖水体处理技术之一,本文从生物絮团技术的研究背景、概述、影响因素和对水产养殖的作用几方面对生物絮团技术进行了综述,为生物絮团的技术研究与应用提供参考。     

生物絮团在水产养殖中的应用研究

我国一直采用高密度的水产养殖方式,但是随着我国经济能力和各方面实力的不断增长,传统的水产养殖模式已经不能满足当代时代发展的要求了,它所带来的环境污染和资源浪费对我国的生态环境影响十分重大,这种传统的养殖方式最终会被我国水产养殖领域淘汰,而生物絮团技术具有净化水质和提高资源利用率的特点,这种新型的健康生态养殖技术吸引了水产养殖领域的注意力。为改善我国生态环境已经有部分养殖场引进了这种技术。本文将从水产养殖中生物絮团的应用和作用进行论述和分析。     

生物絮团对锦鲤生长及养殖水体水质的影响

为了研究生物絮团对观赏鱼类生长影响及对养殖水质净化效果,通过设置对照组和生物絮团组(碳氮比为20:1)进行了锦鲤养殖效果对比试验。30d的试验结果显示,生物絮团组锦鲤的特定生长率相比对照组显著提高(P0.05),饲料系数相比对照组显著降低(P0.05),成活率两者之间无显著差异(P0.05)。在池塘水质净化方面,生物絮团组的亚硝酸盐氮浓度和氨氮含量变化趋势一致,呈现先升高后逐渐下降的趋势,生物絮团系统达到稳定后,生物絮团组的二态氮含量显著低于对照组(P0.05)。研究表明,生物絮团技术应用在锦鲤养殖中能有效净化池塘水质,同时可促进锦鲤生长。生物絮团通过实现饲料中蛋白质的二次有效利用,提高了饲料利用效率,降低了养殖成本、减少了水体污染。     

生物絮团对细角滨对虾亲虾抗氧化防御能力和脂质营养的贡献

正本研究旨在确定生物絮团对细角滨对虾亲虾的抗氧化能力和脂质营养的贡献,以及生物絮团与对虾的繁殖能力和产出的幼虾健康状况之间存在的关系。与清水(CW)养殖相比,采用生物絮团技术(BFT)养殖的细角滨对虾亲虾展现出了更佳的健康状况:在繁殖期内BFT(79.8%)养殖的亲虾最终存     

不同C/N对草鱼池生物絮团的形成及水质的影响研究

为了研究草鱼池生物絮团形成所需的适合C/N,实验分析不同C/N水平对水泥池中生物絮团的形成、水质及草鱼生长的影响。对照组投喂基础饲料(C/N为10.8∶1),实验组在基础饲料上添加葡萄糖,控制C/N分别为15∶1、20∶1和25∶1。结果显示,当C/N≥15时,形成的生物絮团可以有效的调节水质,降低水体中的氨氮、亚硝酸盐氮水平;各组的生物絮团体积指数(FVI)随养殖时间逐步增加,在第14天趋于稳定;随着C/N增高,尽管实验组水体中形成的生物絮团粗蛋白含量显著高于对照组(P<0.05),但是草鱼生长却呈下降趋势。综合而言,生物絮团技术应用于草鱼养殖适宜的C/N为15,该比值能促进生物絮团的形成,并能有效降低水中的氨氮、亚硝酸盐氮水平。     

Higher nitrogen and phosphorus immobilization in bioflocs is associated with higher temperature and increased suspended solids in shrimp farming with biofloc technology

High stocking density aquaculture can result in major environmental impacts such as waste disposal with high organic matter. In order to overcome this issue, biofloc technology (BFT) has arisen as an alternative to lower effluent nutrient loading by promoting dense microbial communities that control water quality through the assimilation of inorganic nutrients. Given the central role of microorganisms in nutrients storage, the aim of this study was to evaluate the elemental composition of bioflocs and free‐living microorganisms and to determine which environmental factors are associated with the variation in their stoichiometric ratios (C:N:P) in shrimp farming systems. Samples were taken in marine shrimp farms, and the stoichiometric ratios from bioflocs and free‐living microorganisms were analysed, as well as physical and chemical water quality variables. The C:N ratios were lower, and N:P ratios were higher in the free‐living microorganisms than bioflocs. The C:P and N:P ratios of the biofloc were lower at higher temperature and total suspended solids (TSS). We concluded that the elemental composition of the bioflocs is richer in C and P and that systems with higher temperature and higher TSS have a greater ability to absorb and immobilize these elements in the bioflocs.     

不同鲤养殖模式生物絮团系统中鱼体的生长及水质

为了探明不同鲤养殖模式生物絮团系统中鱼体的生长及水质变化情况。采用陆基围隔法,分别设置了鲤单养、鲤+鳙二元混养及鲤+鳙+鲢三元混养3种鲤养殖模式,每种模式设3个重复,测定了鲤不同养殖模式下鱼体的生长及水质参数,实验共进行90 d。结果显示,与单养模式相比,二元混养和三元混养鲤的存活率和鱼体蛋白质效率均显著偏高,而其总饲料系数则显著偏低。3种养殖模式中鲤肌肉的水分和粗脂肪含量相互之间差异均不显著,三元混养模式鲤肌肉的粗蛋白和灰分含量均显著高于单养模式。在3种养殖模式生物絮团系统中,生物絮团形成量与水温之间在19.3~28.5°C范围内呈显著的正相关。整个实验过程中,二元混养和三元混养水体的总氨氮、亚硝酸态氮、总无机氮、正磷酸盐及总悬浮颗粒物含量均低于单养模式,而硝酸态氮、总碱度、有机悬浮颗粒物及叶绿素a含量均高于单养模式,除叶绿素a之外,其余水质参数相互之间差异均不显著。研究表明,与传统的混养系统相似,在生物絮团养殖系统中,符合生物学原则的混养模式同样能够有效发挥养殖系统的生态功能,提高养殖效率。     

Effect of carbon/nitrogen ratio manipulation in feed supplements on Artemia production and water quality in solar salt ponds in the Mekong Delta,Vietnam

The effect of carbon/nitrogen (C/N) ratio manipulation in feed supplements on Artemia production and water quality was investigated in solar salt ponds in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam. It was assumed that development of bacterial bioflocs through C/N manipulation would improve Artemia production and water quality as demonstrated in freshwater and marine aquaculture. Twelve ponds were used for three treatments and the control, in triplicates. Green water (GW) was supplied to all ponds, with the standard Vietnamese procedure of supplying GW and chicken manure (CM) as the control (C/N 1.8). Treatment ponds were supplemented with tapioca (TAP) as carbon source, combined with either CM, pig manure (PM) or rice bran (RB), with C/N ratios of 7.4, 10.5 or 20.1 respectively. After 6 weeks of culture, no single treatment supported both improved water quality and enhanced Artemia production. Overall, improved water quality was observed at C/N 20.1 and higher Artemia production at C/N 7.4. Although external field factors could have interfered with the set‐up, this is the first study on the effect of C/N manipulation in feed supplements in Artemia pond production systems and provides the basis for development of bacterial bioflocs as a technology to improve water quality and Artemia production.     

硝化型和光合自养型生物絮团对泥鳅生长、肠道菌群和水体微生物群落结构的影响

为了解硝化型和光合自养型生物絮团对于泥鳅(Misgurnus anguillicaudatus)的养殖效果, 设置清水组(CW 组)、硝化组(BFT 组)和光合自养组(ABFT 组)生物絮团养殖泥鳅 45 d, 比较泥鳅的生长和消化酶活性、两类絮团的营养组成情况, 以及养殖水体和泥鳅肠道微生物的群落结构。结果显示, BFT 组和 ABFT 组的饲料转化率、特定生长率和末均重没有显著性差异(P＞0.05)。与 CW 组相比, 两实验组的饲料转化率显著降低; BFT 组的终末密度与 CW 组相比没有显著性差异(P＞0.05)。与 CW 组相比, BFT 组和 ABFT 组生物絮团可以提供(36.69±1.17)%和 (40.20±1.05)%的粗蛋白; 与 BFT 组相比, ABFT 组的生物絮团粗脂肪含量显著提高(P＜0.05), 并且促进脂肪酸由饱和向不饱和转化。ABFT 的泥鳅胰蛋白酶和脂肪酶的活性显著高于另外两组(P＜0.05)。微生物群落分析表明, 添加藻类对成熟生物絮团 Alpha 多样性指数、群落门水平和属水平没有显著影响。泥鳅摄食生物絮团会导致肠道菌群 sobs 指数显著降低。BFT 组肠道的优势菌群为变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、放线菌门(Actinobacteriota)和绿弯菌门 (Chloroflexi); ABFT 组为变形菌门和蓝藻门(Cyanobacteria)。属水平上, ABFT 组检测到高水平的气单胞菌属 (Aeromonas)。本研究表明, 硝化型和光合自养型生物絮团养殖均适合作为泥鳅绿色健康养殖的新模式。     

Development of phytoplankton communities and common off-flavors in a biofloc technology system used for the culture of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus)

The use of biofloc technology production systems continues to increase in the aquaculture industry worldwide. Recent research demonstrated that outdoor biofloc systems can be used to produce high yields of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus). However, studies have not yet been performed to determine the development and composition of phytoplankton communities and related off-flavor problems in these biofloc production systems. In this study, water samples were collected biweekly from May to November and channel catfish samples were collected during harvest in November from nine 18.6 m² biofloc culture tanks. Water and fillet samples were analyzed for levels of the common off-flavor compounds geosmin and 2-methylisoborneol (MIB). The development and composition of phytoplankton communities in each culture tank was also monitored. In addition, water and biofloc samples were evaluated to assess the microbial sources of geosmin and MIB within the culture tanks. Phytoplankton (including algae and cyanobacteria attached to bioflocs) biomass, as determined by concentrations of chlorophyll a in the water, gradually increased in all tanks over time. Phytoplankton communities that developed in the culture tanks were dominated by fast-growing, unicellular and small colonial types of green algae (chlorophytes) and diatoms (bacillariophytes) and slower growing, small colonial types of cyanobacteria (cyanophytes). A positive correlation (p < 0.05) between cumulative feed addition and chlorophyll a concentration was found. Although geosmin and MIB were present in the culture water of each tank during most of the study, levels were typically low and only one tank yielded catfish with geosmin and MIB in their flesh at levels high enough to be designated as off-flavor. A positive correlation (p < 0.05) between cumulative feed addition and MIB concentrations in the water of culture tanks indicates a greater potential for MIB-related off-flavor problems at high feed application rates. The microbial sources responsible for production of geosmin and MIB in the culture tanks remain unknown.     

一株芽孢杆菌的分离鉴定及在生物絮团对虾养殖中的应用

从对虾养殖池中分离到1株细菌(编号2013042402,简称菌株02),分别用16S rDNA序列比对法和细菌全细胞脂肪酸气相色谱法对该菌进行鉴定.结果显示,菌株02为芽孢杆菌(Bacillus sp.).为探讨该芽孢杆菌在生物絮团对虾养殖中的使用效果,实验分别设置加菌加糖组(菌株02的量为2.0× 104 CFU/ml,蔗糖量为饵料的70％)、加菌组、加糖组(生物絮团组)及空白对照组,研究了菌株02对养殖水质(温度、盐度、溶氧、pH、氨氮及亚硝酸氮)、对虾存活率及水体中主要菌群组成等指标的影响.结果显示,加菌加糖组能显著降低养殖水体中的氨氮和亚硝酸氮浓度,提高对虾存活率.生物絮团对虾养殖系统中添加菌株02,能够改善菌群结构,抑制弧菌生长.研究结果可为生物絮团对虾养殖中定向培养有益微生物提供技术支持.     

絮团浓度对革胡子鲇零换水养殖效果的影响

为研究絮团浓度对革胡子鲇零换水养殖效果的影响，在不额外添加有机碳源（只利用饲料中的碳）的革胡子鲇（）养殖系统中，设置了平均絮团质量浓度为561.18 mg/L和780.41 mg/L两个处理组，比较了两实验组的水质、菌群结构、鱼生长及氮利用效率。结果表明，两种浓度絮团条件下，总氨氮（total ammonia nitrogen，TAN）和亚硝酸氮（NO₂^--N）能分别维持1.84 mg/L和1.79 mg/L以下。两处理组间pH、溶解氧（dissolved oxygen，DO）、TAN、NO₂^--N、氮素利用效率及主要生长指标无显著差异（-N）浓度（822.0 mg/L）明显高于低浓度絮团组（623.33 mg/L）。高通量测序分析菌群结构结果表明，两组间门水平的菌群组成种类及优势度无显著性差异（<0.05）。两处理组中的革胡子鲇存活率分别达到（91.11±1.53）%和（94.44±2.08）%，饲料系数为（1.41±0.18）和（1.27±0.26），特殊生长率为（2.13±0.04）%/d和（2.19±0.08）%/d，均无显著差异（>0.05）。两实验组饲料氮的利用率分别达到了72.17%和71.34%。综合以上结果认为，仅利用饲料中的碳既能维持革胡子鲇的零换水养殖且能取得较高的氮素利用效率，两种絮团浓度对革胡子鲇的生长无显著影响，高浓度絮团组中的硝化作用更明显。     

饲料源Cu(Ⅱ)在生物絮团水产养殖系统中的积累及其对氨氧化的影响

为提高生物絮团技术的安全性,试验探究硝化型生物絮团水产养殖系统中饲料源铜Cu(Ⅱ)的积累情况和Cu(Ⅱ)对生物絮团氨氧化的影响.通过对生物絮团养殖系统中的水体铜Cu(Ⅱ)和絮团中Cu(Ⅱ)含量进行测定.结果显示:养殖系统中水体Cu(Ⅱ)含量随着饲料投喂而不断上升,在投喂91 d后达到(18.34±0.77)μg/L,絮...     

Effect of bioflocs on growth and immune activity of Pacific white shrimp,Litopenaeus vannamei postlarvae

The bioflocs technology (BFT) for shrimp production has been proposed as a sustainable practice capable of reducing environmental impacts and preventing pathogen introduction. The microbial community associated with BFT not only detoxifies nutrients, but also can improve feed utilization and animal growth. Biofloc system contains abundant number of bacteria of which cell wall consists of various components such as bacterial lipopolysaccharide, peptidoglycan and β‐1, 3‐glucans, and is known as stimulating nonspecific immune activity of shrimp. Bioflocs, therefore, are assumed to enhance shrimp immunity because they consume the bioflocs as additional food source. Although there are benefits for having an in situ microbial community in BFT systems, better understanding on these microorganisms, in particular molecular level, is needed. A fourteen‐day culture trial was conducted with postlarvae of Litopenaeus vannamei in the presence and absence of bioflocs. To determine mRNA expression levels of shrimp, we selected six genes (prophenoloxidase1, prophenoloxidase2, prophenoloxidase activation enzyme, serine proteinase1, masquerade‐like proteinase, and ras‐related nuclear protein) which are involved in a series of responses known as the prophenoloxidase (proPO) cascade, one of the major innate immune responses in crustaceans. Significant differences in shrimp survival and final body weights were found between the clear water and in the biofloc treatments. mRNA expression levels were significantly higher in the biofloc treatment than the clear water control. These results suggest that the presence of bioflocs in the culture medium gives positive effect on growth and immune‐related genes expression in L.vannamei postlarvae.