发酵豆粕对圆斑星鲽生长及表观消化率的影响

为探讨圆斑星鲽(Verasper variegatus)饲料中发酵豆粕的适宜添加量,本试验以0%、10%、20%、30%、40%的发酵豆粕添加在五组等蛋等脂的饲料中,分别替代鱼粉蛋白的0%,9.81%,19.63%,29.44%,39.26%,标记为A、B、C、D、E共5个试验组,每组设3个重复,每池15尾圆斑星鲽(49.0±1.0 g),经过10周的饲养试验,结果表明:随饲料中发酵豆粕水平的升高,特定生长率逐渐降低,A、B组显著高于其他各组(P<0.05),饲料系数则逐渐升高,A、B和C组显著低于D、E组(P<0.05)。营养物质表观消化率以B组最高,显著高于其他各组。综上所述,饲料中添加10%的发酵豆粕在一定程度上能提高鱼体对营养物质的表观消化率,且不会对鱼体生长造成不利影响,过量则抑制鱼体生长。     

Occurrence and distribution of settling and newly settled spotted halibut Verasper variegatus and Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus in shallow nursery grounds around Shimabara Peninsula, western Japan

The occurrence and distribution of settling and settled spotted halibut Verasper variegatus were compared with those of Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus in shallow habitats around Shimabara Peninsula, western Japan, to elucidate the settlement and recruitment characteristics of spotted halibut, a rare pleuronectid flatfish in Japan. Push-net sampling conducted at nine sites in March and April 2003 collected spotted halibut from four nurseries located at eastern areas of Shimabara Peninsula in Ariake Bay; Japanese flounder were sampled from eight nurseries. Comparison of microhabitat distributions in a tidal-flat nursery during February?CApril in 2003?C2007 revealed that metamorphosing larvae and juveniles of spotted halibut, which showed the drastic body coloration (black to brown) and behavioral changes (frequent swimming to settlement), were distributed mainly in the lower edge of the intertidal area, whereas Japanese flounder inhabited both intertidal and subtidal areas. Metamorphosing larvae of spotted halibut (12.6?C16.5?mm standard length; n?=?24) were collected in March when the highest densities were observed, whereas metamorphosing larvae of Japanese flounder (10.0?C15.9?mm, n?=?55) were observed during March?CApril. Our results suggest that spotted halibut has a narrower time/space window for recruitment to the specific nurseries compared with Japanese flounder.     

Pedigree analysis of recaptured fish in the stock enhancement program of spotted halibut Verasper variegatus

ABSTRACT:   Spotted halibut Verasper variegatus hatchery juveniles produced in 2002 were genotyped using three microsatellite DNA markers (msDNA) and then released into natural waters. Subsequently, recaptured individuals were examined using msDNA. In order to evaluate the effectiveness of the stock enhancement program, from the genetic point of view, a pairwise F _ST test was implemented to estimate the genetic divergence between the wild captive broodstock, the hatchery offspring and the recaptured samples. The analysis showed significant differentiation between the broodstock and recaptured samples. Pedigree determination using msDNA was used to calculate the effective population size of the recaptured stock, which was found to be very low ( N _e ≈ 8). Equal family survivability was observed between the two recaptured stocks, but not between the released and recaptured stock. The number of identified families was higher and more equalized in the hatchery offspring compared to the recaptured samples, where the number of families declined. This fact was caused by an unequal family survivability just before or just after release. Separately, the number of contributing parents to the hatchery offspring was lower than the broodstock census number. Consequently, these two facts caused the genetic divergence of the recaptured stock from the broodstock.     

Effect of Dietary Antarctic Krill Meal on Growth Performance,Muscle Proximate Composition,and Antioxidative Capacity of Juvenile Spotted Halibut,Verasper variegatus

A 7‐wk feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary Antarctic krill meal (AKM) on the growth performance, proximate composition of muscles, and antioxidative capacity of juvenile spotted halibut. Six diets were formulated to contain about 50% protein and 8% lipid. A control diet (R0) without AKM and the other five diets with 8.1, 16.2, 24.3, 32.4, and 42.5% AKM supplementation (R10–50) to replace 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50% fishmeal protein were used to feed to juvenile spotted halibut. The juveniles were fed with each diet using three replicates and cultivated in the indoor culture system. Results showed that the specific growth rate, feed intake, and protein efficiency ratio in the R30 and R40 groups were significantly higher than that in other groups (P < 0.05). Survival rate in the R50 group was significantly lower compared with the R0 group and the other four AKM supplementation groups. Moreover, the rising AKM levels in diets had significant effects on the chemical composition of juvenile spotted halibut, showing significantly decreased contents of crude protein, but increased lipid and ash contents (P < 0.05). The total superoxide dismutase activity and catalase activity of serum and liver in AKM groups were significantly higher than those in the control group (P < 0.05). In contrast, the contents of malondialdehyde in serum and liver were significantly lower compared with the control group. These findings illustrate that a moderate AKM level in diets can significantly improve the growth performance, feed utilization, and antioxidative capacity in juvenile spotted halibut, which support the finding that AKM may be used as a good protein source for halibut in the aquafeed industry.     

脱脂磷虾粉对圆斑星鲽(Verasper variegatus)幼鱼生长、非特异性免疫力和血清生理代谢指标的影响

为研究脱脂磷虾粉替代鱼粉对圆斑星鲽(Verasper variegatus)幼鱼生长性能、非特异性免疫力和血清生理代谢指标的影响,实验以鱼粉和脱脂磷虾粉为蛋白源,鱼油为脂肪源,分别以脱脂磷虾粉蛋白替代基础饲料中0、10％、20％、30％、40％、50％和100％的鱼粉蛋白制成7种等氮、等脂的饲料(分别记为R0、R10、R20、R30、R40、R50、R100),投喂初始体重为(60.11±0.13)g、体长为(14.12±0.25) cm的圆斑星鲽幼鱼8周,每组设3个重复,每个重复20尾鱼.结果显示,R10-R50组的特定生长率(SGR)、存活率(SR)和饲料效率(FER)与R0组(对照组)没有显著性差异(P＞0.05),但从R30组开始有下降的趋势.R10-R50组的蛋白质效率(PER)和R0组无显著性差异(P＞0.05),但R100组的PER显著低于R0组(P＜0.05).R10-R20组血清中的酸性磷酸酶(ACP)显著高于R0组(P＜0.05),R30组血清中酸性磷酸酶(ACP)和R0组没有显著性差异(P＞0.05).R30-R100组血清中的碱性磷酸酶(AKP)显著高于R0组(P＜0.05).R10组血清中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和R0组差异不显著(P＞0.05).R10组肝脏中ACP显著高于R0组(P＜0.05),R40-R50组和R0组没有显著性差异(P＞0.05).R30-R40组肝脏中AKP和R0组差异不显著(P＞0.05).R10-R40组肝脏中SOD和R0组没有显著性差异(P＞0.05).R10-R50组血清的总蛋白(TP)显著高于R0组(P＜0.05).各处理组和R0组血清中的谷草转氨酶(GOT)和谷丙转氨酶(GPT)没有显著性差异(P＞0.05).综合来看,10％-30％的脱脂磷虾粉替代组和对照组R0组对圆斑星鲽幼鱼的生长、饲料利用、免疫力及蛋白利用有相同的效果.     

杭州湾湾口与日本有明海产花鲈稚鱼的比较研究

本文基于采自杭州湾湾口、日本有明海和四万十川沿岸碎波带的天然花鲈仔稚鱼,研究比较了三者的外部形态、脊椎骨数、背鳍和臀鳍支鳍骨数的差异。杭州湾湾口和有明海水域的花鲈样本,体侧黑色素较少;吻长、体高和体长比相对较小;脊椎骨数分别为35,35.25±0.25;背鳍支鳍骨的平均值分别为25.33,25,均比四万十川的样本脊椎骨数(36)和背鳍支鳍骨的平均值(26)为少,探明了杭州湾湾口和有明海的花鲈仔稚鱼在特征上存在着相似性,与四万十川的样本有显著的差异。根据中国产花鲈的形态特征,对中国花鲈的学名进行了探讨,认为中国花鲈的学名应该为Lateolabrax maculates(McClellan)。     

Growth and spawning of hatchery-reared Chinese white prawn Penaeus (Fenneropenaeus) chinensis released in the Ariake Sea, Japan

SUMMARY: Growth and reproduction of hatchery-reared Chinese white prawn Penaeus chinensis released in the Ariake Sea, Japan, were examined. Chinese white prawn grew rapidly, reaching a body length of 154 mm in males and 198 mm in females by November (219–229 days after hatching). Maximum body length of sampled individuals was 164 mm in males and 223 mm in females. Growth curve of the Chinese white prawn was fitted to the Pitcher and MacDonald's formula, L_t = 155.0{1 − e ^{2.925sin[2π(t − 16.151)/365] − 0.0623( t − 10.712)}} for males and the logistic curve, L_t = 200.3/[1 + e ^{(1.985–0.034 t )}] for females (where L_t is the body length t days after release and t is the number of days after release). Females reached sexual maturity in late February and spawning occurred until April. Minimum size at ripe and spawned stages was 189 mm and 193 mm body length, respectively.     

Overlaps in habitat use of fishes between a seagrass bed and adjacent coral and sand areas at Amitori Bay, Iriomote Island, Japan: Importance of the seagrass bed as juvenile habitat

ABSTRACT:   To clarify faunal overlap between a seagrass bed and adjacent coral and sand areas, and the number of reef fishes utilizing the seagrass bed as juvenile habitat, visual censuses were conducted at Amitori Bay, Iriomote Island, Japan. The numbers of species and individuals of fishes were significantly higher in the coral area than in the seagrass bed and sand area. Cluster and ordination analyses based on the number of individuals of each species demonstrated that the fish assemblage structure differed among the three habitats in each season, but with some overlaps. Approximately half the seagrass bed fishes occurred in the adjacent coral area (coral–seagrass species). Dominant species of coral–seagrass species utilized the seagrass bed as an important juvenile habitat. Thus, some overlaps in habitat use were present between the seagrass bed and adjacent coral area. Despite such overlaps, however, coral–seagrass species accounted for only approximately 15% of coral reef fishes overall, indicating that most of the latter hardly utilize the seagrass bed directly in the study area.     

Age,growth and age at sexual maturity of fan ray <Emphasis Type="Italic">Platyrhina sinensis</Emphasis> (Batoidea: Platyrhinidae) in Ariake Bay,Japan

Abstract:   Age, growth and sexual maturity of the fan ray Platyrhina sinensis in Ariake Bay, Japan were determined from specimens collected from May 2002 to September 2006. Age determination was conducted by vertebral centrum analysis using soft X-radiography. Annual band pair deposition was determined by marginal increment and edge analyses. The von Bertalanffy growth model best described the overall pattern of growth for both males and females (males L _∝  = 455.2, k  = 0.56, t ₀ = −1.09; females L _∝  = 555.8, k  = 0.28, t ₀ = −1.77; L _∝ is the theoretical asymptotic total length in mm, k is the growth rate coefficient and t ₀ is the theoretical time at zero length). Parameter estimates suggest that females attain a larger asymptotic total length and grow more slowly than males. The observed maximum ages were 5 years for males and 12 years for females. Age at 50% sexual maturity was 2.1 years for males and 2.9 years for females. The results indicate that this species is relatively fast-growing, short-lived and early maturing compared with many batoid species.     

Microdistribution and feeding dynamics of Coilia nasus (Engraulidae) larvae and juveniles in relation to the estuarine turbidity maximum of the macrotidal Chikugo River estuary,Ariake Sea,Japan

To evaluate the nursery value of the estuarine turbidity maximum (ETM) for the anadromous engraulid fish Coilia nasus, physical and biological samples were collected along the macrotidal Chikugo River estuary, southwestern Japan, from June 2005 to January 2006. Generally, eggs were distributed upstream of the ETM, whereas larvae were distributed in the ETM. The first cohort was washed out of the estuary by a large flood in early July. The second cohort appeared after the flood, gradually extending its distributional area through the estuary and growing to 100 mm in standard length (SL) by December. Larvae and juveniles (20–100 mm SL) fed selectively on copepods, specifically large calanoid species, whereas more developed juveniles fed on mysids. Prey organisms in guts were significantly more abundant and present in greater weights in the ETM (salinity <10) than in the lower estuary (salinity >10). The better feeding conditions were primarily attributable to consistently high densities of two large calanoid species, Sinocalanus sinensis and Pseudodiaptomus inopinus, in the ETM. In contrast, the poor feeding conditions in the lower estuary were likely due to a seasonal decrease in copepod density and the dominance of small copepods such as Oithona spp. Given that better feeding conditions contribute positively to the growth and survival of larvae and juveniles, we conclude that the ETM has a significantly higher nursery value for C. nasus compared with other habitats in the Chikugo River estuary.     

Daily age and food habits of Lateolabrax latus larvae and juveniles occurring in the innermost shallow waters of Uwajima Bay, Japan

ABSTRACT:   Daily age and food habits of Lateolabrax latus larvae and juveniles were investigated at two different habitats in Uwajima Bay, western Shikoku, Japan. In the shallow zone at Miura, which contained eelgrass beds, larvae occurred from January and were collected abundantly in March. The size, age, and hatch-date distributions suggested that late-hatched specimens stay longer than early-hatched specimens at this station. On the contrary, in the intertidal flats of the Kunomura River mouth larvae were rarely collected, but juveniles were collected in relative abundance from April. The distributions in the intertidal flats station suggested that specimens had migrated from another location and then resided in the intertidal flats. Spatial and temporal trophic variations increased remarkably with metamorphosis, and thus, the spatial differences in growth rate were considered in relation to the trophic diversity of prey items. Our results suggest that the nursery environment, nursery utilization pattern, and food habits of early life stages of L. latus show remarkable flexibility. From the similarity of these ecological aspects with L. japonicus , which is a closely related species, we suggest the important role of the interspecific competition to the realized niche difference between Lateolabrax congeners.     

Interannual variability in hatching period and early growth of juvenile walleye pollock, Theragra chalcogramma, in the Pacific coastal area of Hokkaido

Juvenile walleye pollock of the Japanese Pacific population were collected from the Funka Bay [spawning ground; 16–64 mm fork length (FL)] in spring and the Doto area (nursery ground; 70–146 mm FL) in summer. Hatch dates were estimated by subtracting the number of otolith daily increments from sampling dates, and their early growth was back‐calculated using otolith radius–somatic length relationships. Interannual change of the hatching period was observed during 2000–02, and the peaks ranged from mid‐February in 2000 to early‐April in 2002. In 2000, when a strong year class occurred, early life history of the surviving juveniles could be characterized by early hatching and slower growth in the larval stage (<22 mm length). Higher growth rate in 2001 and 2002 did not always lead to good survival and recruitment success. Even though their growth was slow in 2000, the larvae hatched early in the season had larger body size on a given date than faster‐growing larvae hatched in later season in 2001 and 2002. Bigger individuals at a certain moment may have advantage for survival. The delay of hatching period may result in higher size‐selective mortality, and as a necessary consequence, back‐calculated growth in 2001 and 2002 could shift towards higher growth rate, although abundance of such a year class would be at the lower level. Variability in spawning period, early growth and their interaction might have a strong relation to larval survival through cumulative predation pressure or ontogenetic changes in food availability.     

Growth,mortality and reproduction of the transplanted Manila clam (Ruditapes philippinarum Adams & Reeve 1850) in Jiaozhou Bay

Samples of Manila clam (Ruditapes philippinarum Adams & Reeve 1850) were collected from May 2004 to April 2005 monthly, and plankton net trawling of planktonic larvae and bottom sediment sampling surveys were further conducted from May to October 2006 in Jiaozhou Bay. Based on the data collected, growth, mortality and reproduction of the transplanted Manila clam and the environmental effects were examined. The results showed that the enhanced clams grew well and showed a growth trend similar to the local wild ones. The main growth periods lasted from April to September, with the water temperature being the main factor affecting the growth, which was the same as that of the wild clams. There were also two reproduction cycles for the farmed Manila clams each year in Jiaozhou Bay and the main breeding period was from May to June. The phenomenon of delayed metamorphosis was quite common through larval development. The farmed clams could spawn when they reached sexual maturity, but they could not perform effective recruitment as many planktonic larvae died during metamorphosis and settlement. A preliminary study indicated that sediment perturbation and marine environment pollution were the main factors causing the death of larvae in the development process.     

Growth potential and habitat requirements of endangered age‐0 pallid sturgeon (Scaphirhynchus albus) in the Missouri River,USA, determined using a individual‐based model framework

An individual‐based model framework was used to evaluate growth potential of the federally endangered pallid sturgeon (Scaphirhynchus albus) in the Missouri River. The model, developed for age‐0 sturgeon, combines information on functional feeding response, bioenergetics and swimming ability to regulate consumption and growth within a virtual foraging arena. Empirical data on water temperature, water velocity and prey density were obtained from three sites in the Missouri River and used as inputs in the model to evaluate hypotheses concerning factors affecting pallid sturgeon growth. The model was also used to evaluate the impacts of environmental heterogeneity and water velocity on individual growth variability, foraging success and dispersal ability. Growth was simulated for a period of 100 days using 100 individuals (first feeding; 19 mm and 0.035 g) per scenario. Higher growth was shown to occur at sites where high densities of Ephemeroptera and Chironomidae larvae occurred throughout the growing season. Highly heterogeneous habitats (i.e., wide range of environmental conditions) and moderate water velocities (0.3 m/s) were also found to positively affect growth rates. The model developed here provides an important management and conservation tool for evaluating growth hypotheses and(or) identifying habitats in the Missouri River that are favourable to age‐0 pallid sturgeon growth.     

Distribution,growth and hatch date of juvenile Pacific bluefin tuna <Emphasis Type="Italic">Thunnus orientalis</Emphasis> in the coastal area of the sea of Japan

ABSTRACT:   Mid-water trawl surveys were conducted from late August to late September in 1999 and 2004 in order to investigate the distribution pattern, hatch date, and growth of juvenile Pacific bluefin tuna Thunnus orientalis in the Sea of Japan. Juveniles were collected at the stations where ambient water temperature (mean water temperature from surface to 30 m deep, WT₀₋₃₀) was 23.4–25.9°C, and most of them were found in waters where WT₀₋₃₀ was higher than 24°C. Sampled juveniles ranged 108–280 mm fork length. Based on otolith analysis, they were estimated to grow to approximately 180 and 250 mm at 60 and 90 days old, respectively, and showed similar growth to that of Atlantic bluefin tuna in the Mediterranean Sea. The back-calculated hatch date of the samples was mostly in July and most juveniles spawned in the Sea of Japan.