荆江航道整治工程中透水框架集鱼效果初步评估

为了解荆江航道整治工程中透水框架的集鱼效果,分别于2014年5-6月和2015年5-6月,采用科学探鱼仪SIMRAD EY60和双频识别声纳(DIDSON)ARIS EXPORER 1800两种水声学设备,分别对荆江瓦口子水道的金城洲和太平口水道的腊林洲透水框架水域的鱼类分布情况进行了水声学监测,并对工程江段的鱼类进行了刺网调查。结果显示:采用刺网捕获鱼类17种共204尾,其中数量和重量最多的都是鳊鱼,分别占64.71%和39.62%。渔获物体长范围是10~80 cm,平均体长是(26.90±8.82)cm;EY60监测到腊林洲工程区鱼的数目是金城洲工程区的1.92倍,DIDSON监测腊林洲工程区鱼的数目是金城洲工程区的2.36倍;EY60监测到金城洲鱼类体长集中在5~10 cm,占55.24%,腊林洲鱼类体长集中在30~50 cm,占45.38%。结果表明,透水框架群对于鱼类具有一定的诱集效果。     

长江中游透水框架护岸工程对底栖动物群落结构的影响

2014年3月对长江中游干流水陆洲、三八滩、金城洲和牯牛沙等江段四面六边透水框架护岸工程区大型底栖动物群落进行了调查，对比分析了工程区和对照区底栖动物群落结构和多样性差异，以了解航道整治透水框架工程实施对河流底栖动物群落的影响，为河流生态水利工程建设及生态修复提供依据。在每个调查站点工程区内设置3个采样点，工程区外设置3个对照点，对照点在工程区上游或下游设置，选取水流条件不受工程区影响的区域，且保证对照点水深、岸边植被等条件与工程区样点相近。在透水框架工程区及对照区共采集底栖动物22种，隶属于3门6纲8科；摇蚊幼虫种类最多（占50.0%），其次是寡毛类（27.2%）和软体动物（13.6%）。水陆洲、三八滩、金城洲和牯牛沙等江段透水框架工程区底栖动物密度分别为1450、175、125和160 ind/m2，生物量分别为4.19、0.10、0.48和0.17 g/m2；对照区底栖动物密度分别为140、20、35和33 ind/m2，生物量分别为2.30、0.01、0.02和0.07 g/m2。底栖动物多样性指数dM、H′和J的变化范围工程区分别为0.21~1.37、0.41~1.62和0.38~0.87，对照区分别为0.14~0.40、0.28~0.96和0.41~0.68。透水框架工程区底栖动物种类丰度、密度、生物量和多样性指数表现出高于对照区的趋势，表明透水框架工程区群落结构较复杂性并提高了底栖动物的多样性，可能与透水框架群能降低河水流速、减小河水对底质的冲击有关。     

莲花洲港航道工程的生态修复效果初步研究

为了解莲花洲港生态涵养区的修复效果，2021年1月、4月、10月在武汉至安庆段的东流水道莲花洲港对底栖动物群落和鱼类分布状况进行调查，设置21个采样点，采集底栖动物和鱼类样品，分析工程区不同区域及非工程区底栖动物和鱼类群落结构差异。结果显示，不同区域底栖动物的种类数不同，透水框架区获取底栖动物6种，鱼巢排区17种，工程其他区域25种，非工程区8种。单因素方差分析表明，不同区域的底栖动物密度差异显著（P<0.05)，透水框架区最高，为191.1个/m2，其次为鱼巢排区60.44个/m2，其他工程区44.44个/m2，非工程区较少，仅28.39个/m2。各区域Pielou 均匀度指数（J）差异性不显著（P>0.05)，Margalef丰富度指数（D）和Shannon-Wiener 多样性指数（H′）差异性显著（P<0.05)。CCA分析表明，影响底栖动物的环境因子为流速、水深、温度、溶氧、硝态氮、氨氮。水声学调查显示，鱼类密度以透水框架区最高，为25 581.21尾/hm2，鱼巢排区次之，为3 239.00尾/hm2，工程其他区域为808.73尾/hm2，非工程区最低，仅6.82尾/hm2。研究表明，透水框架和鱼巢排营造了适宜底栖动物和鱼类栖息的水流条件，有利于底栖动物生存和鱼类聚集，且透水框架的生态涵养效果优于鱼巢排。     

三峡水库成库期间鱼类空间分布的水声学研究

2007年4月18日～5月1日,利用SIMRAD EY60回声探测仪(又称鱼探仪)对三峡水库坝前到丰都干流以及9条主要支流进行了水声学探测.采用垂直探测结合"之"字形路线的方法对库区整个水体鱼类的分布状况进行了研究.调查水域长度约有600 km,回波数据分成1 232个片段进行分析.结果表明:在5m以下水层,体长大于6cm的鱼类在该区域平均密度为567.68尾/dam3,且鱼类分布不均匀.在巫山至奉节江段鱼类的密度最低,密度的平均值和标准误(mean±S.E)为(8.1±0.47)尾/dam3;在忠县到丰都江段密度最高,平均值和标准误(mean±S.E)为(2597.06±154.08)尾/dam3.从坝前到丰都,干流鱼类资源量总体上呈现逐步增加的趋势.支流资源量要比干流高.目标强度在-60～-50 dB的鱼体大小差异不显著,大于-50dB鱼体的平均目标强度在巴东-巫山江段最高,巫山-奉节江段及抱龙河次之.小型鱼体的大小在各江段没有统计学差异,中型和大型鱼体在巴东-巫山江段鱼体个体相对最大,万州-忠县江段以及小江、长滩河等水域鱼类个体相对较小.     

珠江首次禁渔西江段鱼类资源声学跟踪监测分析

2011年珠江开始实行禁渔期制度。该研究采用 Simrad EY60鱼探仪，分别于2010年5月19日和2011年5月22日对珠江西江段进行了走航式探测。结果显示，珠江禁渔期期间西江段鱼类资源密度增加，2010年和2011年鱼类平均密度分别为0.0513尾·m -3和0.1068尾·m -3，根据渔获物调查数据，推算增幅分别为广东鲂（Megalo-brama terminalis）47.85％、赤眼鳟（Squaliobarbus curriculus）18.54％、鲮（Cirrhina moitorella）10.87％和鳊（Parabra-mis pekinensis）6.25％；两年西江段深水区域鱼类密度均较大，尤其是水底结构为凹形区域，鱼类有明显的聚集现象；浅水区域且底部较平整的水域，鱼类分布分散且密度较低；垂直分布方面，鱼类主要分布4--10 m 中下层水层。珠江禁渔期的实施，在一定程度上保护了鱼类的产卵亲体繁殖，对鱼类资源数量的补充起到了增殖作用，同时在很大程度上护养了鱼类的自然生长，起到了资源增重作用。     

基于水声学方法的嘉陵江中游蓬安段鱼类资源研究

研究嘉陵江中游鱼类资源时空动态特征,了解变化过程及影响因素,提出嘉陵江鱼类资源保护的建议和措施,同时为长江上游及其支流的鱼类资源保护提供基础数据。运用Biosonics DT-X分裂波束科学回声探测仪于2018年7月（夏）、10月（秋）以及2019年1月（冬）、4月（春）对嘉陵江中游蓬安段金溪航电工程干流江段进行了水声学探测,并辅以常规渔获物调查。共采集到鱼类6科38种,其中蛇鮈、鲫、银飘鱼、黄尾鲴等中小型鱼类在数量上占优;鱼类密度分别为春季（0.8296±0.43）、夏季（0.8705±0.38 ）、秋季（0.5082±0.25）、冬季（0.3939±0.13）尾/m3;鱼体平均目标强度分别为春季（-63.15±5.03）、夏季（-52.85±14.45）、秋季（-46.42±15.85）、冬季（-44.77±15.28 ）dB;鱼体平均重量分别为春季0.03、夏季1.08 、秋季11.19 、冬季20.40 g/尾;鱼类资源量分别为春季0.4096、夏季0.2907 、秋季0.3919 、冬季0.5622 kg/m3;坝下鱼类密度显著高于坝上（F=12.67,P<0.05）;坝上（F=7.02,P<0.05）和坝下（F=19.99,P<0.05）3个水层之间的鱼类密度差异显著,中层鱼类密度显著高于上层和下层（P<0.05）,且总体上夏季各水层的鱼类密度要高于其他季节。后续研究应加强对该江段鱼类资源的动态监测,并重点探讨引起鱼类资源动态变化的关键影响因子。     

三峡水库成库期间鱼类空间分布的水声学研究

２００７年４月１８日～５月１日，利用ＳＩＭＲＡＤＥＹ６０回声探测仪（又称鱼探仪）对三峡水库坝前到丰都干流以及９条主要支流进行了水声学探测。采用垂直探测结合“之”字形路线的方法对库区整个水体鱼类的分布状况进行了研究。调查水域长度约有６００ｋｍ，回波数据分成１２３２个片段进行分析。结果表明：在５ｍ以下水层，体长大于６ｃｍ的鱼类在该区域平均密度为５６７．６８尾／ｄａｍ３，且鱼类分布不均匀。在巫山至奉节江段鱼类的密度最低， 密度的平均值和标准误（ｍｅａｎ±Ｓ．Ｅ）为（８．１±０．４７）尾／ｄａｍ３；在忠县到丰都江段密度最高，平均值和标准误（ｍｅａｎ±Ｓ．Ｅ）为（２５９７．０６±１５４．０８）尾／ｄａｍ３。从坝前到丰都，干流鱼类资源量总体上呈现逐步增加的趋势。支流资源量要比干流高。目标强度在－６０～－５０ｄＢ的鱼体大小差异不显著，大于－５０ｄＢ鱼体的平均目标强度在巴东－巫山江段最高，巫山－奉节江段及抱龙河次之。小型鱼体的大小在各江段没有统计学差异，中型和大型鱼体在巴东－巫山江段鱼体个体相对最大，万州－忠县江段以及小江、长滩河等水域鱼类个体相对较小。     

珠海桂山风电场水域渔业资源声学评估与空间分布

2019年10月24日至26日，使用便携式Simrad EY60科学探鱼仪对珠海桂山岛海上风电场水域的渔业资源进行了声学调查，研究了该水域的渔业资源组成、数量密度、资源量密度及其空间分布。本次调查共捕获游泳生物和底栖无脊椎动物72种，其中34种参与声学评估。扫海面积法估算的鱼类平均数量密度与资源量密度分别为1.09×10⁴尾/km²，227.48 kg/km²；声学方法估算的鱼类数量密度与资源量密度分别为5.97×10⁵尾/km²，15.13 t/km²。风电场水域鱼类聚集性分布明显，在风电场西北与东南外围水域密度较高，中间水域的密度较低。鱼类单体目标强度（TS）分布范围为-68~-41dB，其中-68~-58 dB的单体TS占主要部分（79.12%），对应鱼类的体长范围为3~8 cm；随着水深的增加，单体平均TS先减小后增大。本研究是桂山风电场水域渔业资源的首次声学调查，结果较准确地反映了风电场水域多种鱼类的资源量及其分布信息，可为科学评价海上风电场建成运营后对渔业资源的长期影响提供基础数据。     

基于水声学探测的洪潮江水库鱼类资源空间分布及其与环境因子的相关性

2018年4月采用回声探测仪(EY60，200 kHz)对广西洪潮江水库鱼类资源进行了水声学探测。结果显示，在时间尺度上，洪潮江水库鱼类密度昼夜差异不显著(P>0.05)，但目标强度平均值为白天>夜间(P<0.05)，昼夜目标强度分别为(–43.30±0.32)和(–44.50±0.26) dB，主要是由于夜晚(–60 ~ –54 dB)的小型鱼类增加(–60 ~ –57和–57 ~ –54 dB 范围分别增加9.25%和4.76%)，而白天(–54 ~ –48 dB)的鱼类比例增加所致(–54 ~ –51和–51 ~ –48 dB范围分别增加7.42%和5.27%)。在空间尺度上，洪潮江水库鱼类分布呈显著的空间变化特征(P < 0.05)。鱼类密度呈上游高于下游、库汊高于库心的特征。密度平均值为109.52 ind./1000 m3，最大值出现在上游S3站，平均密度为330.21 ind./1000 m3。最小值为下游的S8站，平均密度为21.50 ind./1000 m3。相关性分析表明，鱼类密度分布与总磷(TP)、高锰酸盐指数(CODMn)、叶绿素a呈正相关，与水深呈负相关(P<0.05)；鱼类目标强度与水温、浊度、TP、CODMn呈显著的负相关(P<0.05)。研究表明，洪潮江水库鱼类空间分布是多种非生物因子(如叶绿素a、TP等)共同作用的结果，其在一定程度上也反映了生物因子(鱼类索饵、逃避敌害等)对鱼类分布的影响。该研究对了解洪潮江水库鱼类资源状况和环境影响因素，以及渔业资源保护与管理具有一定的参考价值。     

南海鸢乌贼水声学测量和评估相关技术研究

利用双频（38 kHz、120 kHz）Simrad EK60和频率分别为70 kHz和120 kHz的2部Simrad EY60科学探鱼仪于2013年获得的南海鸢乌贼（ Sthenoteuthis oualaniensis）声学调查资料，对鸢乌贼的目标强度（ TS）和空间分布、浮游动物的干扰、频差技术的应用等内容进行了分析。结果表明，以灯光罩网取样对鸢乌贼TS进行现场测量是可行途径；自然条件下鸢乌贼声学映像不明显，光诱条件下鸢乌贼开始聚集，22：00前主要分布于10~50 m和55~80 m水层，22：00后主要分布于10~35 m、50~75 m和115~155 m水层；浮游动物和深海鱼类是鸢乌贼声学探测的重要干扰，尤其是夜间，设置积分阈要考虑不同时间段的影响；频差技术是鸢乌贼声学映像鉴别的重要方法，应深入研究。     

Protein and amino acid composition from the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris exposed to prolonged starvation

Protein and amino acid composition of the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris (Cuvier, 1797) during fasting for 27 days were determined. Average protein content of octopus mantle was of 711.19 ± 46.80 g kg^?1 DW, and it decreased with increasing fasting days. The non‐essential amino acids content was higher (486.18 ± 11.08 g kg^?1 protein) than essential amino acids (425.82 ± 9.15 g kg^?1 protein) at the start of the experiment (unstarved animals). The results suggest that the amino acid profile of the mantle where the most abundant amino acids are Arg, His, Lys, Gly, Leu and Pro could indicate a prolonged fasting condition (>20 days) or poor nutrition of O . vulgaris. This study supports the idea of using mantle for metabolic needs of starved O . vulgaris suggesting that the degradation pathway of amino acids to pyruvate and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates was favoured contrary to the degradation pathway of ketogenic amino acids. Special considerations should be taken concerning Thr, Ile, Ser, Ala, Asx (Asp, Asn), Glx (Glu, Gln) (because of their fast intake) and Lys and His (due to their stable contents) during a prolonged period of fasting.     

美人鱼发光杆菌对凡纳滨对虾非特异性 免疫功能及抗病力的影响

在基础饲料中分别添加0.1%和1%美人鱼发光杆菌灭活菌、0.1%美人鱼发光杆菌活菌配制成3种免疫实验饲料,以基础饲料为空白对照组饲料,每组设3个平行样。对个体质量为(4.83±0.36)g的凡纳滨对虾进行为期20 d的饲养实验,分别在0、5、10、15和20d进行取样,以血清中的酚氧化酶(PO)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和溶菌酶(UL)活性为免疫指标,探讨了美人鱼发光杆菌作为免疫制剂对凡纳滨对虾非特异性免疫效应的影响;在投喂免疫饲料后的第22天,按0.004 2 kg/kg体重的剂量,直接投喂对虾白斑综合征病毒(WSSV)病料,并记录累积死亡率。结果表明,美人鱼发光杆菌免疫实验组对凡纳滨对虾血清中PO、ACP、AKP、UL和SOD活性影响明显高于对照组,并且在饲料中添加美人鱼发光杆菌后,明显提高了对虾抵御WSSV感染的能力。其中0.1%美人鱼发光杆菌活菌实验组的抗病毒感染能力最强,WSSV感染14d内累计死亡率为63.3%±5.8%;而对照组为96.7%±3.3%。研究表明,美人鱼发光杆菌添加在对虾饲料中能提高凡纳滨对虾非特异性免疫水平,增强抵抗疾病的能力,将其作为对虾免疫增强剂具有良好的应用前景。     

Effects of Spirulina platensis as a feed additive on growth and coloration of blue dolphin cichlids (Cyrtocara moorii Boulunger, 1902)

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of replacing fish meal with dietary Spirulina as a feed supplement on the growth performance and coloration of blue dolphin cichlids (Cyrtocara moorii). Five isonitrogenous (47% crude protein) and isocaloric (17.36 kJ/g digestible energy) diets were for formulated to replace FM with 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20% Spirulina (designated as Control, SP5, SP10, SP15 and SP20 respectively) and fed to the fish (initial body weight, 3.15 ± 0.01 g). Fish were randomly distributed into fifteen 120 L aquariums (26.5 ± 1.00°C), 15 fish per aquarium. The diets were tested in triplicate for 12 weeks. Experimental groups were fed twice daily (09:00 and 17:00) by hand to satiation. At the end of the feeding trial, significantly (p < 0.05) higher weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR), protein efficiency ratio (PER) and lower feed conversion ratio (FCR) were observed in fish fed the SP10 diet when compared to the SP20 diet. There was no significant difference in these parameters between the other groups. The skin coloration of blue dolphin cichlid fed a diet containing Spirulina meal was enhanced. The best coloration was observed in the SP15 group. These impressions were objectively validated by chemical determinations of carotenoids extracted from fish skins and passed statistical tests of significance. The study findings show that Spirulina meal does not diminish growth rates except at very high levels.     

A Minchinia mercenariae‐like parasite infects cockles Cerastoderma edule in Galicia (NW Spain)

The cockle Cerastoderma edule fishery has traditionally been the most important shellfish species in terms of biomass in Galicia (NW Spain). In the course of a survey of the histopathological conditions affecting this species in the Ria of Arousa, a haplosporidan parasite that had not been observed in Galicia was detected in one of the most productive cockle beds of Galicia. Uni‐ and binucleate cells and multinucleate plasmodia were observed in the connective tissue mainly in the digestive area, gills and gonad. The parasite showed low prevalence, and it was not associated with abnormal cockle mortality. Molecular identification showed that this parasite was closely related to the haplosporidan Minchinia mercenariae that had been reported infecting hard clams Mercenaria mercenaria from the Atlantic coast of the United States. The molecular characterization of its SSU rDNA region allowed obtaining a fragment of 1,796 bp showing 98% homology with M. mercenariae parasite. Phylogenetic analysis supported this identification as this parasite was clustered in the same clade as M. mercenariae from the United States and other M. mercenariae‐like sequences from the UK, with bootstrap value of 99%. The occurrence of M. mercenariae‐like parasites infecting molluscs outside the United States is confirmed.     

Dietary thiamin and pyridoxine requirements of fingerling Indian major carp,Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton)

Two experiments were conducted to quantify the dietary thiamin (experiment I) and pyridoxine (experiment II) requirements of fingerling Cirrhinus mrigala for 16 weeks. In experiment I, dietary thiamin requirement was determined by feeding seven casein–gelatin‐based diets (400 g kg^?1 CP; 18.69 kJ g^?1 GE) with graded levels of thiamin (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8 and 16 mg kg^?1 diet) to triplicate groups of fish (6.15 ± 0.37 cm; 1.89 ± 0.12 g). Fish fed diet with 2 mg kg^?1 thiamin had highest specific growth rate (SGR), protein retention (PR), RNA/DNA ratio, haemoglobin (Hb), haematocrit (Hct), RBCs and best feed conversion ratio (FCR). However, highest liver thiamin concentration was recorded in fish fed 4 mg thiamin kg^?1 diet. Broken‐line analysis of SGR, PR and liver thiamin concentrations exhibited the thiamin requirement in the range of 1.79–3.34 mg kg^?1 diet (0.096–0.179 μg thiamin kJ^?1 gross energy). In experiment II, six casein–gelatin‐based diets (400 g kg^?1 CP; 18.69 kJ g^?1 GE) containing graded levels of pyridoxine (0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 mg kg^?1 diet) were fed to triplicate groups of fish (6.35 ± 0.37 cm; 1.97 ± 0.12 g). Fish fed diet containing 6 mg kg^?1 pyridoxine showed best SGR, FCR, PR, RNA/DNA ratio, Hb, Hct and RBCs, whereas maximum liver pyridoxine concentration was recorded in fish fed 8 mg kg^?1 dietary pyridoxine. Broken‐line analysis of SGR, PR and liver pyridoxine concentrations reflected the pyridoxine requirement from 5.63 to 8.61 mg kg^?1 diet. Data generated during this study would be useful in formulating thiamin‐ and pyridoxine‐balanced feeds for the intensive culture of this fish.     

Sea bream culture in Egypt; status, constraints and potential

Marine fish farming in Egypt began in 1976 with the culture of gilthead sea bream, (Sparus aurata) as this fish was notably adaptable to brackish and marine pond conditions. Today, marine fish and shrimp farms amount to about 19,000 ha, out of which 42% is already in production while the rest, i.e., 58% is still under construction. In 1997, cultured gilthead sea bream production of 2,250 tons made up 3% of the 75,000 tons total aquaculture catch. In polyculture, usually with the grey mullet and sea bass, gilthead sea bream contributed 440 kg ha^–1 to the total yield of 1,700 kg ha^–1 (26%) over a period of 16 months. For the same period, the yield of monoculture ponds averaged 100 kg ha^–1, while in marine cages, yields ranged from 4–10 kg m³. In 1996–1997, fry of 0.25–1 g and fingerlings 1–10 g with a total of 3 million, were collected from the wild and 1 million fry were produced in the three marine hatcheries out of the four existing ones. The development of sea bream culture in Egypt is now severely inhibited by the shortage of seeds and adequate feeds. Exports of both sea bream and sea bass, during 1994–1996 averaged 1,300 tons per year.     

Fertilization by refrigerator stored sperm of the Indian major carp, Labeo calbasu (Hamilton, 1822)

This study reports on the spermatological properties, and on the development of a protocol for refrigerator storage (4°C) of Labeo calbasu (Hamilton, 1822) sperm for artificial breeding. Volume, motility, concentration and pH of the freshly collected sperm were 2.21 ± 0.53 (μL g^?1 of fish weight) (mean ± SD), 95 ± 1 (%), 1.93 ± 0.44 × 10⁹ (cells mL^?1) and 7.56 ± 0.17 respectively. Sperm activation was evaluated at different osmolalities of NaCl solution, and motility ceased completely when osmolality of the extender was ≥287 mOsmol kg^?1. Sperm retained motility for 24, 72 and 108 h, after refrigerator storage when sperm were undiluted, suspended in Alsever's solution and suspended in Alsever's solution containing 5% methanol respectively. Fertilization rate of fresh eggs with sperm stored at 4°C in Alsever's solution and Alsever's solution containing 5% methanol was 77% and 60% with a hatching rate of 60% and 43% respectively. The fertilization and hatching success of the stored sperm suggests potential to use refrigeration for transporting genetic material to hatcheries for artificial breeding of L. calbasu in Bangladesh.     

A novel approach to denitrification processes in a zero-discharge recirculating system for small-scale urban aquaculture

This paper presents an innovative process to solve the nitrate build-up problem in recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS). The novel aspects of the process lie in a denitrification bioreactor system that uses solid cotton wool as the primary carbon source and a unique degassing chamber. In the latter, the water is physically stripped of dissolved gaseous O₂ (by means of a Venturi vacuum tube), and the subsequent denitrification becomes more efficient due to elimination of the problems of oxygen inhibition of denitrification and aerobic consumption of cotton wool. The cotton wool medium also serves as a physical barrier that traps organic particles, which, in turn, act as an additional carbon source for denitrification. Operation in the proposed system gives an extremely low C/N ratio of 0.82 g of cotton wool/g of nitrate N, which contributes to a significant reduction of biofilter volume. The additional advantage of using solid cotton wool as the carbon source is that it does not release organic residuals into the liquid to be recycled. Operation of the system over a long period consistently produced effluents with low nitrate levels (below 10 mg N/l), and there was only a very small need to replace system water. The overall treatment scheme, also incorporating an aerobic nitrification biofilter and a granular filtration device, produced water of excellent quality, i.e., with near-zero levels of nitrite and ammonia, a sufficiently high pH for aquaculture, and low turbidity. The proposed system thus provides a solution for sustainable small-scale, urban aquaculture operation with a very high recovery of water (over 99%) and minimal waste disposal.     

Effects of metomidate anaesthesia or transfer to pur sea water on plasma parameters in ammonia-exposed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L) in sea water

Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L) postsmolts weighing 150 ± 53 g were exposed to 14–15 mg l^–1 TA-N (total ammonia-N) in sea water in 1 m³ tanks for 24h. Blood samples were then taken A) immediately after the fish were netted from the exposure tanks and stunned by a blow to the head; B) 2–20 min after the fish were transferred to 15 l of an anaesthetic solution of metomidate in ammonia-free sea water; or C) 2–20 min after the fish were transferred to 15 l of ammonia-free sea water. Plasma TA-N level was 18% lower in the anaesthetised fish compared to in the fish sampled directly from the exposure tanks (p 0.05), and accordingly 16% lower in the fish transferred to pure sea water although this difference was not significant (p = 0.07). Plasma glucose level was higher in the fish transferred to pure sea water than in the fish receiving the two other treatments (p 0.05), but plasma urea, osmolality, Na^{+, Cl–, Ca2+ or Mg2+} levels did not vary significantly between the different treatments. Plasma TA-N level increased with time in the fish in the metomidate solution (p 0.02).